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Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person
- 1. Doing Philosophy Week 1I First Quarter Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person
- 2. Distinguish a holistic perspective from a partial point of view 1. Identify the major branches of philosophy 2. Do a philosophical reflection on a concrete situation from a holistic perspective 3. Learning Objectives
- 3. Knowledge Test • Read the following items carefully. • Write the letter of your answer.
- 4. Most of social science concepts have etymological background. Which of the following tells about the etymology or origin of the term philosophy? 1. A. The term philosophy comes from two Greek words philo and sophia which means “to love” and “wisdom, respectively. B. The term philosophy comes from Confucian idea which says that deep thinking is essential to one’s well-being. C. The term philosophy comes from two Greek words philo and sophia which means “to argue” and “agree, respectively. D. The term philosophy was coined by early philosophers which means reasoning.
- 5. Social Science is composed of many different disciplines. Which of the following statements shows the relationship between Social Science and Philosophy? 2. A. Social Science and Philosophy are disciplines. B. Philosophy is a discipline under Social Science. C. Philosophy is employed in many different disciplines in making arguments. D. Social Science is a discipline under Philosophy.
- 6. Disciplines like Economics, Sociology, Psychology, and History, among others; follow scientific method in their inquiry. What makes Philosophy a science? 3. A. Philosophy is a science because it enables us to find answers to our questions. B. Philosophy is a science because reasoning itself is a science. C. Philosophy is a science because, as a discipline, it helps other sciences in their quest for answers. D. Philosophy is a science because it is an organized body of knowledge just like any other sciences.
- 7. Philosophy is considered as a science. However, what makes it different from other sciences? 4. A. It is different from other sciences in the sense that it considers itself unique. B. It is different from other sciences because it focuses mainly on reasoning. C. It is different from other sciences because it does not employ laboratory instrument nor any investigative tools but instead uses human reason alone. D. It is different from other sciences simply because philosophers are different from scientists.
- 8. One of the characteristics of doing philosophy is that it is multidimensional or holistic in its approach. What is meant by holistic? 5. A. It means that a philosopher does not limit himself to a particular object of inquiry. B. It means that a philosopher questions almost anything, if not everything. C. It means that philosophical approach must be based on empirical evidences. D. Both A and B are correct
- 9. What is Philosophy? comes from two Greek words • PHILO(s) - “Love” • SOPHIA - “Wisdom” The Love of Wisdom
- 10. What is Philosophy? • Knowledge merely implies the act of acquiring information and facts. • Wisdom deals with the application of knowledge with experience, insight, and good sense.
- 12. Philosophy • is the science that studies beings in their ultimate causes, reasons and principles through the aid of human reason alone. • the science that by natural light of reason studies the first causes or highest principles of all things.
- 13. Philosophy • Science ⚬ systematicandfollowscertainstepsorprocedures. • Natural Light of Reason ⚬ Philosophers use their natural thinking capacity or use the so-called unaided reason. • Study all things. ⚬ It is not one dimensional or partial. ⚬ Multidimensional or holistic
- 14. Philosophical Questions 1.What is the origin of the world? of everything that exists? 2.Why do these things exist rather than not exist at all? 3.What is the meaning and purpose of life? Why do we have to suffer?
- 15. Major Branches of Philosophy • Metaphysics • Ethics • Epistemology • Logic • Aesthetics
- 16. • a branch of philosophy which deals with the questions regarding reality and existence. Metaphysics *To answer “Where am I?”
- 17. • Nothing we experience in the physical world with our five senses is real. • Reality is unchanging, eternal, immaterial, and can be detected only by the intellect. • Plato calls these realities as ideas of forms. Metaphysics Plato
- 18. IDEALIST MATERIALIST • Idealists emphasize "ideal" factors. • Reality is made up of spirit/mind. • Spiritual forces or people's states of mind are the most important factors to look at to understand society. • Physical, environmental, economic, or concrete historical conditions are the most important factors to look at to understand society according to the materialist. Metaphysics
- 19. • deals with moral questions and dilemmas Ethics • It explores the nature of moral virtue and evaluates human actions. • It is a study of the nature of moral judgments.
- 20. Ethics
- 21. • derived from the Greek epistēmē (“knowledge”) and logos (“reason”) Epistemology • discusses the knowledge and knowing • study of the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge.
- 23. Logic • from the Greek "logos", which has a variety of meanings including word, thought, idea, argument, account, reason or principle • the study of REASONING
- 24. Logic • Aristotle defined logic as "new and necessary reasoning" It asks questions like • "What is correct reasoning?" • "What distinguishes a good argument from a bad one?" • "How can we detect a fallacy in reasoning?“
- 25. Inductive Logic • the process of deriving a reliable generalization from observations (i.e. from the particular to the general) All observed crows are black. Therefore: All crows are black
- 26. Deductive Logic • concerns what follows necessarily from given premises (i.e. from a general premise to a particular one) Major premise: All humans are mortal. Minor premise: Socrates is human. Conclusion: Socrates is mortal
- 27. • from the Greek "aisthetikos", meaning "of sense perception" Aesthethic
- 28. • philosophy which deals with beauty and what makes things “beautiful” Aesthethic • concerned with the nature and appreciation of art, beauty and good taste.
