IRJET- Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET): Applications, Benefits and Performance Issues in a Global Positioning System

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 11 | Nov 2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 983
Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET): Applications, Benefits and
Performance Issues in a Global Positioning System
Dr. Rita Uzoma Alo1, Nwokoro Ifeanyi Stanly2, Nkwo Friday Onwe3
1Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Computer Science, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike. Ebonyi State Nigeria
2,3Ph.D Student, Dept. of Computer Science, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike. Ebonyi State Nigeria
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Abstract - Mobile Ad Hoc network (MANET) is now a vital
and important area for wireless networks’ research and
development as the Internet and its developments in wireless
network technologies have in no little way, contributed to the
precise creation of several mobile computing applications.
MANET is attributed as a collection of two or more devices
that have wireless capabilities that communicate and share
resources without any fixed infrastructure. Each and every
node in a MANET has the ability to freely compliment and
move autonomously in whatever direction and will as a result
vary its links to other devices frequently as they are outfitted
and made operational with transmitters and receivers to
communicate and relate with other nodes given to the fact
that it is a stand-alone kind of network. This paper will
analyze some distinctive uniquenessof wirednetworks, system
applications and benefits of MANET, Performance issues in a
Global Positioning System.
Key Words: MANET, Wireless Ad Hoc Networks, Global
Positioning System, Mobile Ad Hoc Network Mobility,
Mobile Computing.
1. INTRODUCTION
With the prevalent growth of computers and wireless
communication modalities, mobile computing is now
enviable in the field of computercommunications.MobileAd
Hoc Network (MANET) is absolutely a wireless connectivity
that passes through nodes whicharecreatedbytheactivities
of the network.
MANET is a self-configuring network of mobile routers and
nodes connected by wireless links with no access point.
Every mobile device in a network is autonomous. Mobile
devices are bound to progress and move arbitrarily and
arrange themselves subjectively. Nodes in the MANETshare
the wireless medium and the topology of the network
changes erratically and dynamically [1].
In MANET, there is an often breaking of communication link
because nodes are free to move everywhere and in any
direction. The concentration of nodes and their numbers
depend on the platform and applications that are being
deployed. MANET has birthed several applications like the
Tactical networks, Global Positioning System, Wireless
Sensor Network, Data Networks, Device Networks, and
etcetera. The foremost purpose of mobile ad hoc network is
to broaden mobility into the area of independent, mobile,
and wireless domains, where a set of nodes may be
collectively merged to form routers and hosts. This means
that they are composed of the network routing
arrangements in an ad hoc form. Mobility is an expression
used to signify actions and roaming in different domains on
the internet.
The mobile nodes are privileged to retain their individual IP
addresses by not periodically changing it. This is called a
Mobile IP technology. The work of Mobile IP nodes is
saddled in the management of IP addresses with the
assistance of the Foreign and HomeAgents. AdHocNetwork
that is provided by a mobile IP node is a fully wireless
system that is bound to utilize any mobile network
infrastructure that has no base station. The nodes can be of
any link arrangement and each node assumes responsibility
for a router work with the Mobile IP with different levels of
Mobility [2].
It is important to note that the swift growth of mobile
phones is seen to support communication with one another
anytime and anywhere and could access the latest
information or share some basic information wherefore.
MANET infrastructure has also supported themilitaryasthe
dangers of the field environment are now reduced by the
accurate node to node communication and mobility which
helps in disaster management. The recent wireless LAN
technology has also come to play and that Bluetooth has
generated significant awareness as an improvement plan.
Bluetooth's main responsibility is to assist wireless devices
to contact and relate with one another in an Ad Hoc
Network.
Fig -1: Mobile Ad Hoc Network

There are several security vulnerabilityconcernsinwireless
systems just like in MANET. MANET ismorevulnerablethan
wired network due to mobile nodes, threats from
compromised nodes inside the network, limited physical
security, dynamic topology, scalability and lack of
centralized management [3]. MANET is more prone to
malicious attacks because of its vulnerability.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Information technology has been centered mainly on
wireless technology sometime now; this does not say that
the conventional mobile and other cellular networks are no
longer useful.
It is true that Mobile Ad Hoc Network has expunged the
limitations of other conventional networks in terms of their
infrastructural needs like provisions for routers, base
station, and etcetera. This limitation is removed as Ad Hoc
Network is in no doubt the main answer to the progression
of the wireless network and the Ad Hoc Network are
characteristically balanced on equal nodes within
communication over the wireless link without any known
central control requirement.
It is also true that the Refining Technology (RT) and the
Military Tactical Communication (MTC) are seen as the
principal application for Ad Hoc Networks. The demandsfor
Ad Hoc Networks applications continue to grow speedily
such as rescue mission in a time of natural disasters, law
enforcement operations, and othercommercial activitiesare
in high demand for Ad Hoc Networks.Mobileadhoc network
was developed by the American DefenceAdvancedResearch
Projects Agency (DARPA) in the early 1970s.
