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Test Bank for Wade, Tavris, Sommers, and Shin – Invitation to Psychology 7e
Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
1
TOTAL
ASSESSMENT
GUIDE
Chapter 6
MEMORY
Section/
Learning Objective
Factual Conceptual Applied
POP QUIZ 1 Multiple Choice 1,2,4-8 9,10 3
POP QUIZ 2 Multiple Choice 1-10
In Pursuit of Memory
LO 6.1.A – Distinguish
between recall and
recognition tasks in explicit
memory, and between
explicit and implicit memory.
LO 6.1.B -Describe the basic
characteristics of three
memory systems according
to the information-processing
model, and note the
challenges to this view
proposed by parallel
distributed processing.
Multiple Choice 1,19,20,23,25,27,29,30,
31,35,36
2,24,26,32,33,34 16-18,21,22,28
True/False 14-20,22,24,26,27 21
Short Answer 5
Essay
Integrative Essay
The Three-Box Model of
memory
LO 6.2A – Explain the
function and duration of the
sensory register in the three-
box model of memory.
LO 6.2.B - Explain the
function and duration of
working memory.
LO 6.2.C – Describe the
different forms of long-term
memory, and explain the
serial-position effect in
transferring information from
working memory to long-term
memory.
Multiple Choice 37,38,40,41,43,44,47,4
8,51-58,61,64,66
46,49 39,42,45,50,59,60,62,
63,65,67
True/False 28-36,39,40 37,38
Short Answer 6-8 9
Essay
Integrative Essay
The Biology of Memory
LO 6.3.A – Outline the
process of long-term
potentiation in the formation
of memories.
LO 6.3.B- Evaluate the
evidence that memories are
not sored in any one part of
the brain.
LO 6.3.C – Summarize the
evidence that memory can
be influenced by emotion
and hormonal levels.
Multiple Choice 7,9,10,68-76 8
True/False 7,8,41-53
Short Answer 2
Essay
Integrative Essay
(Continued on next page)

2
Section/
Learning Objective
Factual Conceptual Applied
How We Remember
LO 6.4.A – Describe and
give examples of major
retention strategies.
Multiple Choice 80-83 77-79
True/False 4,54
Short Answer
Essay 1
Integrative Essay
Why We Forget
LO 6.5.A – Summarize the
process of decay,
replacement, interference,
and cue-dependent
forgetting.
LO 6.5.B – Discuss the
reasons why childhood
amnesia is likely to take
place.
LO 6.5.C – Explain why
claims of repressed
memories should be greeted
with skepticism.
Multiple Choice 85,86,88,89,91-93,95-
100
84,87,94,97,102,103 90,101
True/False 25,55,57-59 56
Short Answer
Essay 2-4
Integrative Essay
Reconstructing the Past
LO 6.6.A – Explain why
memory is more
reconstructive than people
think.
LO 6.6.B – Describe
conditions under which
confabulation is especially
likely to occur.
LO 6.6.C – Summarize the
evidence indicating that
eyewitness testimony can
be susceptible to memory
errors.
Multiple Choice 6,12,15 3-5 11,13,14
True/False 1-3,5,6,9-11 12,13
Short Answer 1,3,4
Essay
Integrative Essay 1

3
Name __________________________________________________________
Chapter 6 – Pop Quiz 1
1. ________ memory refers to a vivid, detailed recollection of an emotional event.
a. Semantic
b. Declarative
c. Flashbulb
d. Episodic
2. The inability to distinguish an actual memory of an event from information you learned about the event
elsewhere is called
a. confabulation.
b. source misattribution.
c. priming.
d. repression.
3. Iris swears that she was there the night her sister got into a fight with her ex-boyfriend. It takes several of
her friends to convince her that she was not. Which of the following likely made Iris’ fake memory seems
so real to her?
a. She had only heard the story of the fight a few times.
b. The fight occurred only a year ago.
c. Her memory contained only a few key details.
d. The fight was easy to imagine.
4. Which of the following is a test for recall?
a. matching questions
b. true-false questions
c. multiple-choice questions
d. essay questions
5. Which memory system has a limited capacity and stores items for about 30 seconds?
a. short-term memory
b. long-term memory
c. the sensory register
d. implicit memory
6. The ________ model represents the contents of memory as connections among a huge number of
interacting processing units.
a. three-box
b. parallel distributed processing
c. serial processing
d. sequential processing
7. Which of the following is considered to be an implicit memory?
a. procedural memory
b. semantic memory
c. episodic memory
d. declarative memory
8. ________ is thought to be a biological mechanism of long-term memory.
a. Deep processing
b. Long-term potentiation
c. Priming
d. Temporary changes in the release of neurotransmitters

4
9. According to the decay theory, forgetting occurs because
a. new information is “recorded over” old information.
b. similar items of information interfere with one another.
c. memories simply fade with time if they are not accessed now and then.
d. the cues needed to recall the memory are not present.
10. Given the current research on recovered memories, one should be skeptical if a person says that
a. she cannot remember an event from when she was 2 years old.
b. she is frequently bothered by vivid memories of a traumatic event that she experienced.
c. she now has memories of his experiences as an infant, thanks to therapy.
d. her amnesia resulted from a blow to the head during a car accident.

