![ReferencesReferences
IPv4 Routing
[1]. Behrouz A Forouzan, “Data Communication & Networking ” (4th
edition),
[2]. Behrouz A Forouzan, “TCP/IP Protocol Suite”(4th
edition)
[3]. Andrew S. Tanenbaum “Computer Networks”, (4th
edition)
[4]. Chandra Wijaya , Parahyangan Catholic University, “Performance Analysis of
Dynamic Routing Protocol EIGRP & OSPF in IPv4 & IPv6 Network ” 2011 First
International Conference on Informatics & Computational Intelligence
[5]. http://www.omnisecu.com/cisco-certified-network-associate-ccna/what-is-
dynamic-routing-and-different-types-of-dynamic-routing.php
[6]. RFC 1058, “Routing Information Protocol (https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1058)
[7].http://www.enterprisenetworkingplanet.com/netsp/article.php/3615896/Networking-
101-Understanding-BGP-Routing.htm
[8]. “How Router Works” Microsoft TechNet Library
[9].http://computernetworkingnotes.com/routing-static-dynamics-rip-ospf-igrp-
eigrp/rip-routing.html
[10]http://networklessons.com/ip-routing/classful-vs-classless-routing-protocols/
29Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ipv4ppt-150325010635-conversion-gate01/85/Ipv4-ppt-29-320.jpg)
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Ipv4 ppt
- 1. Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal Department of Mathematics & Computer Applications Seminar-I IPv4 ROUTING Supervisor: Presented by: Dr. Sanjay Sharma Sonal Telang Chandel PhD Scholar 143220002
- 2. Introduction of Internet Layer Routing Routing Protocols Future of Routing Conclusion References OutlineOutline
- 3. customer www.amazon.com How data flow from one device to another on the internet? Internet Internet LayerInternet Layer Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002) IPv4 Routing What actually happens when you press “enter” key? 3
- 4. Whenever the data is transmitted from one location to another, the data is broken into chunks and wrapped into structures called IP packets. At the destination, IP headers are removed and reassembly of original message is done. IPv4 Routing IP Packet Data flow in the form of packets 4Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002)
- 5. Functions of Internet LayerFunctions of Internet Layer •Transmitting data to the Network Interface layer. •Routing the data to the correct destination Networking Device: • Router IPv4 Routing 5Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002)
- 6. RoutingRouting Routing is a process of moving packet from source to destination. Routing is done by networking device called ROUTER IPv4 Routing Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002) NET-A NET-B 6
- 7. • A router is network layer device • A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISP’s network • A router is a device that forwards data packets along networks. •A router use its routing table to forward packets. RouterRouter IPv4 Routing Cisco Router 1941 7Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002)
- 8. Routing ComponentsRouting Components •Determining optimal routing paths(Path determination) Routing Decisions Best Path Load Balancing Administrative Distance •Transporting packets through an internetwork. IPv4 Routing Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002) 8
- 9. Routing Decision- Directly connected network: packet is forwarded directly to the destination device. Remote network: the packet is forwarded to another router in the remote network. Default Route: A Gateway of last resort is set when a default route is configured on a router. If the router does not have a default route, then the packet is discarded. Path DeterminationPath Determination IPv4 Routing 9Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002)
- 10. Best Path- based on the value or metric Load Balancing- If a routing table has two or more paths with identical metrics to the same destination network. Administrative Distance- How does the router know which route to use? AD defines the reliability of routing protocol. Path DeterminationPath Determination IPv4 Routing Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002) 10
- 11. Routing TableRouting Table Static Routing/Default Routing -Static table is one with manual entries by admin -It is one way communication Dynamic Routing/ Automatic Routing -A dynamic table is updated automatically when there is a change somewhere in the internet. -Routing is done by Routing Protocols Router use routing table to route the packets. Routing tables are static & dynamic. IPv4 Routing 11Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002)
- 12. IPv4 Routing 12Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002)
- 13. Comparison between Static & Dynamic RoutingComparison between Static & Dynamic Routing Attributes Static Dynamic Routing Updates Manual Automatic Network infrastructure Small Large Flexible No Yes Admin Overhead High Low Secure Very secure Less Secure Extra resources Not required Required Reroute traffic No Yes IPv4 Routing 13Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002)
- 14. Routing Protocols Interior Routing Protocol (Intradomain Routing) Exterior Routing Protocol (Interdomain Routing) Distance Vector Routing Link State Routing Path Vector Routing Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) IPv4 Routing Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002) 14
- 15. -Routing inside an autonomous system. -An autonomous system is a group of networks under single authority. • Distance Vector Routing – •use to find the shortest path between nodes in a graph. •best path from information send from neighbors •Link State Routing- •use flooding •Each routers have a copy of the entire network map Intra-domain RoutingIntra-domain Routing Person 1 Person 3Person 2 IPv4 Routing 15Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002)
