IPM in protected cultivation.pptx
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Protected cultivation involves growing crops in modified, protected environments to optimize growth and minimize stress. It provides benefits like off-season production, higher quality and yields, and less pest infestation. Major pests under protected cultivation include whiteflies, aphids, thrips, and mites. Integrated pest management strategies include prevention through exclusion, sanitation and cultural practices; early detection and monitoring; and curative measures like biological control using predators and parasitoids. Biological control agents have been shown to effectively control pests like aphids, whiteflies, and mites and reduce the need for pesticides.
![Pest Predator Parasitoid Entomopathogens
Mites Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-
Henriot,
Neoseiulis cucumeris (Oudemans)
Orius laevigatus
- -
Whitefly Orius laevigatus (Fieber),
Chrysoperla spp.
Eretmocerus mundus
Mercet,
Encarsia formosa
Gahan
Akanthomyces lecanii
(Zimm.) Spatafora, Kepler
& B.Shrestha [=Verticillium
lecanii (Zimm.) Viegas],
Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-
Criv.) Vuill.
Thrips O. laevigatus, N. cucumeris - -
Leaf miner - D. isaea Bacillus thuringiensis
Berliner
Aphids O. laevigatus,
Chrysoperla spp.
Apidoletes aphidomyza (Rondani)
Aphidus colemani
Viereck,
Aphidus matricarae
Haliday
-
Caterpillars
(Spodoptera spp.)
Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) Trichogramma spp. Bacillus thuringiensis,
SlNPV, HaNPV
GAP Bulletin NCIPM (2010)
1. Biological control
III. CURATIVE MEASURES](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ipminprotectedcultivation-220801165942-f012c20d/85/IPM-in-protected-cultivation-pptx-20-320.jpg)
IPM in protected cultivation.pptx
- 1. Integrated Pest Management Under Protected Cultivation Dr. Mandeep Rathee
- 2. What is a Protected Cultivation ??? Protected cultivation is the concept of growing potential crops in the modified natural environment for ensuring optimum growth of the crop plants without any or least stress (Mehta, 2012) Protected cultivation also known as controlled environment agriculture (CEA) is highly productive, conservative of water and land and also protective of the environment (Jensen, 2002) By adopting protected cultivation technology, the growers can look forward to a better and additional remuneration for high quality produce
- 3. Importance of Protected Cultivation Off-season cultivation of vegetables/horticultural crops Better quality of harvested products The productivity of the crop increase manifolds (2-10 times) Less infestation of insects and disease Efficient use of resources such as land and water. Types of protected structures Walk in tunnel type Low tunnel type Green house/ polyhouse
- 4. Major crops grown under protected cultivation Tomato
- 5. Major insect-pests infesting crops under protected cultivation Insects Scientific name Host Reference Cotton aphid Aphis (Aphis) gossypii Glover Capsicum Singh et al. (2004) Chrysanthemum aphid Macrosiphoniella sanborni (Gillette) Chrysanthemum Reddy et al. (2008) Strawberry aphid Myzus escalonicus Doncaster Strawberry Nagrare (2006) Green peach aphid Myzus (Nectarosiphon) persicae (Sulzer) Capsicum, Gerbera Singh et al. (2004) Sood et al. (2012) Brown citrus aphid Aphis aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe Orchid Nagrare (2004) Pod borer Helicoverpa armigera Hubner Capsicum, tomato, carnation Cheema et al. (2004) Rani et al. (2002) Sood et al. (2012) Cut worm Spodoptera litura Fab. Rose, tomato, capsicum, cucumber Rani et al. (2002) Sood et al. (2012) Leaf-miner Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) Tomato, cucumber, gerbera, chrysanthemum Tandon et al. (2002)
- 6. Insects Host Reference Chill thrips Scitrtothrips dorsalis Hood Rose Rani and Sridhar (2003) Melon thrips Thrips palmi Karny Gerbera Reddy et al. (2008) Cotton whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Gerbera, capsicum Reddy et al. (2008) Greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes Vaporariorum (Westwood) Tomato, cucumber, capsicum, beans, gerbera, and more than 30 hosts Visalakshy et al. (2001) Sood and Sood (2002)
- 7. Mites Scientific name Host Reference Tomato russet mite Aceria lycopersici (Wolffenstein) Tomato Sood et al. (2012) Broad mite/ yellow tea mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) Capsicum Singh et al. (2004) Reddy et al. (2008) Sood et al. (2012) Strawberry mite Phytonemus pallidus (Banks) Strawberry Singh et al. (2003) Carnation mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval Carnation Valunj et al. (1999) Red vegetable mite Tetranychus neocalidonicus Andre Cucumber Singh et al. (2003) Bean spider mite Tetranychus ludeni Zacher Tomato, cucumber Anjana (2011) Sood et al. (2012)
- 8. Integrated Pest Management strategies for protected cultivation Preventive measures Sampling and early detection Curative measures Yadav and Kaushik (2014)
- 9. I. PREVENTIVE MEASURES Exclusion Sanitation Cultural practices Exclusion Exclusion means keeping insects from entering the greenhouse by use of physical barriers such as insect proof screens. 1.Use of Insect-proof nets This includes common greenhouse pests such as thrips, aphids, leaf miners and whiteflies, but also some less common pests such as fruit borers. Screen mesh of holes less than 200 micrometers is required for complete exclusion. Insect-proof screens 10x20 micron and 10x22 micron give adequate exclusion of whiteflies T. vaporariorum and B. tabaci without impeding natural enemy’s Diglyphus isaea (Walker) and Eretmocerus eremicus Rose & Zolnerowich movement (Hanafi et al., 2016).