5
Answer Key
1. c Vivid recollections of emotional and important events are called flashbulb memories, a term that is
meant to capture the surprise, illumination, and seemingly photographic detail that characterize
them. (Factual, Easy, LO 6.3.C, APA 1.1)
2. b Rationale: The inability to distinguish an actual memory of an event from information you learned
about the event elsewhere is termed source confusion or source misattribution. (Factual, Easy, LO
6.6.A, APA 1.1)
3. d Rationale: If imagining an event takes little effort, then we tend to think that our memory is real.
(Applied, Moderate, LO 6.6.B, APA 1.1, 2.2)
4. d Rationale: Recall refers to the ability to retrieve and reproduce information encountered earlier.
Essay questions test recall memory, whereas the other types of questions all test recognition
memory. (Factual, Easy, LO 6.1.A, APA 1.1, 2.2)
5. a Rationale: Short-term memory (STM) holds a limited amount of information for a brief period of
time, perhaps up to 30 seconds or so, unless a conscious effort is made to keep it there longer.
(Factual, Easy, LO 6.1.B, APA 1.1)
6. b Rationale: This describes the parallel distributed processing (PDP) or connectionist model of
memory. (Factual, Easy, LO 6.1.B, APA 1.1)
7. a Rationale: Many researchers consider procedural memories to be implicit, because after skills and
habits are learned well, they do not require much conscious processing. The other options are all
types of explicit memory. (Factual, Moderate, LO 6.2.C, APA 1.1, 2.2)
8. b Rationale: Long-term potentiation is thought to be a biological mechanism involved in forming
long-term memories. (Factual, Moderate, LO 6.3.A, APA 1.1, 2.2)
9. c Rationale: The decay theory holds that memories eventually disappear if they are not accessed.
(Conceptual, Moderate, LO 6.5.A, APA 1.1, 2.2)
10. c Rationale: It is possible for a therapist, either deliberately or unwittingly, to implant a false
memory in a client. (Conceptual, Moderate, LO 6.5.C, APA 1.1, 2.2)

6
Name __________________________________________________________
1. Confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you, or a belief that you
remember something when it never actually happened, is called
a. confabulation.
b. priming.
c. flashbulb memory.
d. repression.
2. Eyewitness testimonies by victims would most likely contain errors if the suspect
a. is of a different gender than the victim.
b. is significantly older than the victim.
c. is significantly younger than the victim.
d. is of a different ethnic background than the victim.
3. Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or of an item of information is called
a. explicit memory.
b. implicit memory.
c. autobiographical memory.
d. procedural memory.
4. ________ acts as a holding bin, retaining information in a highly accurate form until we can select items
for attention.
a. The sensory register
b. Short-term memory
c. Working memory
d. Long-term memory
5. Although there is some debate, ________ is generally thought to have a capacity of seven plus or minus
two units of information.
a. the sensory register
b. short-term memory
c. declarative memory
d. long-term memory
6. ________ is a memory system that includes short-term memory and executive processes that control
attention and the retrieval.
a. Procedural memory
b. Declarative memory
c. Working memory
d. Semantic memory
7. ________ memory refers to the recollection of a personally experienced event and the context in which it
occurred.
a. Semantic
b. Procedural
c. Flashbulb
d. Episodic
8. In his work with rabbits, Richard Thompson showed that classical conditioning of the eyeblink response
depends on activity in the
a. frontal lobes.
b. amygdala.

7
c. hippocampus.
d. cerebellum.
9. The ________ theory of forgetting proposes that memory fades with time and lack of use.
a. replacement
b. decay
c. interference
d. cue-dependent
10. Most researchers agree that the memories people say they have of their first three years of life are based on
a. unconscious memories that float to the surface.
b. family stories, photographs, and imagination.
c. actual recall of the events.
d. a special memory module for early childhood experiences.

8
Answer Key
1. a Rationale: This is the definition of confabulation. (Factual, Easy, LO 6.6.B, APA 1.1)
2. d Rationale: Research has shown that when a suspect is of a different ethnic background than a
witness, the witness is less likely to accurately remember the appearance of the suspect. (Factual,
Moderate, LO 6.6.C, APA 1.1, 2.2)
3. a Rationale: This is the definition of explicit memory. (Factual, Easy, LO 6.1.A, APA 1.1)
4. a Rationale: This is a description of the sensory register, a highly accurate, but very brief type of
memory. (Factual, Moderate, LO 6.2.A, APA 1.1)
5. b George Miller famously estimated the capacity of short-term memory to be seven plus or minus
two. There is, however, some debate about whether this is correct. (Factual, Easy, LO 6.2.B, APA
1.1)
6. c Rationale: This is a description of the concept of working memory. (Factual, Moderate, LO 6.2.B,
APA 1.1)
7. d Rationale: This is the definition of episodic memory. (Factual, Easy, LO 6.2.C, APA 1.1)
8. d Rationale: Thompson’s research demonstrated an important role for the cerebellum in classical
eyeblink conditioning. (Factual, Moderate, LO 6.3.B, APA 1.1, 1.2)
9. b Rationale: The decay theory holds that memories fade with time if they are not accessed now and
then. (Factual, Easy, LO 6.5.A, APA 1.1, 2.2)
10. b Rationale: Due to childhood amnesia, most people have no memory of their first three years of
life. If they seem to have memories, they are most likely reconstructions based on family stories,
photographs, and their own imaginings. (Factual, Easy, LO 6.5.B, APA 1.1, 2.2)