- 29. HOLISTIC THINKING PARTIAL THINKING • considers “large-scale” patterns in systems • requires an individual to have an open mindset and an ability to get the general sense • focuses on specific aspect of a situation • The partial view is an important component of analytical thinking, as an individual that focuses on certain areas or aspects of a problem in order to understand it but may result to bias judgement also
- 30. HOLISTIC OR PARTIAL? 1.Farmers have problems in eradicating beetles but before coming up with a solution they consider different impacts on the environment and will not cause disaster 2.John did a multiple research to have an answer to his own question.
- 31. HOLISTIC OR PARTIAL? 3. Instead of judging every single person who went viral online, Sophie choses to reserve her judgment until she get all the facts regarding what made people react on a certain issue. 4. Juan condemns an artist that went viral for giving their opinion about the shutting down of a network
- 32. HOLISTIC OR PARTIAL? 5. Sharmaine act as a mediator of her two friends having an argument rather than taking one side
- 33. Response: • Cite a situation where you adopted a holistic view in looking at a problem or situation. How did adopting a holistic view help you make sense of the situation?
- 34. NOTABLE ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHERS • Pythagoras • Heraclitus • Epicurus • Socrates • Plato • Aristotle
- 35. NOTABLE ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHERS Pythagoras • A mathematician and scientist. • Established a community of learners who were devoted to the study of religion and philosophy. • Transmigration of the Soul was one of his teachings
- 36. NOTABLE ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHERS Heraclitus • Proposed everything that exists is based on a higher order or plan which he called logos. • His central claim is summed up in Panta Rhei ("life is flux") recognizing the essential, underlying essence of life as change.
- 37. NOTABLE ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHERS Epicurus • He believed that Philosophy could enable man to live a life of happiness. • Epicureanism – a school of philosophy that believes that wisdom and simple living will result in a life free of fear and pain.
- 39. NOTABLE ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHERS Socrates • Father of Philosophy, known critic of intellectuals during his time. • Claimed not to be wise, considered himself a “midwife” – helped inquiring minds achieve wisdom
- 40. NOTABLE ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHERS Socrates • Socratic Method – means of examining a topic by devising a series of questions that let learner examine and analyze his knowledge and views regarding the topic. The main philosophy of Socrates revolves around the idea of self- knowledge and the pursuit of truth and virtue.
- 41. NOTABLE ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHERS Plato • A student of Socrates, wrote down his mentor’s teaching and incorporated some of his ideas. • Theory of Forms – everything that exists is based on an idea or template that can be perceived in the mind.
- 42. NOTABLE ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHERS Plato • Dialectic – a method of inquiry where two opposing ideas are discussed in an attempt to arrive at new knowledge.
- 44. Globalization Topic: Global Integration vs. Cultural Preservation Thesis: Globalization promotes economic growth and cultural exchange. Antithesis: Globalization threatens local cultures and traditions. Synthesis: Promoting policies that encourage global economic integration while actively preserving and celebrating local cultures and traditions.
- 45. Topic: Thesis: Antithesis: Synthesis: In three minutes, craft your own
- 46. NOTABLE ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHERS Aristotle • Attended the “Academy”, a prominent student of Plato. • After disagreeing with some of Plato’s ideas, Aristotle left to form his own school, the Lyceum.
- 47. NOTABLE ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHERS Aristotle • believed we gain knowledge from the evidence that we observe in the world around us. • His studies in logic led to the formulation of a formal process of analyzing reason, Deductive Reasoning.
- 48. Major premise: All mammals have backbones. Minor premise: Humans are mammals. Conclusion: Humans have backbones.
- 49. What are the practical uses of philosoph our lives? • Enables a person to engage in critical analysis and interpretation of concepts, definition, arguments, and problems. • Improves problem-solving and decision-making,
- 50. What are the practical uses of philosophy our lives? • Wisdom • Self-development • A Good communicator
- 51. Response: • How can philosophy help you succeed as a student?
Editor's Notes
- #4: A
- #5: B
- #6: D
- #7: C
- #8: D
- #9: love - strong desire for a particular object wisdom - correct application of knowledge 'pursuit of knowledge and truth’, 'systematic investigation uses human reason to investigate
- #11: When you comprehend the information you’ve learned, or knowledge, you understand it. When you understand the knowledge and learn to apply it to decision-making, you gain wisdom.