- 10. Insect-Pest Hole size (micron) Mesh (No. of threads per linear inch) Leafminer (L. trifoli) 610 34 Whitefly (B. tabaci) 462 42 Aphid (M. persicae) 340 52 Greenhouse whitefly (T. vaporariorum) 290 58 Thrips (Thrips spp.) 192 76 Sood (2010)
- 11. • Even in properly screened and sealed greenhouses, insect pests can enter or can be sucked into the greenhouse through the door as workers come and go. • So, in greenhouses with active ventilation, an air-lock entrance room is essential. 2. Provision of double door or safety access system (SAS) It is also important to properly maintain the exclusion devices. Repair holes or tears immediately and clean screening to maintain airflow.
- 12. UV part of the solar spectrum plays an important role in the ecological behavior of insects, including orientation, navigation, feeding and interaction between the sexes. UV-absorbing plastic roofs showed the most pronounced deterrent effect for thrips (Nguyen et al., 2009). The use of UV-A films also helped in reducing the number of insecticide applications by 50-80% for the management of Spodoptera litura Fab. (Sood, 2010). UV blocking PE films found very effective in reducing the no. of injured fruit in tomato and produces higher yield in comparison to other covering material (Papaioannou et al., 2012) 3. Use of Ultra-violet blocking materials
- 13. 4. Use of reflective or metalized mulches • Primarily for the repelling effects on certain insects • Metalized mulch was effective in reducing silverleaf whitefly entrance by 90%. • The combination of screening and metalized mulch should be used together and will provide the greatest total reduction of whitefly entry (Robert and Richard , 2015) • Complete mulching of the greenhouse floor preventing weeds and acting as mechanical barrier to certain insect (leafminers, thrips, and other lepidopteran pests) life stages preventing them from moving to the soil for pupation.
- 14. Sanitation Sanitation involves the removal of both infested materials and potential sources of infestation, followed by disinfection of surfaces. Use of clean planting material Keep doors, screens and ventilators in good repair. Use clean or sterile soils or ground media. Clean or sterilize tools, flats and other equipment. Maintain a clean, closely mowed area around the greenhouse to reduce invasion by pests that develop in weeds outdoors. Eliminate pools of standing water on floors. Algal and moss growth in these areas can be sources of fungus gnat and shore fly problems. Dispose of trash, boards and old plant debris in the area. Remove all plants and any plant debris, clean the greenhouse thoroughly after each production cycle. Eliminate infestations by discarding or removing heavily infested plants.
