IOT Reference Model.doc

Architecture Reference Model
•An ARM consists of two main parts:
a Reference model and a Reference Architecture.
•A reference model describes the domain using a number of sub-models
IOT Reference Model
IoT domain model
The domain model captures the basic attributes of the main concepts and the relationship
between these concepts. A domain model also serves as a tool for human communication
between people working in the domain in question and between people who work across
different domains.
Model notation and semantics

UML Class diagram main modeling concepts
Main concepts
The IoT is a support infrastructure for enabling objects and places in the physical world to have a
corresponding representation in the digital world.
Physical vs.
Virtual World

•The Devices are physical arte facts with which the physical and virtual worlds interact. Devices
as mentioned before can also be Physical Entities for certain types of applications, such as
management applications when the interesting entities of a system are the Devices themselves
and not the surrounding environment. For the IoT Domain Model, three kinds of Device types
are the most important:
1. Sensors:
 These are simple or complex Devices that converts physical properties such as
temperature into electrical signals.
 These Devices include the necessary conversion of analog electrical signals into digital
signals, e.g. a voltage level to a 16-bit number, processing for simple calculations,
potential storage for intermediate results, and potentially communication capabilities to
transmit the digital representation of the physical property as well receive commands.
 A video camera can be another example of a complex sensor that could detect and
recognize people.
2. Actuators:
 These are also simple or complex Devices that involve a transducer that converts
electrical signals to a change in a physical property (e.g. turn on a switch or move a
motor).
 These Devices also include potential communication capabilities, storage of intermediate
commands, processing, and conversion of digital signals to analog electrical signals.
3. Tags:
 Tags in general identify the Physical Entity that they are attached to. In reality, tags can
be Devices or Physical Entities but not both, as the domain model shows.
 An example of a Tag as a Device is a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag, while a
tag as a Physical Entity is a paper-printed immutable barcode or Quick Response (QR)
code.
 Either electronic Devices or a paper-printed entity tag contains a unique identification
that can be read by optical means (bar codes or QR codes) or radio signals (RFID tags).
 The reader Device operating on a tag is typically a sensor, and sometimes a sensor and an
actuator combined in the case of writable RFID tags.
Information Model
Virtual Entity in the IoT Domain Model is the “Thing” in the Internet of Things, the IoT
information model captures the details of a Virtual Entity- centric model. Similar to the IoT
Domain Model, the IoT Information Model is presented using Unified Modelling Language
(UML) diagrams.

High-level IoT Information Model
Relationship between core concepts of IoT Domain Model and IoT Information Model.

Functional model
The IoT Functional Model aims at describing mainly the Functional Groups (FG) and their
interaction with the ARM, while the Functional View of a Reference Architecture describes the
functional components of an FG, interfaces, and interactions between the components. The
Functional View is typically derived from the Functional Model in conjunction with high-level
requirements.
Device functional group
The Device FG contains all the possible functionality hosted by the physical Devices that are
used for increment the Physical Entities. This Device functionality includes sensing, actuation,
processing, storage, and identification components, the sophistication of which depends on the
Device capabilities
Communication functional group
The Communication FG abstracts all the possible communication mechanisms used by the
relevant Devices in an actual system in order to transfer information to the digital world
components or other Devices.

IoT Service functional group
The IoT Service FG corresponds mainly to the Service class from the IoT Domain Model, and
contains single IoT Services exposed by Resources hosted on Devices or in the Network (e.g.
processing or storage Resources).
Virtual Entity functional group
The Virtual Entity FG corresponds to the Virtual Entity class in the IoT Domain Model, and
contains the necessary functionality to manage associations between Virtual Entities with
themselves as well as associations between Virtual Entities and related IoT Services, i.e. the
Association objects for the IoT Information Model. Associations between Virtual Entities can be
static or dynamic depending on the mobility of the Physical Entities related to the corresponding
Virtual Entities.
IoT Service Organization functional group
The purpose of the IoT Service Organisation FG is to host all functional components that support
the composition and orchestration of IoT and Virtual Entity services. Moreover, this FG acts as a
service hub between several other functional groups such as the IoT Process Management FG
when, for example, service requests from Applications or the IoT Process Management are
directed to the Resources implementing the necessary Services.
IoT Process Management functional group
The IoT Process Management FG is a collection of functionalities that allows smooth integration
of IoT-related services (IoT Services, Virtual Entity Services, Composed Services) with the
Enterprise (Business) Processes.
Management functional group
The Management FG includes the necessary functions for enabling fault and performance
monitoring of the system, configuration for enabling the system to be flexible to changing User
demands, and accounting for enabling subsequent billing for the usage of the system. Support
functions such as management of ownership, administrative domain, rules and rights of
functional components, and information stores are also included in the Management FG.
Security functional group
The Security FG contains the functional components that ensure the secure operation of the
system as well as the management of privacy. The Security FG contains components for
Authentication of Users (Applications, Humans), Authorisation of access to Services by Users,
secure communication (ensuring integrity and confidentiality of messages) between entities of

the system such as Devices, Services, Applications, and last but not least, assurance of privacy of
sensitive information relating to Human Users.
Application functional group
The Application FG is just a placeholder that represents all the needed logic for creating an IoT
application. The applications typically contain custom logic tailored to a specific domain such as
a Smart Grid
Communication model
Safety
The IoT Reference Model can only provide IoT-related guidelines for ensuring a safe system to
the extent possible and controllable by a system designer.
Eg: smart grid.
Privacy
Because interactions with the physical world may often include humans, protecting the User
privacy is of utmost importance for an IoT system. The IoT-A Privacy Model depends on the
following functional components: Identity Management, Authentication, Authorisation, and
Trust & Reputation
Trust
Generally, an entity is said to ‘trust’ a second entity when the first entity makes the assumption
that the second entity will behave exactly as the first entity expects.”
Security
The Security Model for IoT consists of communication security that focuses mostly on the
confidentiality and integrity protection of interacting entities and functional components such as
Identity Management, Authentication, Authorisation, and Trust & Reputation.

IOT Reference Model.doc

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IOT Reference Model.doc