![Software Engineering History
Computers were invented in the 1940’s
Then - computing programming languages were
invented
Eventually - program language training was
developed
However, training was unable to provide sufficient
methods & techniques for developing large reliable
systems on time & within budget
By the late 1960’s, digital computers were less than
25 years old and already facing a software crisis
Software Engineering term first emerged as title of
a 1968 NATO conference [1]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introduction-to-software-engineering-230706044254-471a8196/85/Introduction-to-Software-Engineering-ppt-3-320.jpg)
![Software Development Statistics
1979 General Accounting Office Report [2]
– 50% + of contracts had cost overruns
– 60% + of contracts had schedule overruns
– 45% + of software contracted for could not be used
– 29% + of software was paid for and never delivered
– 22% + of software contracted for had to be reworked/modified to
be used](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introduction-to-software-engineering-230706044254-471a8196/85/Introduction-to-Software-Engineering-ppt-5-320.jpg)
![Software Engineering Definition
The application of a systematic, disciplined,
quantifiable approach to the development,
operation, and maintenance of software; that is,
the application of engineering to software.
[IEEE Std 610.12-1990]
Institution of engineering discipline in the
manufacturing of computer software](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introduction-to-software-engineering-230706044254-471a8196/85/Introduction-to-Software-Engineering-ppt-8-320.jpg)
![Requirements Document -
NASA-STD-2100 [4]
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Related Documentation
3.0 Requirements Approach and Tradeoffs
4.0 External Interface Requirements
5.0 Requirements Specification
5.1 Process and Data Requirements
5.2 Performance and Quality Engineering Requirements
5.3 Safety Requirements
5.4 Security and Privacy Requirements
5.5 Implementation Constraints
5.6 Site Adaptation
5.7 Design Goals
6.0 Traceability to Parent’s Design
7.0 Partitioning for Phased Delivery](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introduction-to-software-engineering-230706044254-471a8196/85/Introduction-to-Software-Engineering-ppt-19-320.jpg)
![Object Oriented
Software Design*
Develop
Data Flow
Diagram
for each
state
Create
state diagram
for each
object
Translate
reqs into
objects and
create object
model
Data Flow Diagrams
Software Req. Document
*This diagram is based partly on the Rumbaugh OOD technique[5]
Object Model State Diagrams
System
Engineering
Requirements
Analysis
Design
Software
Implementation
Testing Integration Maintenance
Verification & Validation
Development Methods & Techniques](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introduction-to-software-engineering-230706044254-471a8196/85/Introduction-to-Software-Engineering-ppt-20-320.jpg)
![Detailed Design Document-
NASA-STD-2100 [4]
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Related Documentation
3.0 Detailed Design Approach and Tradeoffs
4.0 Detailed Design Description
4.1 Compilation Unit Design and Traceability
4.2 Detailed Design of Compilation Units
5.0 External Interface Detailed Design
5.1 Interface Allocation Design
5.2 Physical Interface Design
6.0 Coding and Implementation Notes
7.0 Firmware Support Manual
Table of Contents](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introduction-to-software-engineering-230706044254-471a8196/85/Introduction-to-Software-Engineering-ppt-21-320.jpg)
![Trouble Report
[1] Program ID - TR #
[2] Current Status
[3] Program Title
[4] Problem Description
[5] Rationale (Proposed Approach to be Taken)
Disposition Information
[6] Status [7] Schedule](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introduction-to-software-engineering-230706044254-471a8196/85/Introduction-to-Software-Engineering-ppt-25-320.jpg)
![Test Procedures Document -
NASA-STD-2100 [4]
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Related Documentation
3.0 Test Identification and Objective
4.0 Procedures
5.0 Evaluation Criteria
6.0 Expected Results
7.0 Actual Results
8.0 Abbreviations and Acronyms
9.0 Glossary
10.0 Notes
11.0 Appendices](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introduction-to-software-engineering-230706044254-471a8196/85/Introduction-to-Software-Engineering-ppt-26-320.jpg)
![Management Plan Document
NASA-STD-2100 [4]
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Related Documentation
3.0 Purpose and Description of the Software
4.0 Resources, Budgets, Schedules, and Organization
4.1 Business Practices Definition and Revision Processes
4.2 Work Breakdown Structure
4.3 Resource Estimation and Allocation to WBS
4.4 Work Authorization
5.0 Acquisition Activities Plan
6.0 Development Activities Plan
7.0 Sustaining Engineering and Operations Activities Plan
8.0 Assurance Plan
9.0 Risk Management Plan
10.0 Configuration Management Plan
11.0 Delivery and Operational Transition Plan
12.0 Abbreviations and Acronyms
13.0 Glossary
14.0 Notes
15.0 Appendices
Project Tracking & Oversight
Project Planning
Configuration Management
