Introduction to Pharmaceutical microbiology
- 1. MES’s College of Pharmacy, Sonai Introduction to Pharmaceutical Microbiology (BP303 T) Presented by Prof. Katarnavare A.B Assistant Professor MES’s College of Pharmacy,Sonai.
- 2. Outcomes/Content What is microbiology? What is history, various branches, Scope and importance of microbiology. The word Microbiology was derived from Greek: mīkros ("small") + bios ("life") + logia/logy (“Study”) Greek μῑκρος, mīkros, "small"; βίος, bios, "life"; and -λογία, -logia Definiation: Microbiolgy is the study of living organisms of microscopic size which include bacteria,fungi,algae,protozoa and viruses. OR It is the branch of science that is concerned primarily with the biology of microorganisms and their effects on other living organisms.
- 3. What is Pharmaceutical Microbiology? When microbiological concepts, processes and techniques are applied to pharmaceutical operations, the subject is then called 'pharmaceutical microbiology’ Need of Pharmaceutical Microbiology in Pharmacy 1.Pharmaceutical industry. 2.Medical devices. 3.Cosmetic microbiology
- 4. Branches of Microbiology 1. Pure Microbiology 1.Bacteriology (Study of Bacteria) 2.Mycology(Study of fungi) 3.Protozoalogy (Study of Protozoa) 4.Phycology/Agrology (Study of Algae) 5.Parasitology (Study of Parasites) 6.Microbial Taxonomy(Rank based classification of bacteria) 7.Genetics 8.Immunlogy 2.Applied Microbiology 1.Medical Microbiology – Deal with causative agents 2.Pharmaceutical Microbiology- Deal with microorganism which produces Antiboitics, Enzymes and Vaccines. 3. Industrial Microbiology- Deals with beverages production and Amino acid contd…..
- 5. 4.Microbial Microbiology- It is scientific manipulation at molecular and genetic level. 5.Food Microbiology- Deals with interaction of microorganism and food. 6.Soil Microbiology- Deals with interaction of Soil microorganism. 7. Agricultural Microbiology- Relation with microorganism and crops. 8. Aquatic Microbiology – Study of Microorganisms with fresh and marine water includes water purification etc. 9. Air Microbiology – Deals with contamination and spoilage of food through air. 10. Epidemiology- Concerned with monitoring, control and spread of disease in communities.
- 6. History of Microbiology Louis Pasteur is regarded as the father of microbiology whereas Robert Koch is the father of medical microbiology. 1.Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek (24 October 1632 – 26 August 1723) - He was a Dutch Merchant and keen in nature. -His hobby was glass grinding and preparation of lenses and this led to him to assemble 250 simple microscopes. - He use magnifying glass to study weaves in various types of cloths. - Observed and measured a large no of microorganism. - He was the first to observe and accurately describe the shape of human RBC’s and little agents of disease ‘animalcules’ - He also communicate his work to Royal Society of London in 1684 in his letter. - In his experiment he described inhibitory effect of acetic acid on microorganisms.
- 7. Louis Pasteur(1822-1895) - French Organic Chemist - Considered as father of modern microbiology. - Foundation to bacteriology. -He demonstrated that air contains microscopically organized structures, so he explained it with these experiment. - He performed series of operation to prove M.O were present in air they were not spontaneously produced. So for these he performed Swan neck flask experiment
- 8. Swan Neck flask Experiment -In 1861,Pasteur resolved the controversy of spontaneous generation Vs biogenesis and proved that M.O are not spontaneously generated from inanimate matter. - He also showed that M.O are not evenly distributed in the atmosphere and that varies from place to place. -For these experiment, large no of sealed flask containing boiled & cooled infusion and opened a few at a time for short period at various place and resealed them.
- 9. Out of 20 flasks - Open flask and resealed on dusty road -8 flask showed spoilage. - Open flask and resealed on top of mountain -5 flask showed spoilage. - Open flask and resealed near glacier - 1 flask showed spoilage. After incubation flask carrying microorganisms from air showed growth and spoilage. So he concluded that air contained microorganism and their vary from place to place. -Fermentation process: beer/wine not produced without microbes and wine does not undergo spoilage when kept for few minutes at 50-60°C. -Bcoz of these arise a new process of preserving wine, fruit juice and milk c/a Pasteurization. -He designated life in presence of O2 as aerobic , in absence of O2 anaerobic and in presence and in absence of oxygen as ‘Facultative anaerobic’
- 10. - He introduced the method of sterilization by repeated heating with appropriate intervals, method known as ‘Tyndallisation ’ -In 1880,he isolated bacterium responsible for Chicken Cholera and grew in pure culture. - Pasteur also introduced a vaccine for a Anthrax and Rabies. - Germ Theory of Disease - He investigated silkworm disease and proved that disease was due to protozoan parasite and he also proved that bacteria are the causative agent of some disease.