9
Multiple Choice Questions
1. ________ refers to the ability to retrieve and reproduce from previously encountered material.
a. Recall
b. Memory
c. Priming
d. Recognition
Section: In Pursuit of Memory
Type: Factual Answer: a
Level of Difficulty: Easy
LO 6.1.A Distinguish between recall and recognition tasks in explicit memory, and between explicit
and implicit memory. APA 1.1
Rationale: This is the definition of recall.
2. Memory is critical to our lives because
a. it confers a sense of personal identity, which enhances our sense of coherence.
b. without memory, we could not experience emotions.
c. it operates as a video camera would, automatically recording every moment of our lives.
d. each thing that happens to us, or impinges on our senses, is tucked away for later use.
Type: Conceptual Answer: a
Level of Difficulty: Moderate
and implicit memory. APA 1.1, 2.2
Rationale: Each of us is the sum of our recollections. Memory also gives us our sense of who we are.
3. Retrieving a memory is most like
a. replaying a videotape of an event.
b. reading a short story that describes the characters in detail, but does not include the dialogue.
c. hearing the soundtrack of a story without access to the visual and other sensory images.
d. watching unconnected frames of a movie and figuring out what the rest of the scene was like.
Section: Reconstructing the Past
Type: Conceptual Answer: d
Level of Difficulty: Difficult
LO 6.6.A Explain why memory is more reconstructive than people think. APA 1.1, 2.2
Rationale: Memory involves reconstruction. We recall the major details and reconstruct the rest.
Our memory is not like a videotape replaying a past experience.
4. According to Sir Frederic Bartlett
a. memory is like a video camera recording an entire experience.
b. memory is largely a reconstructive process, like putting together a puzzle when you are missing some
pieces.
c. memory for complex information is generally reproduced by rote.
d. emotional memories are especially vivid and detailed.
Type: Conceptual Answer: b
LO 6.6.A Explain why memory is more reconstructive than people think. APA 1.1, 1.2
Rationale: Memory is a reconstructive process, putting together pieces of the memory and filling in
blanks. One of the first scientists to make this point was the British psychologist Sir Frederic
Bartlett.
5. In the 1930s, the research of the British psychologist Sir Frederic Bartlett provided evidence to support the
view that memory is
a. like a wax tablet.
b. like reading a journal or diary written in indelible ink.

10
c. like a journalist trying to reconstruct an interview from incomplete notes.
d. like painful mementos in a locked vault.
Type: Conceptual Answer: c
LO 6.6.A Explain why memory is more reconstructive than people think. APA 1.1, 1.2, 2.2
Rationale: Memory is a reconstructive process, putting together pieces of the memory and filling in
blanks. One of the first scientists to make this point was the British psychologist Sir Frederic
Bartlett.
6. The inability to distinguish what you originally experienced from what you heard or were told about an
event later is called
a. semantic memory.
b. priming.
c. explicit memory.
d. source misattribution.
Type: Factual Answer: d
LO 6.6.A Explain why memory is more reconstructive than people think. APA 1.1
Rationale: This is an example of source misattribution (also called source confusion). We recall a
memory, but not how it was established or where it came from.
7. ________ is an especially vivid memory of an emotional event.
a. Reconstructive memory
b. A flashbulb memory
c. Semantic memory
d. Procedural memory
Section: The Biology of Memory
Type: Factual Answer: b
LO 6.3.C Summarize the evidence that memory can be influenced by emotion and hormonal levels.
APA 1.1
Rationale: This is a description of flashbulb memory.
8. Callie was visiting a friend in New York City on September 11, 2001, the day of the attack on the World
Trade Center. To her, that day seems frozen in time. She remembers exactly where she was, what she was
doing, and what she felt as the morning transpired. This vivid recollection is known as
a. source misattribution.
b. a flashbulb memory.
c. a serial-position effect.
d. a frozen memory.
Type: Applied Answer: b
APA 1.1, 2.1. 2.2
Rationale: Flashbulb memories are especially vivid memories of emotionally charged events.
9. The inability to distinguish an actual memory of an event from information you learned about the event
elsewhere is called
a. consolidation.
b. source misattribution.
c. priming.
d. repression.

11
Reconstructing The Past
APA 1.1
Rationale: The inability to distinguish an actual memory of an event from information you learned
about the event elsewhere is termed source confusion or source misattribution.
10. ________ memory refers to a vivid, detailed recollection of an emotional event.
a. Semantic
b. Declarative
c. Flashbulb
d. Episodic
Type: Factual Answer: c
APA 1.1
Rationale: Vivid recollections of emotional and important events are called flashbulb memories, a
term that is meant to capture the surprise, illumination, and seemingly photographic detail that
characterize them.
11. Iris swears that she was there the night her sister got into a fight with her ex-boyfriend. It takes several of
her friends to convince her that she was not. Which of the following likely made Iris’ fake memory seem so
real to her?
a. She had only heard the story of the fight a few times.
b. The fight occurred only a year ago.
c. Her memory contained only a few key details.
d. The fight was easy to imagine.
Type: Applied Answer: d
LO 6.6.B Describe conditions under which confabulation is especially likely to occur. APA 1.1, 2.1,
2.2
Rationale: If imagining an event takes little effort, then we tend to think that our memory is real.
12. Confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you, or a belief that you
remember something when it never actually happened, is called
a. confabulation.
b. priming.
c. flashbulb memory.
d. repression.
LO 6.6.B Describe conditions under which confabulation is especially likely to occur. APA 1.1
Rationale: This is the definition of confabulation.
13. When six-year-old Jason’s parents overhear him describing his third birthday party, they look at each other
in surprise. Jason appears to remember that the birthday cake his father was baking burned and his aunt had
to run out and buy one from a bakery, even though Jason was not present when those events occurred.
Jason’s memory illustrates the concept of
a. priming.
b. implicit memory.
c. confabulation.
d. decay.