- #12: uses human reason to investigate the ultimate causes, reasons, principles which govern all things. people who engage are "lovers of wisdom“ A 'cause' is a direct relationship between two events, where one event (the cause) leads to another event (the effect). A 'reason', on the other hand, is an explanation for why an event occurred or why someone did something,
- #13: science - In short, it is an organized body of knowledge same as any other sciences. Natural Light of Reason- This means that philosophical investigation does not use any laboratory instrument, investigative tools nor supernatural approach. Study of all things -The philosopher does not limit himself to a particular object of inquiry. Other sciences concern themselves with a particular object of investigation such as: anthropology which deals with human beings in relation with the society; sociology focuses on society, its forms, structures and functions; botany concentrates its attention on plants; Philosophy may deal with human beings, society and plants among others. It is this character that Philosophy is considered multidimensional or holistic.
- #14: These are questions that philosophy attempts to address. In doing so, philosophy uses reason as a tool so we can justify, reflect, articulate our thoughts, and analyze such phenomena or events. Through philosophy, we can understand things in a critical and logical manner But take note that not everyone agree to the basic understanding of philosophy, including philosophers.
- #16: The study of things beyond the physical; concepts or things that cannot be experienced such as the concepts of God, freedom and soul.
- #17: The study of things beyond the physical; concepts or things that cannot be experienced such as the concepts of God, freedom and soul.
- #19: The study of things beyond the physical; concepts or things that cannot be experienced such as the concepts of God, freedom and soul.
- #20: The study of things beyond the physical; concepts or things that cannot be experienced such as the concepts of God, freedom and soul.
- #21: Study of method acquiring knowledge How knowledge relates to truth, belief, and justification
- #23: deals with correct reasoning.
- #24: investigates and classifies the structure of statements and arguments
- #25: investigates and classifies the structure of statements and arguments
- #26: investigates and classifies the structure of statements and arguments
- #27: "critical reflection on art, culture and nature". The word "aesthetics" derives from the Greek "aisthetikos", meaning "of sense perception"
- #28: "critical reflection on art, culture and nature". The word "aesthetics" derives from the Greek "aisthetikos", meaning "of sense perception“ -philosophical theory as to what is beautiful/ appreciation of beauty or good taste
- #29: HOLISTICoften described as looking at the big picture when analyzing a problem deals with wholes rather than parts. PARTIAL
- #30: H H
- #31: H P
- #32: H
- #34: H
- #35: Was an influence on Plato one of the first ancient Greek philosophers to use deductive reasoning to make his conclusions transmigration of the soul - the soul is something that exists beyond death, and that can be reborn in other bodies: whether human or animal.
- #36: For him change is permanent aspect of the human condition as he as credited with the saying “No man ever steps in the same river twice”
- #37: Epicureanism is an ancient philosophical belief that happiness comes from moderation, simplicity, friendship, and community. In simple terms, it is an approach to life that stresses finding happiness through living simply. For Epicurus, the most pleasant life is one where we abstain from unnecessary desires and achieve an inner tranquility (ataraxia) by being content with simple things, and by choosing the pleasure of philosophical conversation with friends over the pursuit of physical pleasures like food, drink, and sex.
- #39: Believes that philosophy enables a man to live a life of virtue.
- #40: To Socrates, ignorance was the ultimate evil. Socrates was accused of corrupting the youth of Athens. During his trial, Socrates accepted the guilty charge rather than embracing ignorance. He declared that “the life which is unexamined is not worth living” before drinking hemlock poison. Self-introspection - the ability to consciously reflect on one's own thoughts
- #41: Theory of Forms - asserts that the physical realm is only a shadow, or image, of the true reality of the Realm of Forms. “Just a poor imitation of the real world (idea/s)” Also focused on ideal society and proposed ideal government which is ruled by wisdom and reason.
- #42: Dialect is a discussion between two parties or individual entities who have a different point of view. He founded the “Academy” – an institution of higher learning which was the first of its kind in the Western World
- #43: The philosopher Georg Hegel is most famous for popularizing a type of dialectics that is particularly well-suited to writing: thesis, antithesis, synthesis (also known, unsurprisingly, as Hegelian Dialectic) Thesis: original statement of an idea Antithesis: an argument to challenge a previous thesis Synthesis: resolves the contradiction between thesis and antithesis
- #44: Thesis: original statement of an idea Antithesis: an argument to challenge a previous thesis Synthesis: resolves the contradiction between thesis and antithesis -Cultural preservation refers to the protection and safeguarding of cultural heritage, including tangible and intangible forms, to ensure its survival for future generations. It involves the preservation of cultural artifacts, traditions, languages, and practices that are considered valuable and significant. -Global integration refers to the process of connecting and integrating national markets on a global scale. It involves the significant impact of one national market on other national markets, leading to the need for global strategies that address multiple markets simultaneously .
- #47: Was involved in disciplines such as zoology, psychology, ethics, and politics. Deductive reasoning, statements are analyze to reach a conclusion /from general to specific conclusion Inductive is from specific to general conclusion.
- #48: Major premise: All fruit trees have fruits. Minor premise: Apple is a fruit tree. Conclusion: Apple has fruits.