Quality Assurance
Management Methods & Techniques](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introduction-to-software-engineering-230706044254-471a8196/85/Introduction-to-Software-Engineering-ppt-32-320.jpg)
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Introduction-to-Software-Engineering.ppt
- 2. Introduction to Software Engineering Outline Part 1 - Background and Introductory Information – Software Engineering History – Software Development Statistics – What is Software Engineering? Part 2 - Software Engineering Concepts – Software Engineering Relationships – Principles – Development Methods & Techniques – Management Methods & Techniques – Life-Cycle Methodologies – Software Engineering Processes & Procedures – Automated Tools
- 3. Software Engineering History Computers were invented in the 1940’s Then - computing programming languages were invented Eventually - program language training was developed However, training was unable to provide sufficient methods & techniques for developing large reliable systems on time & within budget By the late 1960’s, digital computers were less than 25 years old and already facing a software crisis Software Engineering term first emerged as title of a 1968 NATO conference [1]
- 5. Software Development Statistics 1979 General Accounting Office Report [2] – 50% + of contracts had cost overruns – 60% + of contracts had schedule overruns – 45% + of software contracted for could not be used – 29% + of software was paid for and never delivered – 22% + of software contracted for had to be reworked/modified to be used
- 6. Software Development Statistics Other Studies – 1982 - Tom DeMarco » 25% of large systems development projects never finished – 1991 Capers Jones Study » Average Management Information System* project is 1 year late and 100% over budget Software crisis stubbornly persists * Management Information System - a system for providing information to support organizational activities and management functions.
- 7. Summary While there has been some progress, there still are serious problems to overcome in software development – schedule and cost estimates are still inaccurate – productivity of developers is not keeping up with the demand – quality of software is not meeting customer expectations Still a need to bring engineering discipline into the software process
- 8. Software Engineering Definition The application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software; that is, the application of engineering to software. [IEEE Std 610.12-1990] Institution of engineering discipline in the manufacturing of computer software
- 9. Part 2 - Software Engineering Concepts Part 1 - Background and Introductory Information Part 2 - Software Engineering Concepts – Software Engineering Relationships – Principles – Development Methods & Techniques – Management Methods & Techniques – Life-Cycle Methodologies – Software Engineering Processes & Procedures – Automated Tools
- 10. Software Engineering Relationships Principles Methods & techniques Life-cycle methodologies Processes & procedures Automated tools
- 11. Selected Software Engineering Principles Rigor and Formality Modularity Abstraction Anticipation of Change Generality Incrementality
- 13. Methods & Techniques Methods & techniques Life-cycle methodologies Processes & procedures Automated tools Principles
- 14. Basic Problem Solving Flow WHAT HOW DO TEST USE
- 15. Development Methods & Techniques System Engineering Requirements Analysis Design Software Implementation Testing Integration Maintenance Verification & Validation Development Methods & Techniques Project Tracking & Oversight Project Planning Configuration Management Quality Assurance Management Methods & Techniques
- 16. Systems Engineering User Need Concept System Requirements Allocated Hardware Reqs System Design Document Concept Definition System Design Requirements Definition Allocated Software Reqs System Engineering Requirements Analysis Design Software Implementation Testing Integration Maintenance Verification & Validation Development Methods & Techniques
- 17. Software Requirements Analysis Allocated Software Requirements Review/Inspect Requirements & Write Trouble Reports Perform corrective action Trouble Reports Write Software Requirements Review System Requirements Allocated to Software SW Requirements Document System Engineering Requirements Analysis Design Software Implementation Testing Integration Maintenance Verification & Validation Development Methods & Techniques
- 18. Software Requirements Checklist Clarity – Is the terminology consistent with the user’s? – Are the requirements clear and unambiguous? – If assumptions that affect implementation have been made, are they stated? Completeness – Have all requirements been assigned a priority? – Have the criteria for assigning priority levels been defined? – Have the requirements been stated for each staged implementation? Consistency – Are the requirements consistent with each other? – Are the requirements here consistent with the requirements in related documents? Testability – Have the test methods (test, demonstration, analysis or inspection) been stated for each requirement?