12
Type: Applied Answer: c
LO 6.6.B Describe conditions under which confabulation is especially likely to occur. APA 1.1, 2.2
Rationale: Confabulation is the confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that
happened to you, or a belief that you remember something when it never actually happened.
14. Charlie remembers the feeling of excitement in his house when his mother stepped through the door with
his new baby sister. He can still picture the tiny little baby with a stocking cap on her head! His parents
can’t convince him that he actually stayed with his grandparents for two weeks after his sister was born and
that his memory never happened! Charlie’s memory is an example of
a. anterograde amnesia.
b. confabulation.
c. psychogenic amnesia.
d. repression.
LO 6.6.B Describe conditions under which confabulation is especially likely to occur. APA 1.1, 2.2
Rationale: Confabulation is the confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that
happened to you, or a belief that you remember something when it never actually happened.
15. Eyewitness testimonies by victims would likely contain errors if the suspect
a. is of a different gender than the victim.
b. is significantly older than the victim.
c. is significantly younger than the victim.
d. is of a different ethnic background than the victim.
Section: Memory and the Power of Suggestion
LO 6.6.C Summarize the evidence indicating that eyewitness testimony can be susceptible to memory
errors. APA 1.1, 2.2
Rationale: Research has shown that when a suspect is of a different ethnic background than a
witness, the witness is less likely to accurately remember the appearance of the suspect.
16. Dr. Barnes wants to design a test that will assess her students’ ability to recall the information she presented
in class. Which test is she most likely to use?
d. essay questions
Rationale: Recall refers to the ability to retrieve and reproduce information encountered earlier.
Essay questions test recall memory, whereas the other types of questions all test recognition memory.
17. Dr. Knowles discussed the Civil War in his lecture on Thursday. Many of the students were seemingly on
their phones and not paying attention as he taught the lesson. He decides to give a pop quiz during the
following class. If he wants to ascertain his students’ ability to recall the information he presented, he is
most likely to use which format when he designs his test?

13
d. fill-in-the-blank questions
Rationale: Recall is the ability that one has to retrieve and reproduce information encountered
earlier. Fill-in-the-blank items measure recall memory, whereas the other types of questions all test
recognition memory.
18. Janet gets major test anxiety each time she knows that there will be an assessment during class. She
especially has difficulties with recalling information that Professor Green presents on the Renaissance
period. Which kinds of test items will most likely give her difficulties on the next test?
d. fill-in-the-blank questions
Rationale: Recall is the ability that one has to retrieve and reproduce information encountered
earlier. Fill-in-the-blank items require one to tap into their ability to recall certain memories, and the
other kinds of test items simply measure recognition memory.
19. Which of the following is a test for recall?
d. essay questions
Rationale: Recall refers to the ability to retrieve and reproduce information encountered earlier.
Essay questions test recall memory, whereas the other types of questions all test recognition memory.
20. Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or of an item of information is called:
a. explicit memory.
b. implicit memory.
c. autobiographical memory.
Rationale: This is a definition of explicit memory.
21. Sunny enjoys playing games such as Jeopardy! and Trivial Pursuit, which require her to answer questions
based on her ability to recall facts. These types of games test Sunny’s
a. explicit memory.

14
b. flashbulb memory.
c. reconstructive memory.
d. implicit memory.
Type: Applied Answer: a
and implicit memory. APA 1.1, 2.1, 2.2
Rationale: Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or an item of information is called explicit
memory. This is the type of memory that is required to recall a fact and then state it aloud.
22. Marie wrote a shopping list prior to going to the grocery store. Unfortunately, when she arrived at the store
she realized she had left the list at home. If she is to purchase the items on her list, Marie must rely on
which memory task?
a. recall
b. recognition
c. interpretation
d. relearning
Rationale: Recall is the ability to retrieve and reproduce information previously encountered.
23. Which of the following ways of measuring explicit memory are usually the easiest for the person being
tested?
a. recognition
b. recall
c. relearning
d. referral
Rationale: Under most circumstances, recognition is easier than recall. The other two options are not
ways of measuring explicit memory.
24. Which of the following activities involving memory would require recognition?
a. fill-in-the-blank exams
b. essay exams
c. true-false exams
d. playing Trivial Pursuit
Rationale: True-false exams involve recognition of correct or incorrect statements rather than recall.
25. Under most circumstances, when you are intentionally trying to remember an item of information,
________ is an easier task than ________.
a. recognition; recall
b. recall; recognition
c. priming; the savings method

15
d. the savings method; priming
Rationale: Recognition is generally an easier memory task than recall.
26. The multiple-choice question that you are reading at this moment requires ________ to answer correctly.
a. recognition
b. relearning
c. priming
d. recall
Rationale: Multiple-choice questions utilize recognition to test for memory.
27. Unconscious retention in memory, as evidenced by the effect of a previous experience or previously
encountered information on current thoughts and actions, is called
a. explicit memory.
b. implicit memory.
c. declarative memory.
Rationale: This is a definition of implicit memory, memory that we are not aware of.
28. Jamie solved a crossword puzzle on Thursday, and by Saturday she doesn’t recall the words in the puzzle.
But Saturday night, when she is playing Scrabble with her brother, she unconsciously tends to form words
that were in the puzzle. Jamie has ________ memory for some of the words.
a. a flashbulb
b. recognition
c. explicit
d. implicit
Rationale: This is an example of implicit memory, memory that we are not aware that we have.
29. What are the components of the information-processing model, in order of occurrence?
a. retrieval, encoding, storage
b. encoding, capturing, retrieval
c. capturing, encoding, retrieval
d. encoding, storage, retrieval
LO 6.1.B Describe the basic characteristics of three memory systems according to the information-