- 16. Inter-domain RoutingInter-domain Routing • Routing between autonomous system Path Vector Routing • defines the path to the destination • Each node advertises the path it prefers to get to destination. • Reachability of the network • A router has a list of network that can be reached with the path to reach each one •Speaker node in each AS IPv4 Routing Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002) 16
- 17. Routing Information Protocol(RIP)Routing Information Protocol(RIP) -Intra-domain routing protocol used inside an autonomous system. -RIP implements distance vector routing. - hop count(metric). - Use Bellman-ford algorithm to find the shortest path between nodes. - Maximum number of hops is 0-15. - RIP use timers. -Version of RIP •RIP v-1 •RIP v-2 IPv4 Routing 17Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002) -dynamic routingrip.pkt
- 18. Timers in RIPTimers in RIP Timers Invalid (180’s) Hold down (180’s) Update (every 25-35’s) Update: how often to send updates in seconds Invalid: When the route become invalid Hold Down: when an update packet is received that indicated the route is unreachable. Flush: Sets the time between a route becoming invalid and its removal from the routing table. IPv4 Routing Flush (240’s) 18Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002)
- 19. Comparison between RIP & RIP-2Comparison between RIP & RIP-2 Attributes RIP RIP-2 Types of Routing supported classful Routing classless Routing Send update message Broadcast address- 255.255.255.255 Multicast address- 224.0.0.9 Authentication No Yes Support VLSM No Yes IPv4 Routing 19Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002)
- 20. AdvantagesAdvantages •Simple to configure & deploy DisadvantagesDisadvantages •Inability to scale to large or very large networks. •Slow convergence in large network •Limited scalability (15 hops) IPv4 Routing Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002) 20
- 21. Open Shortest Path First(OSPF)Open Shortest Path First(OSPF) •Intra-Domain Routing Protocol ,Link State Routing •Classless Routing Protocol •Use Dijkstra’s algorithm to determine the shortest path •Advertise the status of directly connected link using LSA •Send very small periodic (Hello) message to maintain link condition •Use multicasting within area •OSPF divides AS into areas ospf routing.pkt IPv4 Routing 21Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002)
- 22. 22Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002)
- 23. AdvantagesAdvantages •OSPF has fast convergence • It is classless protocol and uses VLSM •Uses the concept of area to implement hierarchical routing DisadvantagesDisadvantages •It requires more memory to hold the adjacency (list of OSPF neighbors), topology and routing tables. •It requires extra CPU processing to run the SPF algorithm •It is complex to configure and more difficult to troubleshoot. IPv4 Routing 23Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002)
- 24. Border Gateway Protocol(BGP)Border Gateway Protocol(BGP) • Inter-domain routing protocol • based on path vector routing •BGP uses the services of TCP. •BGP Sessions •External & Internal BGP •BGP Messages: Open- used to establish a peering session Update- used to exchange network reachability information Keep alive- to check whether a link or connection has failed or not Notification- when an error condition is detected. bgp routing.pkt IPv4 Routing 24Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002)
- 25. 25Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002)
- 26. Comparison b/w RIP,OSPF & BGPComparison b/w RIP,OSPF & BGP Attributes RIP OSPF BGP Convergence Slow Fast Slow Network size For small to medium network For large network For large network Need of device resources Much less memory and CPU intensive than OSPF. Memory and CPU intensive. Depends on the size of the routing table but scales better that OSPF. Design Flat network. Hierarchical network possible. Fully meshed. IPv4 Routing 26Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002)
- 27. Future of RoutingFuture of Routing The current version of IPv4 utilizes a 32-bit addressing scheme i.e. 232 addresses. A new way forward: IPv6, which is 128- bit addressing scheme i.e. 2128 addresses. IPv4 Routing 27Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002)
- 28. ConclusionConclusion •The main purpose of a router is to connect multiple networks and forward packets from one network to the next. •Router use routing table to forward the packet. Routing table is one of two ways: either by the network administrator manually configuring static routes or by implementing a dynamic routing protocol. IPv4 Routing 28Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002)
- 29. ReferencesReferences IPv4 Routing [1]. Behrouz A Forouzan, “Data Communication & Networking ” (4th edition), [2]. Behrouz A Forouzan, “TCP/IP Protocol Suite”(4th edition) [3]. Andrew S. Tanenbaum “Computer Networks”, (4th edition) [4]. Chandra Wijaya , Parahyangan Catholic University, “Performance Analysis of Dynamic Routing Protocol EIGRP & OSPF in IPv4 & IPv6 Network ” 2011 First International Conference on Informatics & Computational Intelligence [5]. http://www.omnisecu.com/cisco-certified-network-associate-ccna/what-is- dynamic-routing-and-different-types-of-dynamic-routing.php [6]. RFC 1058, “Routing Information Protocol (https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1058) [7].http://www.enterprisenetworkingplanet.com/netsp/article.php/3615896/Networking- 101-Understanding-BGP-Routing.htm [8]. “How Router Works” Microsoft TechNet Library [9].http://computernetworkingnotes.com/routing-static-dynamics-rip-ospf-igrp- eigrp/rip-routing.html [10]http://networklessons.com/ip-routing/classful-vs-classless-routing-protocols/ 29Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002)
- 30. 30Sonal Telang Chandel (PhD research scholar 143220002)
Editor's Notes
- #18: The number of links that have to be used to reach the destination is known as Hop count(metric)