- 19. Requirements Document - NASA-STD-2100 [4] Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Related Documentation 3.0 Requirements Approach and Tradeoffs 4.0 External Interface Requirements 5.0 Requirements Specification 5.1 Process and Data Requirements 5.2 Performance and Quality Engineering Requirements 5.3 Safety Requirements 5.4 Security and Privacy Requirements 5.5 Implementation Constraints 5.6 Site Adaptation 5.7 Design Goals 6.0 Traceability to Parent’s Design 7.0 Partitioning for Phased Delivery
- 20. Object Oriented Software Design* Develop Data Flow Diagram for each state Create state diagram for each object Translate reqs into objects and create object model Data Flow Diagrams Software Req. Document *This diagram is based partly on the Rumbaugh OOD technique[5] Object Model State Diagrams System Engineering Requirements Analysis Design Software Implementation Testing Integration Maintenance Verification & Validation Development Methods & Techniques
- 21. Detailed Design Document- NASA-STD-2100 [4] 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Related Documentation 3.0 Detailed Design Approach and Tradeoffs 4.0 Detailed Design Description 4.1 Compilation Unit Design and Traceability 4.2 Detailed Design of Compilation Units 5.0 External Interface Detailed Design 5.1 Interface Allocation Design 5.2 Physical Interface Design 6.0 Coding and Implementation Notes 7.0 Firmware Support Manual Table of Contents
- 22. Software Implementation Design Document Run program, identify & fix errors Compile, link, load onto processor Translate design into programming language Source code Load module System Engineering Requirements Analysis Design Software Implementation Testing Integration Maintenance Verification & Validation Development Methods & Techniques corrected source code
- 23. Ada Code -- package specification package Simple_IO is procedure Get (Item : out Integer); procedure Put (Item : in Integer); end Simple_IO; -- package body with Text_IO; package body Simple_IO is -- hidden declarations package Int_IO is new Text_IO.Integer_IO (Integer); -- body stubs procedure Get (Item : out Integer) is separate; procedure Put (Item : in Integer) is separate; end Simple_IO;
- 24. Testing Produce test plans and procedures Conduct tests & Evaluate Result Debug & fix System Engineering Requirements Analysis Design Software Implementation Testing Integration Maintenance Verification & Validation Development Methods & Techniques Test plan and procedures Source Code Expected Results Deliverable Software
- 25. Trouble Report [1] Program ID - TR # [2] Current Status [3] Program Title [4] Problem Description [5] Rationale (Proposed Approach to be Taken) Disposition Information [6] Status [7] Schedule
- 26. Test Procedures Document - NASA-STD-2100 [4] Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Related Documentation 3.0 Test Identification and Objective 4.0 Procedures 5.0 Evaluation Criteria 6.0 Expected Results 7.0 Actual Results 8.0 Abbreviations and Acronyms 9.0 Glossary 10.0 Notes 11.0 Appendices
- 27. Integration Tested hardware Receive & Install Hardware/ Software Tested software Run acceptance test Write trouble reports & fix errors Integrated system System Engineering Requirements Analysis Design Software Implementation Testing Integration Maintenance Verification & Validation Development Methods & Techniques Expected results Acceptance test plans and procedures Production system
- 28. Maintenance Production system Operations Software changes Change requests/trouble reports Maintenance System Engineering Requirements Analysis Design Software Implementation Testing Integration Maintenance Verification & Validation Development Methods & Techniques Perform Testing
- 29. Verification & Validation Requirements Analysis Design Testing Code Validate Verify Validate Validate Verify Verify Verify System Engineering Requirements Analysis Design Software Implementation Testing Integration Maintenance Verification & Validation Development Methods & Techniques
- 30. Requirements Traceability Matrix Ref. # 1 5.1.6.1.1 Accelerate from 0 to 60 within 10 seconds under standard conditions. 4.1.6.1.1-1 7.1.6-2 3.1.1-3 2 Maintain cruising speed within 2 mph of set speed. 5.1.1.1-4 3 5.1.6.1.2 5.1.6.1.1 Update speed display 10 times per second. 2.1.6.1.2-1 Paragraph # Description Module ID
- 31. Management Methods & Techniques Project Tracking & Oversight Project Planning Configuration Management Quality Assurance Management Methods & Techniques System Engineering Requirements Analysis Design Software Implementation Testing Integration Maintenance Verification & Validation Development Methods & Techniques