16
processing model, and note the challenges to this view proposed by parallel distributed processing.
APA 1.1
Rationale: In information-processing models of memory, we encode information (convert it to a form
that the brain can process and use), store the information (retain it over time), and retrieve the
information (recover it for use).
30. Which memory system has a limited capacity and stores items for about 30 seconds?
b. long-term memory
d. implicit memory
APA 1.1
Rationale: Short-term memory (STM) holds a limited amount of information for a brief period of
time, perhaps up to 30 seconds or so, unless a conscious effort is made to keep it there longer.
31. Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours or decades?
b. long-term memory
d. working memory
APA 1.1
Rationale: This is descriptive of long-term memory.
32. In the “three-box model of memory,” which memory system holds information for no more than a few
seconds, until it can be processed further?
b. long-term memory
d. implicit memory
APA 1.1, 2.2
Rationale: This is descriptive of the sensory register, where information can be held for only a few
seconds at most.
33. Critics of the three-box model of memory are likely to agree that
a. the human brain processes information only in a sequential manner.
b. the human brain does not operate like the average computer.
c. the capacity of long-term memory is actually much greater than the model assumes.
d. information flows from one memory system to the next.

17
APA 1.1, 2.1, 2.2
Rationale: The human brain does not operate sequentially like a computer does. It does use
sequential processing, but it also uses parallel processing that is distributed across many areas of the
brain.
34. One objection to the three-box model of memory is that
a. short-term memory is not usually involved in the conscious processing of information.
b. the brain performs many independent operations simultaneously.
c. the sensory register is actually able to store information for 30 seconds.
d. there is a limit to the capacity of long-term memory.
APA 1.1, 2.1, 2.2
Rationale: The three-box model is a sequential model, but the brain uses parallel processing in
addition to sequential processing.
35. The ________ model represents the contents of memory as connections among a huge number of
interacting processing units.
a. three-box
b. parallel distributed processing
c. serial processing
d. sequential processing
APA 1.1
Rationale: This describes the parallel distributed processing (PDP) or connectionist model of
memory.
36. Another name for the parallel distributed processing (PDP) model of memory is the
a. interaction model.
b. multiple process model.
c. connectionist model.
d. long-term potentiation model.
APA 1.1, 2.2
Rationale: Also called the connectionist model, the PDP model represents the contents of memory as
connections among thousands of interacting processing units that operate in parallel.
37. Visual images remain in the sensory register for a maximum of
a. a half second.
b. two seconds.
c. thirty seconds.
d. one minute.
Section: The Three-Box Model of Memory

18
LO 6.2.A Explain the function and duration of the sensory register in the three-box model of
memory. APA 1.1
Rationale: Visual images remain in a visual subsystem for a maximum of a half second.
38. Auditory images remain in the sensory register for no longer than
a. a half second.
b. ten seconds.
c. thirty seconds.
d. one minute.
memory. APA 1.1
Rationale: Auditory images remain in an auditory subsystem for a slightly longer time, but no longer
than 10 seconds.
39. Ambassador McCall was about to ask a French diplomat to repeat his last comment, but then his ________
enabled him to “select” what had been said while ignoring all the extraneous sounds in the reception room.
a. working memory
c. long-term memory
d. sensory register
memory. APA 1.1, 2.1, 2.2
Rationale: The sensory register acts as a holding bin, retaining information in a highly accurate form
until we can select items for attention from the stream of stimuli bombarding our senses. It gives us a
moment to decide whether information is extraneous or important.
40. ________ acts as a holding bin, retaining information in a highly accurate form until we can select
items for attention.
a. The sensory register
b. Short-term memory
c. Working memory
d. Long-term memory
memory. APA 1.1
Rationale: This is a description of the sensory register, a highly accurate, but very brief type of
memory.
41. In general, information in short-term memory is retained for about ________ if it is not rehearsed.
a. 2–3 seconds or less
b. 30 seconds
c. 5–20 minutes
d. 30 minutes

19
LO 6.2.B Explain the function and duration of working memory. APA 1.1
Rationale: Without rehearsal, short-term memory retains information for up to about 30 seconds by
many estimates, although some researchers think that the maximum interval may extend to a few
minutes for certain tasks.
42. The case study of Henry Molaison (H.M.) is discussed throughout Chapter 6 in your textbook. Careful
study of H.M.’s memory after his surgery revealed that
a. H.M. could not retain implicit memories, but explicit memories could be recalled normally.
b. H.M.’s memory problems were primarily the result of impaired LTM recall.
c. H.M. did not have the ability to transfer most explicit memories from STM into LTM.
d. H.M.’s memory problems were primarily the result of an unusually small STM capacity.
Type: Conceptual Answer: d
LO 6.2.B Explain the function and duration of working memory. APA 1.1, 1.2, 2.2
Rationale: Patients like H.M. have relatively normal ability to retrieve information from long-term
storage, but are generally unable to place new explicit memories into long-term storage.
43. In the 1950s, George Miller estimated the capacity of short-term memory to be the magical number
a. 5 plus or minus 4.
b. 7 plus or minus 2.
c. 9 plus or minus 3.
d. 11 plus or minus 1.
Rationale: Miller’s estimate of the capacity of short-term memory was 7 plus or minus 2 pieces of
information.
44. Although there is some debate, ________ is generally thought to have a capacity of seven plus or minus
two units of information.
c. declarative memory
d. long-term memory
Rationale: George Miller famously estimated the capacity of short-term memory to be seven plus or
minus two. There is, however, some debate about whether this is correct.
45. Terrence convinces a woman he finds attractive to give him her telephone number. Unfortunately, the
number is ten digits long with the area code, and Terrence cannot find a place to write it down. As he looks
for a pen and paper, what can Terrence do to help himself remember the number?
a. Nothing will help because 10 digits are beyond the capacity of short-term memory.
b. Thinking of something else will help Terrence.
c. “Chunking” the numbers into smaller units will help Terrence.
d. Terrence should try to process the memory in parallel.
Rationale: Chunking involves taking bits of information and grouping them into larger “chunks” so
that more total information can be recalled.

