IP NETWORKING AND IP SUBNET MASKING

IP networking
&
IP Subnet masking
AYESHA JAVED (30)
FIONA PHILMOON (36)
FARHEEN RAMZAN (01)

IANA
• IANA is responsible to allocate / issue the Internet Protocol- IPS
• IANA Stands for Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
An American Company working under ICANN
(Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

IP v-4 Structure/ Format
 Consists of 32 Bit
 IPAddress consists of 4 Sections
 Each Section is 8 Bit Long
 Each Section can range from 0 - 255

Solution of wastage of IP
 SUBNETTING.
 CIA(CLASSELESS IP ADDRESS).
 NAT(Network address translation).

SUBNETTING WHY?
Shortage of IP
addresses
 Benefits
 Better security.
 Smaller collision domain
 & broadcast domain.
DRAW BACK
ONLY APPLY ON
CLASS A,B,C.

Classes of IP & Their Range
Class Range Address Range Supports
Class A 1 - 126 1.0.0.1 to
126.255.255.254
Supports 16 million hosts on each of
127 networks.
Class B 127 - 191 128.1.0.1 to
191.255.255.254
Supports 65,000 hosts on each of
16,000 networks.
Class C 192 - 223 192.0.1.1 to
223.255.254.254
Supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million
networks.
Class D 224 - 239 224.0.0.0 to
239.255.255.255
Reserved for multicast groups.
Class E 240 - 255 240.0.0.0 to
254.255.255.254
Reserved for future use, or Research
and Development Purposes.
No. of
Networks
2n
28 = 256
216 =
65,536
224 =
16,777,216

IP Classes with Network Bits / Host Bits
Class – A
Network Bits =8
Host Bits = 24
8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits
Network Host Host Host
255 0 0 0
8 Bit 24- Bits
Class – B
Network Bits = 16
Host Bits = 16
Network Host Host
172 16 5 1
255 255 0 0
16 Bits 16- Bits
Class – C
Network Bits = 24
Host Bits = 8
Network Host
192 168 1 1
255 255 255 0
24 Bits 8 Bits

There are two methods for calculating
the Network id (NetId).
 1-straight
 2-shortcut method

How to Calculate Network ID
Decimal IP :172.16.20.22
Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0
Binary IP : 10101100 . 00010000. 00010100.00010110
Binary Subnet : 11111111 . 11111111 . 00000000.00000000
Perform & operation to find out Network ID
Network ID : 10101100 . 00010000. 00000000.00000000
Network ID : 172 . 16 . 0 . 0

Decimal Format: Binary Format:
Class B IP: 172.16.5.10 10101100 . 00010000 . 00000101 .
00001010
Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0 111111111. 11111111 . 00000000 . 00000000
2 Raise the Power27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
255
172
16
5
10
128
1
0
0
0
64
0
0
0
0
32
1
0
0
0
16
0
1
0
0
8
1
0
0
1
4
1
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0

Class
 Hierarchy
 Default subnet mask
 Subnet mask bit
 Network bit
 Host bit

CIDR(ClassLess Inter Domain Routing:-

CIDR(CLASSLESS INTER DOMAIN ROUTING).
 Classless inter-domain routing (CIDR) is a set of Internet protocol (IP) standards that is used to
create unique identifiers for networks and individual devices
 A method for allocating Ip addresses.
 The INTERNET ENGINNERING TASK FORCE introduce CIDR in 1993.
 To replace the previous addressing architecture of classfull.
 / notation means how many bits are turned “ON”.
 A modern way to represent Network Id.
 Restructure the IP address Assignment to increase Efficiency.

ExamplE-
 222.222.222.222
D:-255.255.255.0
24 BITS 8 BITS
CIDR
 222.222.222.222/24(means 24 bits are “ON” ).
 192.10.20.30/28(MEANS 28 BITS ARE ON).
Network HOST

Practice SUBNET MASK
 203.123.67.23/27.
 194.34.89.56/29.
Q which class.
Q hierarchy
Q default subnet mask.
Q mask bits.
Subnet mask=
Given bit – mask bit.
ANSWERS:-
1. C
2. N.N.N.H
3. 255.255.255.0
4. /24.
. SM:-255.255.255.224
. SM:-255.255.255.248

Practice SUBNETS
 203.123.67.23/27.
 194.34.89.56/29.
Q which class.
Q hierarchy
Q default subnet mask.
Q mask bits.
Subnets=
Given bit-mask bits=n
2^n( bits used for subnets)-2
ANSWERS:-
1. C
2. N.N.N.H
3. 255.255.255.0
4. /24.
S:3 bits /2^3-2=6 subnets
S:5 bits/2^5-2=30 subnets

Practice HOST
 203.123.67.23/27.
 194.34.89.56/29.
no of host=
Total
bits of ipv4-netid
prefix=h2^h-2(host
bits)
ANSWERS:-
1. Total ip 32 bits
2. Netid prefix
H---32-27=5
/2^5-2=30(host)
H---32-29=3
/2^3-2=6(host )

Formulas:-
 Class:-check range
Subnet mask=
Given bit – mask bit.
Subnets=
Given bit-mask bits=n
-2^n( bits used for subnets)-2
no of host=
Total
bits of ipv4-netid
prefix=h2^h-2(host
bits)

Test yourself:-ASSIGNMENT
 188.25.45.48/20.
 192.168.30.1/18.
 172.16.5.10/22.
 122.64.8.1/18.
 190.10.20.30.
 123.1.6.8.
 IdentIfy class.
 HIerarcHy.
 default subnet mask.
 subnet mask.
 sub networks/subnets.
 Host.
 network Id/netId.
 Host bIt.
 network bIts.
 subnet bIt.

IP NETWORKING AND IP SUBNET MASKING

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