Radio system network known as the packet radio systems
(PRNET) was developed to transmit the Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) within fixed and
mobile nodes. A key focus in MANET has been the routing
problem, and a large number of routing protocols have been
proposed: Destination Sequenced Distance Vector routing
(DSDV) [4], Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) [5], Ad Hoc On-
Demand Distance Vector routing (AODV) [6], Ad Hoc On-
Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) [7]andNACK-
Based AODV (N-AODV) [8]. The existence of some of these
protocols is only in design.
The history of MANET can be discussed in first, second and
third generations. The packet radio network (PRNET) came
up within the first generation. This was built by the DARPA.
PRNET was built with mobile battlefield elements; this is a
platform without known infrastructure. PRNET is said to be
reliable, vigorous, trustworthy and operational research
network. SURAN (Survivable Adaptive Radio Networks)
came within 1980’s as a second-generation network. They
were significantly improved in the areas of portability,
affordability and more efficient as the radios had a
considerable enhancement.
SURAN birthed GloMo ( Global Mobile Information System)
and the NTDR ( Near Term Digital Radio) The objective of
GloMo was to present support for office environment
Ethernet configured multimedia connectivityat anytime. On
the other hand, NTDR utilized someclusterlink routingstate
which arranged itself into a distinctive two-tier Ad Hoc
network. NTDR is wholly used in crude oil refining and also
by the US Army. It is on record that NTDR is simply the only
real and non-prototyping Ad-Hoc network that exists at the
moment.
Finally, the third generation was developed in the 1990’s
which is seen as a commercial network that is in use with
laptop computers. It also has open source software and
based on Radio Frequency and Infrared techniques.
3. SYSTEM APPLICATION OF MANET
Mobile Ad Hoc network is now a reliable mobile network in
the business commonplace. The progression in wireless
communications and the rampant use of portable devices
has given Ad Hoc networks the needed attention it befits.
MANET is now a dependable network in the military
formation. The petroleum sector now relies on MANET for
crude oil refining; business, public, and otherprivatesectors
can now integrate Ad Hoc networks in a commercial
quantum. Irrespective of demography and immediacy,
network users can now access and share information with
the support of Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks.
There is no fixed infrastructure as MANET has dynamic
connectivity and free to move to any position unlike other
infrastructural networks like the Local Area Network (LAN),
Wide Area Network (WAN), Metropolitan Area Network
(MAN) and etcetera. MANET assures flexibility, availability,
and robustness. We will look at the essence of MANET in the
following segments;
3.1 Military Segment
Ad Hoc networks now support the military to take lead in
common places like the hostile environments (Sambisa
Forest, Birni Gwari, Creeks in the Niger Delta regions, Ezilo
Expressway, etc) in order to share information between the
military infrastructure, soldiers and the movement of such
bandits (Boko Haram, Militants). This will ensure support
and maintain information between all the teams in the
combatant both the aerial and surveillance sets. This
includes the groundandtactical supportgroups.Information
could be released directly from the Defence Headquarters
and it will arrive at the intended destination and in a needed
time without further requirement or provisions for fixed
infrastructure that supports such information delivery.

3.2 Business Segment
Ad Hoc networks are prevalence in the emergency and
rescue operations for disaster management like the time of
water flooding, fire incidences, andhurricanesituations. The
rescue teams are capable of communicating using GPS in
order to appropriately ventilate their productive energies
into useful actions and to also ensure safety and interest.
MANET is also most useful to the law enforcement agencies
in cyber crime combating and other atrocious and heinous
crimes. Taxi transport system likethefamousUber now uses
Ad Hoc networks to monitor drivers and their exact mileage
plied on each trip. Crude oil refining is made possible
through MANET as there is little or no provisions for
infrastructures and human presence in such operations.
3.3 Data Networks
A commercial application for MANET includes ubiquitous
computing [9]. Data networks possibly will beunlimitedand
beyond the normal reachoffixedandinstalledinfrastructure
by permitting computer systems to senddata toitsusersina
network. This will ensurethatnetworksarereadilyavailable
and easy to use.
3.4 Sensor Networks
Like in the Global Positioning Systems (GPS), there aresome
compositions of the mammoth figure of tinysensors.Ithelps
to identify the number or size of properties in a particular
location. The figure below shows the distinctive qualities of
an Ad Hoc network with regards to its utilization of
infrastructure-less platforms, unlike other networks.
Fig -2: MANET and other Infrastructural Networks
4. BENEFITS OF AD HOC NETWORK ROUTING
PROTOCOL
 Ad Hoc Networks are very useful especially in some
situations in which the fixed infrastructural network is
relatively expensive or not trustworthy.