20
46. For most Americans, which of the following would be considered a chunk?
a. IBF
b. FBI
c. 921
d. 196
Rationale: A chunk may be a word, phrase, sentence or visual image that is meaningful to an
individual.
47. Which component of memory has been referred to as a “leaky bucket”?
c. working memory
d. long-term memory
LO 6.2.B Explain the function and duration of working memory. APA 1.1, 2.2
Rationale: Short-term memory is referred to as a leaky bucket because it has a limited capacity and
information is quickly lost if not rehearsed.
48. ________ is a memory system that includes short-term memory and executive processes that control
attention and retrieval.
a. Procedural memory
b. Declarative memory
c. Working memory
d. Semantic memory
LO 6.2.B Explain the function and duration of working memory. APA 1.1, 2.2
Rationale: This is a description of the concept of working memory.
49. ________ holds and operates on information that has been retrieved from long-term memory for temporary
use.
a. Serial-position memory
b. Working memory
c. Tool-box memory
d. Episodic memory
Rationale: This is a description of the concept of working memory.
50. Samantha is doing an arithmetic problem. The numbers and instructions for doing the necessary operations
for each step will be held in her ___________ memory as she solves the problem.
a. serial-position
b. sensory register
c. working
d. episodic

21
Rationale: Working memory includes the short-term stores for memories, and the processes for
working with those memories.
51. In accordance with the three-box model of memory, the memory system involved in the prolonged storage
of information is known as
a. short-term memory.
b. the sensory register.
c. working memory.
d. long-term memory.
LO 6.2.C Describe the different forms of long-term memory, and explain the serial-position effect in
transferring information from working memory to long-term memory. APA 1.1
Rationale: As the name implies, information that needs to be kept for long periods is stored in long-
term memory.
52. When researchers investigated the organization of long-term memory, they found that
a. it must be linked to sound, since users of sign language don’t have “tip-of-the-tongue” states.
b. verbal information is indexed semantically, and not by sound or form.
c. semantic categories help organize memories involving words and concepts.
d. the organization is based on human physiology, and so culture has few effects on retrieval.
transferring information from working memory to long-term memory. APA 1.1, 2.2
Rationale: Upon investigating the organization in long-term memory, scientists found that words and
concepts are usually organized semantically; that is, in association with other items whose meaning is
similar.
53. Declarative memories include ________ memories and ________ memories.
a. procedural; semantic
b. semantic; episodic
c. episodic; procedural
d. procedural; serial-position
Rationale: Declarative memories are memories of facts, rules, concepts, and events. They include
semantic and episodic memories.
54. ________ memory refers to recollection of a personally experienced event and the context in which it
occurred.
a. Semantic
b. Procedural
c. Flashbulb
d. Episodic

22
Rationale: This is the definition of episodic memory.
55. Which of the following is considered to be an implicit memory?
a. procedural memory
b. semantic memory
c. episodic memory
d. declarative memory
transferring information from working memory to long-term memory. APA 1.1, 2.1, 2.2
Rationale: Many researchers consider procedural memories to be implicit, because after skills and
habits are learned well, they do not require much conscious processing. The other options are all
types of explicit memory.
56. Memories of personally experienced events and the contexts in which they occurred are called
a. procedural memories.
b. semantic memories.
c. short-term memories.
d. episodic memories.
Rationale: This is a definition of episodic memory, a subtype of declarative memory.
57. ________ are internal representations of the world, independent of any particular context.
a. Procedural memories
b. Semantic memories
c. Declarative memories
d. Episodic memories
Rationale: This is a definition of a semantic memory.
58. Memories of general knowledge, including facts, rules, concepts and propositions, are called
a. procedural memories.
b. semantic memories.
c. implicit memories.
d. episodic memories.
Rationale: This is a definition of semantic memory.
59. On a TV game show, Jasper is asked to name the state capital of Michigan. This information is most likely
stored in