- 11. 1843-1910, Robert Koch -German physician -Considered as father of medical microbiology -First to demonstrate the role of bacteria in causing diseases -First to isolate Bacillus anthracis -Discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis,1882 and Vibrio cholera,1883, awarded a Nobel prize in 1905 Developed relationship b/t microorganism and diseases Koch's postulates: -The microorganism must be present in every case of disease -The microorganisms must be isolated from the diseased animal and grown in pure culture -The disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the microorganisms is inoculated into a susceptible host -The same microorganism must be desolated from the experiment from the experimentally infected host
- 12. Scopes and importance *Production of antibiotics: -2/3rd of antibiotics are produced from microorganisms. -Many antibiotics are isolated from natural microorganisms by the process of fermentation. -Eg: Penicillin from Penicilium species, Streptomycin from Streptomyces griseus, Tetracycline from Streptomyces aureofaciens, Chloramphenicol from Streptomyces venezuelae. *Production of enzymes, vaccines and other pharmaceutical products: -Microbial cells produce intracellular and extracellular enzymes and these enzymes are important for the success of pharmaceutical fermentation process. Eg: amylase, protease, lipase, invertase, oxidase, catalase, cortison reductase, etc. *Bio-surfactants have lot of applications in agriculture, food industries, industrial cleaning, leather, paper and metal industries, textiles, cosmetics and the pharmaceutical industry.
- 13. Different types of bio-surfactants are synthesis by a number of microorganisms, eg: Acinetobacter speciesa, Bacillus species, Pseudomonas species, Rhodococcus species,etc. * Diagnosis of diseases and treatment: Different tests are used to detect infectious microorganisms, eg: ELISA, Widal test,Tubercullin skin test. *Treatment of industrial waste material: Most industrial processes produce waste water, salts, organic matter and spent media and these are toxic .
- 14. Many microbial species are used for decomposition of such waste materials and organic components. eg: Actinomycetes, fungi, protozoa, etc. *Plant growth promotion: Many microbial cells present in soil, play an important role in soil fertility, herbicidal resistance, insect resistance, change in protein/oil content and enhanced quality of plant products eg:Rhizobium species, Rhodospirillum species, Azotobacter species, Agrobacterium rhizogenes, Pseudomonas species,
- 15. Acetobacter species. Azotobacter chroococcum, living nitrogen fixing bacterium capable of synthezing and secreting plant growth and promoting substance like thiamine,riboflavin,IAA, gibberellin,etc *Sterile product preparation: -Ph. Microbiology plays a major role in preparation of sterile products. -Deals with sterile rooms, aseptic techniques, detection of microbes by sampling and sterility testing of different sterile preparations. * Sterilization: Any processes/methods that eliminates,removes, kills or deactivates all forms of life and otherbiological agents(bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc) called sterilization.
- 16. -Moist heat sterilization, dry heat sterilization, membrane filtration, gaseous sterilization and chemical sterilization are the methods used for killing microorganisms. *Steroid bio-transformation. -Steroids are physiologically active compounds of complex structure eg: cholesterol, ergosterol, testosterone, progesterone, etc. -Important steroids can be produced by microbiological transformations of naturally occuring steroids, eg: Steptomyces species, Rhizopus species, Aspergillus species, Penicillium species *Identification of microorganisms: One of the vital function of pharmaceutical microbiology is identification of microorganisms found in products and the manufacturing environment. The microorganisms are isolated and identified by morphological, biochemical, cultural, microscopic characteristics and genetic studies.
- 17. * Testing of pharmaceutical: Raw material and finished products: -The Presence of microorganisms like E. coli, Salmonella species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, in the raw materials and finished products may deteriorate their efficacy and potency. -Test the presence of microbes are described in the IP, USP, EP and BP. -Limit on the total number of viable microbes in given product(TVC) and involved in exclusion of specific pathogens. -Water act as a vehicle-always tested for TMC.