- 15. Many cultural practices can help reduce insect populations such as • Good weed control • Training and pruning of plants helps to remove leafminer infestation. • Managing irrigation to avoid leaks and excessive moisture aids in control of fungus gnats. • Removal of highly infested plants Cultural Practices Weeds inside the greenhouse Proper Water drainage from Poly houses Pruning of leaves (GAP Bulletin NCIPM, 2010)
- 16. Scouting and early detection are critical to successful insect control. Purposefully inspect plants one to two times per week to check for developing insect problems. • Visual observations (By using hand lens 10x for mites) • Sweep-net sampling • Trapping (Yellow sticky traps and Pheromone traps can be used for trapping insects. Scouting records II. Early detection and sampling
- 17. Observe for….. Aphids Honeydew or sooty mold Distortion of new growth Curling of leaves Casted-off skins on leaf Chlorotic (yellow) spots on upper leaf surface Yellow mite Distortion of new growth Curling of leaves Spider mite Webbing on leaves/ flowers Thrips Small black spots on leaves (fecal drops) Buds fail to open or uneven opening of flowers Chlorotic (yellow) spots on upper leaf surface Whiteflies Distortion of new growth Chlorotic (yellow) spots on upper leaf surface Caterpillars Holes/skeletonized spot in/ on leaves Frass on leaves Sood (2010)
- 18. Aphids trapped on sticky trap Mass trapping with yellow sticky traps
- 19. Overall mean population of whiteflies and thrips on yellow sticky card from biocontrol agents released (BCGH) and conventional insecticide sprayed (CIGH) green houses Ayalew (2016)
- 20. Pest Predator Parasitoid Entomopathogens Mites Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias- Henriot, Neoseiulis cucumeris (Oudemans) Orius laevigatus - - Whitefly Orius laevigatus (Fieber), Chrysoperla spp. Eretmocerus mundus Mercet, Encarsia formosa Gahan Akanthomyces lecanii (Zimm.) Spatafora, Kepler & B.Shrestha [=Verticillium lecanii (Zimm.) Viegas], Beauveria bassiana (Bals.- Criv.) Vuill. Thrips O. laevigatus, N. cucumeris - - Leaf miner - D. isaea Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner Aphids O. laevigatus, Chrysoperla spp. Apidoletes aphidomyza (Rondani) Aphidus colemani Viereck, Aphidus matricarae Haliday - Caterpillars (Spodoptera spp.) Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) Trichogramma spp. Bacillus thuringiensis, SlNPV, HaNPV GAP Bulletin NCIPM (2010) 1. Biological control III. CURATIVE MEASURES
- 21. Biocontrol agents of Whitefly
- 22. Parasitic wasp Aphelinus abdominalis (Dalman) • Parasitizes a wide-range of aphid species • Can tolerate higher tempera- tures than most Aphidius species • Slower to establish than Aphidius species Parasitic wasp Aphidius colemani Viereck • Parasitizes smaller aphids such as green peach and melon aphid • Can be reared using banker plants (oat or wheat) infested with bird-cherry oat aphid (use a minimum of 4 banker plants per acre) Green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) • Larvae feed primarily on aphids but may also feed on mealybugs. • Can consume up to 425 aphids per week Predatory gall midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) •Larval stages prey on all aphid species encountered in greenhouses •Primarily active at night •Mainly used against high aphid populations Two spotted ladybird beetle Adalia bipunctata (L.) •Both larvae and adult feed on many different aphid species •Adults typically attempt to leave the greenhouse after release. Therefore, make releases in the evening Biocontrol agents of Aphids
- 23. •Adults may kill up to 30 prey, including western flower thrips pupae or fungus gnat larvae, per day •Feed on larvae and adults of western flower thrips •May also feed on aphids and whiteflies •More expensive than using Neoseiulus cucumeris •Most widely used predatory mite for western flower thrips •Feeds on the 1st instar larvae. •Make releases early in the crop production cycle •Feeds on both 1st and 2nd instar larvae. •Tolerates higher temperatures than Neoseiulus cucumeris •Will also feed on the eggs and nymphs of whiteflies •Feeds on pollen in the absence of prey Swirski mite Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot Cucumeris mite Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) Minute pirate bug Orius spp. Soil predatory mite Stratiolaelaps scimitus Womersley Biocontrol agents of Thrips