23
a. procedural memory.
b. semantic memory.
c. episodic memory.
d. implicit memory.
Rationale: Semantic memory is our general knowledge of the world, including facts, rules, concepts,
and propositions.
60. Steph remembers going to the zoo with her parents and her best friend on her 10th
birthday. She can even
recall the look on her friend’s face when she dropped her ice cream cone into the grizzly bear enclosure.
Steph’s recollection is an example of
a. implicit memory.
b. semantic memory.
c. episodic memory.
Rationale: Episodic memories are internal representations of personally experienced events.
61. ________ are internal representations of personally experienced events.
a. Procedural memories
b. Semantic memories
c. Declarative memories
d. Episodic memories
Rationale: This is a description of an episodic memory.
62. Shelia is currently a college professor. Which memory from Shelia’s fourth grade experience would most
likely be an episodic memory?
a. The low-level clouds that look like sheets floating in the air are called stratus clouds.
b. For the last two months of school, she shared her NFL mechanical pencil with Nick.
c. Four inches of snow contain the same amount of water as 0.4 inches of rain.
d. To mark its territory, a wild boar scrapes a tree as high as it can with its tusk.
Rationale: The personal experience of sharing her NFL pencil with Nick is an example of an episodic
memory.
63. Pat reminisces about her wedding. Which of the following would be among Pat’s semantic memories?
a. remembering what her wedding gown looked like
b. the memory of her four siblings dancing at the reception
c. recalling when her husband proposed

24
d. knowing that it is appropriate to stand when the bride walks down the aisle
Rationale: Semantic memories include facts, rules, concepts—items of general knowledge. The other
memories listed are all episodic memories.
64. When you recall the names of the days of the week, you are relying on ________ memory.
a. semantic
b. episodic
c. procedural
d. sensory
Rationale: Semantic memories are memories of general knowledge, including facts, rules, concepts,
and propositions.
65. In order to remember how your dog licked you as you fed him a treat, you are relying on your ________
memory.
a. semantic
b. episodic
c. procedural
d. declarative
Rationale: Episodic memories are memories of personally experienced events and the context in
which they took place.
66. According to the serial-position effect, if you are shown a list of items and then asked to immediately recall
them, you will most easily recall items
a. from the beginning and the middle of the list.
b. from the beginning and the end of the list.
c. from the middle and the end of the list.
d. only from the beginning of the list.
Rationale: The serial-position effect is the tendency for recall of the first and last items on a list to
surpass recall of items in the middle of the list.
67. Margie is introduced to the following people when she arrives at the party: Derek, Kayla, Calvin, Debbie,
Rose, Melanie, Garrett, Tom, Francis, Jane, John, and Vincent. According to the serial-position effect, it
will be most difficult to remember the names of
a. Derek, Kayla, John, and Vincent.
b. Francis, Jane, John, and Vincent.
c. Derek, Kayla, Melanie, and Garrett.

25
d. Rose, Melanie, Garrett, and Tom.
Rationale: This is an example of the serial-position effect, the tendency for recall of the first and last
items on a list to surpass recall of items in the middle of the list.
68. A long-lasting increase in the strength of synaptic responsiveness is called
a. deep processing.
b. long-term potentiation.
c. parallel processing.
d. state-dependent memory.
LO 6.3.A Outline the process of long-term potentiation in the formation of memories. APA 1.1
Rationale: This is the definition of long-term potentiation.
69. ________ is thought to be a biological mechanism of long-term memory.
a. Deep processing
b. Long-term potentiation
c. Priming
d. Temporary changes in the release of neurotransmitters
Rationale: Long-term potentiation is thought to be a biological mechanism involved in forming long-
term memories.
70. The process by which a long-term memory becomes durable and stable is called
a. chunking.
b. consolidation.
c. confabulation.
d. priming.
Rationale: This is the definition of consolidation.
71. During short-term memory tasks, the ________ is especially active.
a. frontal lobe
b. hippocampus
c. cerebellum
d. amygdala
LO 6.3.B Evaluate the evidence that memories are not stored in any one part of the brain. APA 1.1
Rationale: The frontal lobes appear to be particularly involved in the processing of short-term
memories.
72. In his work with rabbits, Richard Thompson showed that classical conditioning of the eyeblink response

26
depends on activity in the
a. frontal lobes.
b. amygdala.
c. hippocampus.
d. cerebellum.
LO 6.3.B Evaluate the evidence that memories are not stored in any one part of the brain.
APA 1.1, 1.2
Rationale: Thompson’s research demonstrated an important role for the cerebellum in classical
eyeblink conditioning.
73. The ________ is the part of the brain that is involved with the formation and consolidation of memories
associated with fear and other emotions.
a. prefrontal cortex
b. amygdala
c. frontal lobes
d. cerebral cortex
Rationale: The amygdala is a brain structure known to be involved in the formation, consolidation,
and recall of memories associated with fear and other emotions.
74. ________ plays a critical role in the formation of long-term declarative memories.
a. The frontal lobe
b. The hippocampus
c. The cerebellum
d. The amygdala
Rationale: As demonstrated by the case of H.M., the hippocampus is necessary for placing new
declarative information into long-term storage.
75. In Richard Thompson’s research with rabbits, he demonstrated that classical conditioning depends on
activity in which part of the brain?
a. the frontal lobe
b. the hippocampus
c. the cerebellum
d. the amygdala
Rationale: It has been demonstrated that the cerebellum is involved in the formation and retention of
implicit memories in other parts of the brain.
76. Moderate amounts of hormones released by the adrenal glands during stress and emotional arousal tend to
a. enhance memory.
b. produce tip-of-the-tongue states.
c. cause retroactive interference.
d. lead to motivated forgetting.