- 32. Management Plan Document NASA-STD-2100 [4] 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Related Documentation 3.0 Purpose and Description of the Software 4.0 Resources, Budgets, Schedules, and Organization 4.1 Business Practices Definition and Revision Processes 4.2 Work Breakdown Structure 4.3 Resource Estimation and Allocation to WBS 4.4 Work Authorization 5.0 Acquisition Activities Plan 6.0 Development Activities Plan 7.0 Sustaining Engineering and Operations Activities Plan 8.0 Assurance Plan 9.0 Risk Management Plan 10.0 Configuration Management Plan 11.0 Delivery and Operational Transition Plan 12.0 Abbreviations and Acronyms 13.0 Glossary 14.0 Notes 15.0 Appendices Project Tracking & Oversight Project Planning Configuration Management Quality Assurance Management Methods & Techniques
- 33. Project Planning System Engineering Software Requirements Analysis Software Design Preliminary Detailed Code Test Integration Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 4 Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 Plan Actual Project Tracking & Oversight Project Planning Configuration Management Quality Assurance Management Methods & Techniques
- 34. Project Tracking And Oversight System Engineering Software Requirements Analysis Software Design Preliminary Detailed Code Test Integration Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 4 Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 Plan Actual Project Tracking & Oversight Project Planning Configuration Management Quality Assurance Management Methods & Techniques
- 35. Quality Assurance Process Reviews Product Reviews Activity being performed Errors Errors Standards Products Procedures Project Tracking & Oversight Project Planning Configuration Management Quality Assurance Management Methods & Techniques
- 36. Configuration Management Change Control & Impact Analysis Change/Trouble Reports Development Staff Configuration Management Library Approved Request Corrected Products Project Tracking & Oversight Project Planning Configuration Management Quality Assurance Management Methods & Techniques Version Controlled Products Copy of Products
- 37. Life-Cycle Methodologies Processes & procedures Automated tools Principles Methods & techniques Life-cycle methodologies
- 38. Life-cycle Models Waterfall Incremental Spiral System Engineering Requirements Analysis Design Software Implementation Testing Integration Maintenance Verification & Validation
- 39. The Waterfall Life-cycle Systems Engineering Design Code Test Maintenance Req Analysis Integration
- 40. Incremental Life-Cycle System Implementation Systems Eng Rqmts. Analysis Maintenance Code Test Integrate Code Test Integrate Code Test Integrate Design Design Design Rqmts Analysis Rqmts Analysis Rqmts Analysis Build 1 Build 2 Build 3
- 41. Spiral Life-cycle Determine objectives, alternatives, constraints Plan next phases Evaluate alternatives, identify, resolve risks Develop, verify next level product Risk Analysis Risk Mitigation Concept of operation Requirements analysis Design Implementation and test
- 42. Processes & Procedures Principles Methods & techniques Life-cycle methodologies Processes & procedures Automated tools
- 43. Software Engineering Processes and Procedures Hardware Engineering Configuration Management Quality Assurance Software Engineering Translate Requirements into objects and develop object model Create state diagram for each object Develop Data Flow Diagram for each state 001 002 003 Formal Inspection 004 Baselined Software Requirements Document Responsible Group Baseline Software Design Document 006 * - the processes and procedures defined in this slide apply to the software design phase of a complex software project.
- 44. Software Engineering Processes and Procedures User Math Library Management Task Monitor Local Contractor Task Plan Data Flow Diagram For Design Code 001 005 006 008 User Needs Responsible Group Baseline Routine * - the processes and procedures defined in this slide show the possible phases applicable for adding a simple routine to a math library. Test 007 Software Requirements 003 Formal Inspection 004 002
- 45. Tools Analysis Tools Design Tools Coding Tools Testing Tools Reverse Engineering Tools Configuration Management Tools Project/Process Management Tools Documentation Tools V E R T I C A L T O O L S H O R I Z O N T A L T O O L S
- 47. Tool Examples - 1 Vertical Tools – McCabe Tools - source code analyzers that generate measures of software complexity Horizontal Tools – Microsoft Project - commercial project management tool – Polytron Version Control System - controls multiple versions of software, documents, procedures, etc.
- 48. Tool Examples - 2 Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) Environments – Tools supporting analysis, design, code (Fortran, C,C++), simulation, and reverse engineering – Tools supporting vertical areas using object-oriented methods and code generation Test Beds – PC Data Acquisition Hardware and Software Miscellaneous – Oscilloscopes/Logic Analyzers and other test equipment – Testing equipment and tools – Circuit analyzers
- 49. Footnotes
- 50. Glossary