- 24. •Feeds on alternative prey if two- spotted spider mites are absent •Active at temperatures between 43 and 46° F •Slower acting than other predatory mites such as Phytoseiulus persimilis •More effective at higher temperatures and a lower relative humidity •Tolerates cooler temperature than most predatory mites. •Feeds on pollen in the absence of prey •Both larvae and adults feed on all life stages of two- spotted spider mites. •Main predatory mite used against the two-spotted spider mite •At optimal temperatures, develops twice as fast as two- spotted spider mite •Smaller than Phytoseiulus persimilis •Most effective at higher temperatures and a relative humidity between 40 and 80% Biocontrol agents of two-spotted mites
- 25. Efficacy of Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) for suppression of A. gossypii in greenhouse-grown chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum morifolium_x Ramat was compared with a pesticide standard, imidacloprid (Marathon 1% G) and an untreated check. No significant differences were found between aphid populations in the two treatments. A. colemani and imidacloprid kept aphid numbers very low, in contrast to the untreated plants. Parasitism levels in A. colemani plots ranged from 48.93 to 83.38% (Gissella et al., 2006). Populations of aphelinid parasitoids (Eretmocerus sp., Encarsia Formosa Gahan) and predators, Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) were able to control pest on tomato, cucumber and ornamental crops grown in greenhouses. Parasitism of the whiteflies, T. vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci was as high as 85% to 96%. Natural enemies released also effectively suppressed aphid populations in tomato and cabbage crops. Egg parasitism of the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae (L.), and tomato fruit borer, H. armigera, by Trichogramma sp. was78% to 95% on an average (Zheng et al., 2004). Efficiency of predator Chrysoperla carnea second instar larvae were estimated against A. gossypii, M. persicae, Bemisia tabaci at three different rates (3, 5 and 7 larvae / plant) on cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.) under greenhouse conditions. The promising and best results were obtained after 21 days from releasing larvae @ 5 larvae/plant, reduction in populations of aphids and whitefly by 73.9 and 83.07%, respectively (Younes et al., 2012).
- 26. Efficiency of 2nd instar larvae of C. carnea in reducing aphid and whitefly populations oncantaloupe plants under greenhouse at indicated days after releasing. Younus et al. (2012)
- 27. Relative frequency of the parasitoid species on bell pepper grown under greenhouse conditions in Palampur Three species of hymenopteran parasitoids were reared from M. persicae from this source: Aphelinus asychis Walker (Aphelinidae), Aphidius matricariae Haliday (Braconidae), and Aphidius ervi (Haliday) (Braconidae), with parasitism rates per sample date ranging from 2.3– 38.6%, 4.8–58.2%, and 2.9–28.4%, respectively. Gavkare et al. (2013)
- 28. Efficacy of botanicals and mycopathogens against the spider mites and aphids infesting rose under polyhouse condition (Kumar and Nandihalli, 2009)
- 29. Target pests Chemicals References Mites Diafenthiuron, Fenpyroximate, Abamectin @ 0.5 ml/L Shah and Shukla (2014) Thrips, Whiteflies, Aphids Imidacloprid @ 0.4g/L, Acephate @ 1g/L or Acetamiprid @ 0.2g/L, Abamectin @ 0.5 ml/L, Phosphamidon 0.2 mL Kaur and Singh (2013) Kumar and Poehling (2007) Sabir (2012) Leaf miner Spinosad @ 0.3ml/L , Abamectin @ 0.5ml/L Sabir et al. (2010) Caterpillars Spinosad, Chlorantraniliprole @ 0.3ml/L, Flubendiamide @ 0.1ml/L Sabir et al. (2010) 3. Chemical Control
- 30. Effect of biopesticides on the incidence of mites in greenhouse Sabir et al. (2011)
- 31. The studies on efficacy of some insecticides and botanicals against sucking pests on capsicum under net house resulted in significantly low aphid counts/plant (0.76-1.05) in treatments Asataf (Acephate) 75 SP @ 0.10% and neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) soap @ 1.0%. Significantly low chilli thrips counts /top canopy/plant (0.03-0.06) were recorded in treatments Confidor 17.8 SL (imidacloprid) @ 0.05% followed by Asataf (acephate) 75 SP @ 0.10% . And significantly lower mean yellow mite rating (2.42-2.45) was recorded in treatment Decis 2.8 EC @ 0.05 % (Kaur and Singh, 2013) In chrysanthemum, Combined treatment of phosphamidon and cypermethrin was the most effective for the key pests, viz. aphid, Macrosiphoniella and Spodoptera caterpillar. Efficacy of caterpillar management by spinosad 11.6% SC increased after three days of application (94.44%) In aphid control, the agricultural spray oil @ 0.50% showed very effective result (Sabir et al., 2012).
- 32. •Successful management of greenhouse pests can be done by using earlier described integrated approach. •Such type of integrated approach found ecologically safe to non-target organisms •Successful control has been achieved in case of thrips, greenhouse whitefly and Spodoptera caterpillar. Conclusion
- 33. Thank you