27
APA 1.1, 2.2
Rationale: Adrenal hormones may facilitate memory storage at moderate levels. In contrast, extreme
levels of arousal seem to impair memory formation.
77. As she studies her physics textbook, Marcella wants to make sure that she remembers that sound intensity
is measured in units called decibels and that each decibel is one-tenth of a bel, which is a unit named after
Alexander Graham Bell. Marcella creates a visual image of ten little elf-like Bell figures trying to turn up
the volume of a huge stereo. Her strategy is called
a. confabulation.
b. priming.
c. maintenance rehearsal.
d. a mnemonic.
Section: How We Remember
LO 6.4.A Describe and give examples of major memory retention strategies. APA 1.1, 2.1, 2.2
Rationale: This is an example of a mnemonic, a formal strategy for encoding and storing
information.
78. In order to help her music students learn the lines of the treble clef in musical notation, Star has them learn
the sentence “Every Good Boy Does Fine,” in which the starting letter of each word represents the name of
a note. This is an example of
a. maintenance rehearsal.
b. a mnemonic.
c. the serial-position effect.
d. pattern recognition.
Rationale: This is an example of a mnemonic, a formal strategy for encoding and storing
information.
79. Roberto is making a conscious effort for prolonged retention of his homework by processing its meaning
fully. This strategy is called
a. shallow processing.
b. deep processing.
c. consolidation.
d. confabulation.
Rationale: Deep processing involves the processing of meaning rather than simply the physical or
sensory features of a stimulus. The use of deep processing increases retention.
80. Most people seem to favor ________ for encoding and rehearsing the contents of short-term memory.
a. writing
b. vision
c. speech
d. subliminal perception

28
LO 6.4.A Describe and give examples of major memory retention strategies. APA 1.1, 2.2
Rationale: Speech, either aloud or silently, seems to be preferred for encoding and rehearsing
information in short-term memory.
81. Maintenance rehearsal involves
a. processing the physical features of the stimulus to be remembered.
b. analyzing new material in order to make it memorable.
c. associating new material to be learned with information maintained in long-term memory.
d. the rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availability in memory.
LO 6.4.A Describe and give examples of major memory retention strategies. APA 1.1
Rationale: Maintenance rehearsal is merely the rote repetition of the material to be remembered.
82. ________ involves associating new items of information with material that has already been stored.
a. Maintenance rehearsal
b. Elaborative rehearsal
c. Long-term potentiation
d. Deep processing
Rationale: Elaboration involves associating new items of information with material that has already
been stored or with other new facts. It can also involve analyzing the physical, sensory, or semantic
features of an item.
83. ________ occurs when, instead of encoding just the physical or sensory features of the information, the
meaning of information is analyzed.
a. Deep processing
b. Procedural memory
c. Maintenance rehearsal
d. Priming
Rationale: This is an example of the deep processing of information.
84. According to the decay theory, forgetting occurs because
a. new information is “recorded over” old information.
b. similar items of information interfere with one another.
c. memories simply fade with time if they are not accessed now and then.
d. the cues needed to recall the memory are not present.
Section: Why We Forget
LO 6.5.A Summarize the processes of decay, replacement, interference, and cue-dependent
forgetting. APA 1.1, 2.1, 2.2
Rationale: The decay theory holds that memories eventually disappear if they are not accessed.
85. According to the ________ theory of forgetting, information in memory eventually disappears if it is not
accessed.

29
a. replacement
b. interference
c. cue-dependent
d. decay
forgetting. APA 1.1, 2.2
Rationale: The decay theory holds that memories simply fade with time if they are not accessed now
and then.
86. The ________ theory of forgetting proposes that memory fades with time and lack of use.
a. replacement
b. decay
c. interference
d. cue-dependent
Rationale: The decay theory holds that memories fade with time if they are not accessed now and
then.
87. “Use it or lose it” would most likely be associated with
a. decay theory.
b. replacement theory.
c. cue-dependent forgetting.
d. interference theory.
forgetting. APA 1.1, 2.1, 2.2
Rationale: The decay theory holds that memories simply fade with time if they are not accessed now
and then.
88. According to the ________ theory of forgetting, one’s original memory of an event can be erased by new
and misleading information.
a. replacement
b. interference
c. cue-dependent
d. decay
forgetting. APA 1.1
Rationale: The replacement theory holds that new information entering memory can wipe out old
information.
89. According to the ________ theory of forgetting, information may get into memory, but it becomes
confused with other information.
a. replacement
b. interference

30
c. cue-dependent
d. decay
forgetting. APA 1.1
Rationale: The interference theory holds that forgetting occurs because similar items of information
interfere with one another in either storage or retrieval.
90. Mr. Moss is the head coach of the high school football team. He notices that, after learning the names of the
players on the team this year, he has trouble remembering the names of the players from the previous year.
In fact, he sometimes says the name of a current player when he is referring to a player from the previous
year. This is an example of
a. retroactive interference.
b. proactive interference.
c. decay.
d. cue-dependent forgetting.
Rationale: Retroactive interference refers to forgetting that occurs when recently learned material
interferes with the ability to remember similar material stored previously.
91. Mood-congruent memory and state-dependent memory are examples of
a. encoding strategies.
b. the use of cues in retrieval.
c. interference effects.
d. elaborative encoding.
Rationale: Both are examples of the use of cues in the retrieval process. Without adequate cues,
information may be difficult to retrieve.
92. ________ is defined as forgetting that occurs when previously stored material interferes with the ability to
remember similar, more recently stored material.
a. Cue-dependent forgetting
b. Proactive interference
c. Decay
d. Retroactive interference
forgetting. APA 1.1
Rationale: This is a definition of proactive interference.
93. Déjà vu may occur when
a. cues in the present context overlap with those from the past, so there is an eerie experience of having
been there before.
b. a lack of retrieval cues prevents recalling the time and the details of the last time we were in a location.

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Invitation to Psychology 7th Edition Wade Test Bank

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