INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF AERATION ON THE EFFICIENCY corrected_092413.pptx

POLYMERIZATION PROCESSES (CHEN 814)
TERM PAPER
ON
MECHANISM AND KINETICS OF
ADDITION POLYMERIZATION
PRESENTED BY
MOHAMMED AKABE
P21EGCE8007
Lecturer:
DR. T.K. BELLO
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA
15TH
AUGUST, 2023

PRESENTATION OUTLINE
1. Introduction
2. Types of Polymer
3. Classification of Polymer
4. Mechanism of Addition Polymerization
5. Kinetics of of Addition Polymerization
6. Application of Addition Polymerization
7. Conclusions
8. References
2

INTRODUCTION
3
 What is a Polymer
 Polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule)
built up by the repetition of small chemical
units.
 Polymers are chemicals that have very high
molecular weights.
 Molecular weight (MW) is a measure of the
length of the chain (or chains) making up the
polymer molecule..

Types of Polymer
Polymer can be thermoplastic or thermoset
polymer:
When the chains are linear (single chains) and not
bonded (cross-linked) to other chains, the polymer is a
Thermoplastic polymer.
If the chain is bonded to many other chains, then the
plastic is cross-linked and it does not melt before it
decomposes is called Thermoset polymers.
Thermoplastic polymers can be melted and remelted
many times, unlike thermoset polymers.
4

1
Classification of Polymer
5
Polymers are classified as:
 Addition or Condensation polymers and
this depending on the type of
polymerization reaction involved in their
synthesis.
 This classification scheme, however, does
not permit a complete differentiation
between the two classes of polymers.

1
Addition Polymerization
Addition polymerization is a type of polymerization
reaction in which monomers react together to form a
polymer without the elimination of any by-products.
It is called "addition" because the monomers simply add
together to create the polymer chain, without any loss of
atoms or small molecules.
 Addition polymerization is also a fundamental chemical
process that allows the creation of large, complex
molecules known as polymers.
In contrast to condensation polymerization, where small
molecules are eliminated during the reaction, addition
polymerization involves the direct combination of
monomers without the formation of any by-products. 6

1
Importance of Addition Polymerization
7
 It allows the production of a wide range of synthetic
materials that have revolutionized various industries:
 Plastics,
 Elastomers,
 Synthetic fibers,
 Adhesives, and
 Coatings.
 Steps of Addition Polymerization:
 Initiation,
 Propagation, and
 Termination.

1
8
MECHANISM OF ADDITION
POLYMERIZATION
 The mechanism of addition polymerization varies
depending on the type of reactive species involved.
 Reaction Addition Polymerization:
 Radical,
 Cationic, or
 Anionic polymerization.
 Radical Addition Polymerization:
 Radical addition polymerization involves the use of free
radicals as the reactive species.
 It typically occurs with monomers containing carbon-
carbon double bonds (alkenes or vinyl monomers).

1
9
 Ionic Addition Polymerization:
 Ionic addition polymerization involves the use of
ions (cations or anions) as reactive species.
 Monomers with functional groups that can
stabilize the reactive species are typically used.

1
10
KINETIC OF ADDITION POLYMERIZATION
 Kinetics of Addition Polymerization refers to the
study of the rate and mechanism of the polymerization
reaction, including how the reaction rate changes with
time and the factors that influence the reaction's speed
and overall outcome.
 Rate of Polymerization: The rate of polymerization is
the speed at which monomers add to the growing
polymer chain, leading to the formation of the polymer.
 Initiation Rate: The initiation rate refers to the rate at
which active species, such as free radicals, cations, or
anions, are generated to start the polymerization
reaction.

1
11
 Propagation Rate: The propagation rate is the rate at
which monomers add to the polymer chain, extending
its length.
 The propagation rate depends on factors like the
concentration of active species and monomers and the
reaction environment.
 Termination Rate: The termination rate is the rate at
which the polymerization reaction is stopped through
various termination mechanisms, such as
recombination of radicals or reaction with a terminating
agent.
 The termination rate determines the molecular weight
and molecular weight distribution of the resulting

 Kinetic Order: The kinetic order of a reaction
describes how the rate of the reaction depends on the
concentrations of the reactants.
 Reaction Mechanism: The reaction mechanism
outlines the sequence of elementary steps that occur
during the polymerization process, including initiation,
propagation, and termination steps.
 Chain Transfer Reactions: Chain transfer reactions
can influence the overall kinetics of addition
polymerization.
 Other includes: Inhibition and Retardation, and
Temperature Dependence.
12

APPLICATION OF ADDITION
POLYMERIZATION
13
 Areas of application of addition
polymerization includes:
 Medical and Industrial Applications
 Sustainability
 Versatility
 Plastics
 Continuous Innovation
 Tailoring Properties
 Elastomers and Rubbers

1
CONCLUSIONS
 In conclusion, addition polymerization is a vital chemical process
that enables the creation of large and diverse synthetic materials
known as polymers.
 The process involves the direct combination of monomers without
the elimination of any by-products, resulting in the formation of
long-chain polymers with repeating units.
 Its widespread applications, scalability, and potential for future
advancements make it a critical area of study, paving the way for
sustainable, high-performance materials that shape our world in
remarkable ways.
 However, studying the kinetics of addition polymerization,
researchers and industrial chemists can optimize reaction
conditions, control polymer properties, and develop efficient and
reliable polymerization processes for various applications in
different industries. 14

1
SELECTED REFERENCES
o John T. Lutz, Jr. and Richard F. Grossman (2018). Polymer
Modifiers and Additives. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group,
Boca Raton London New York: Pp. x - xi.
o Robert O. Ebewele (2002). Polymer Science and Technology.
CRC Press Boca Raton New York: Pp. 38 – 60.
15

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