 Installation of Ad Hoc Network is undemanding as it
requires least possible human involvement as the planning
of base stations and its installations are not required.
 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks has a built-in structure for the
utilization of the 4G architecture and its resources. This
provides the ready system environments that support
different users to accomplish varying task and
communication irrespective of their location or device in
use.
 Ad hoc networks could be incorporated into the World
Wide Web or the internet as a whole. This means that
several devices are bound to interconnect and several users
benefiting from the network provider.
 Capacity, range and energy arguments promote their use
in tandem with existing cellular infrastructures as they can
extend coverage and interconnectivity [10].
5. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)
GPS is a Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Positioning system that
uses radio navigation technique to explore devices or
environments. GPS consists of 24 satellites within the six
orbital planes that operate in a circular of 10,900 nautical
miles (20,200 km) orbits with an inclination angle of 55
degrees and with a 12-hour period. GPS operates in an L-
band frequency (1575.42 and 1226.6 MHz), and is useful in
all the spheres of life both in the Agro business, the taxi cab
system, crude oil refining, military, intelligence, and public
sectors.
Orbital messages are transmitted from the satellites in the
sky and this contains some elements, clocks, and statuses
which are useful to the GPS receiver to trace its positioning
and the speed rate in terms of velocity. Three satellites are
required in deciding the latitude and longitude from the
transceiver and also the receiver’s height and elevation.
The exactness of some readings is supported by the
provision of additional satellites. This will also ensure an
adequate accuracy from the readings and to support ground
station operations. To improve its accuracy, assistance from
ground stations can be applied. Such systems, called
differential GPS (DGPS), can reduce the error to less than a
few meters [11].

Fig -3: Block Diagram of a GPS Receiver
6. PERFORMANCE ISSUES
MANET and other traditional wired, fixed networks have
many different characteristics. For the design of a suitable
routing protocol for MANET operating environment, one
must consider the different directions and the sub-
qualitative and quantitative aspects of the design and
implementation [12].
MANET has a handful of challenges as no network is
completely efficient. Some of the drawbacksareenumerated
as follows;
 Independence: Given to the fact that the routing nodes
are independently mobilized, there is no provision for a
centralized administrator or server-side entity.
 Bandwidth Usage:Wirelessconnectionsare boostedwith
some bandwidth optimizations but considerably lowerthan
the wired links. The routing protocols in a wireless network
system are bound to utilize bandwidth provisions in the
most advantageous manner by ensuringthattheoverheadis
kept as moderateaspossible. Thelimitedtransmission range
also imposes a constraint on routing protocols in
maintaining the topological information. Especially in
MANETS due to frequent changes in topology, maintaining
the topological information at all nodes involves more
control overhead which, in turn, results in more bandwidth
wastage [13].
 Active topology: Since nodes are mobile, they have
connected actively in a random mode as linksof thesystem's
network are not static. The links are supported in a distance
of a node to the other. The process of updating of
information within nodes is challenging in a MANETsystem.
 Inadequate resources:Mobile nodesareboundtorelyon
battery power only as it is a limited resource that could run
down if there are no sufficient backup provisions. Storage
space and power supply are also inadequate.
 Transmission quality and material security: Mobility
translates to a higher security menace and challenges just
like in the peer-to-peer network architecture. The system is
made available to several users as the legitimate network
users and the malicious attackers abound. Snoopers,
spoofing, and denial of service attacks ought to be
considered. The resultantdreadful conditionsofthereceived
signal should be a concern.
 Distribution operation: This is a qualitative
characteristic because of the existence of MANET in the
areas that do not have the requirements for the creation of
the basic network, routing here may not depend on a
particular node to function.
 Loop-freedom: This ensures that the routing protocol
ought to be reliable with its distinctiveness given that an
appropriate effort should be done to ensure avoidance of
wastage of bandwidth.
 Demand-based operation: In ordertoreducetheburden
on each node, if the link is not so much enhanced, demand
should be considered when using On-demand approach to
the establishment of a pathway and it is only when the need
for a particular path queries the establishment of that path
[14]
7. CONCLUSION
There is a paradigm shift in the growth and development of
mobile technology as wireless alternatives for
communications abound. These feet, savages the mobile
devices the ability to self-create, self-administration, self-
organization, and self-configuration. This is termeda Mobile
Ad Hoc Network. Mobile Ad Hoc Network has its own
challenges as it is vulnerable mostly at the receiving end,
unlike the fixed wired networks. No doubt, vulnerability is a
serious security concern in mobile technology. This paper
has explained the various principles of MANET which
supports thrill seekers and researchers to understand the
inherent flexibility, deployment, collaboration and
configuration in a wireless network systemandothersensor
networks like the Global Positioning System.
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