IRJET- Reduction of Packet Data Loss in Wireless Mesh Network using Path Mechanism Approach
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This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a path mechanism approach to reduce packet data loss in wireless mesh networks. The paper emphasizes developing a path protocol where the minimum possible packet drop occurs. Wireless mesh networks are vulnerable to denial of service attacks that can cause packet dropping at the routing layer. Evaluating the performance of wireless mesh networks under various levels of packet dropping based on throughput and data packet loss is discussed. Developing an efficient path mechanism is proposed to minimize packet loss and improve network performance.
![International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 7310
REDUCTION OF PACKET DATA LOSS IN WIRELESS MESH NETWORK
USING PATH MECHANISM APPROACH
Rohit Bansal1, Manpreet Kaur2, Vishal Garg3
1, 2, 3 Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
1, 2, 3 Swami Vivekanand Institute of Engineering and Technology, Banur, INDIA
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - A wireless mesh network (WMN) is a
communication network made up of radio nodes organized in
a mesh topology. Wirelessmeshnetworkoftenconsistsof mesh
clients, mesh routers and gateways. A wireless Mesh network
uses multi-hop communication. Due to multi-hoparchitecture
and wireless nature, Mesh networks are vulnerable to various
types of Denial of Services attack. It suffers from Packet
dropping at Routing layer. Client nodes are unable to get
services from gateway nodes, hence network gets down. The
Paper emphasis on the developing of a path protocolwhenthe
minimum possible packet drop occurs in wireless mesh
networks. Due to packet dropping occurrences the network
performance degrades. In the work, we have evaluated the
Performance of WMN under packet dropping on the basis of
their throughput and Data packet loss.
Key Words: WMN; Packet Loss, Path Dropping, PDA
1. INTRODUCTION
Wireless mesh networking has emerged as a promising
concept to meet the challenges in next-generation wireless
networks such as providing flexible, adaptive, and
reconfigurable architecture while offering cost-effective
solutions to service providers. Several architectures for
wireless mesh networks (WMNs) havebeenproposedbased
on their applications [1]. One of the most general forms of
WMNs interconnects the stationary andmobileclientstothe
Internet efficiently by the core nodes in multi-hop fashion.
The core nodes are the mesh routers which form a wireless
mesh backbone among them. The mesh routers provide a
rich radio mesh connectivity which significantly reducesthe
up-front deployment cost and subsequentmaintenancecost.
They have limited mobility andforwardthepacketsreceived
from the clients to the gateway router which is connected to
the backhaul network/Internet [2].
The mesh backbone formed by mesh routersprovidesa high
level of reliability [3]. WMNs are being consideredfora wide
variety of applications such as backhaul connectivity for
cellular radioaccessnetworks,high-speedmetropolitan area
mobile networks, community networking, building
automation, intelligent transport system networks, defence
systems, and citywide surveillance systems. Prior efforts on
wireless networks, especially multi-hop ad hoc networks,
have led to significant research contributions that range
from fundamental results on theoretical capacity bounds to
development of efficient routing and transport layer
protocols [4]. However, the recent work is on deploying
sizable WMNs and other important aspects such as network
radio range, network capacity,scalability,manageability,and
security. There are a number of research issues in different
layers of the protocol stack and a number of standards are
coming up for the implementation of WMNs for WANs,
MANs, LANs, and PANs. The mesh networking test beds by
industries and academia further enhanced the research in
WMNs. The mesh networking products by different vendors
are making WMNs a reality [5].
1.1 Architecture of WMN
There are two types of nodes in a WMN called mesh routers
and mesh clients.Compared toconventional wirelessrouters
that perform only routing, mesh routers have additional
functionalities to enablemeshnetworking.Themeshrouters
have multiple interfaces of the same or different
communications technologies based on the requirement.
They achieve more coverage with the same transmission
power by using multi hop communication through other
mesh routers. They can be built on general-purpose
computer systems such as PCs and laptops,orcanbe builton
dedicated hardware platforms (embedded systems). There
are a variety of mesh clients such as laptop, desktop, pocket
PCs, IP phones, RFID readers, and PDAs. The mesh clients
have mesh networking capabilities to interact with mesh
routers, but they are simpler in hardware and software
compared to mesh routers. Normally they have a single
communication interface built on them. The architecture of
WMNs (shown in Figure 1) is the most commonarchitecture
used in many mesh networking applications such as
community networking and home networking. The mesh
routers shown have multiple interfaces with different
networkingtechnologieswhichprovideconnectivitytomesh
clients and other networks such as cellular and sensor
networks. Normally, long-range communication techniques
such as directional antennas are provided for
communication between mesh routers. Mesh routersforma
wireless mesh topology that has self-configuration and self-
healing functions built into them. Some mesh routers are
designated as gatewayswhichhavewiredconnectivityto the
Internet. The integration ofother networkingtechnologiesis
provided by connecting the BS of the network that connects
to WMNs to the mesh routers. Here, theclientscommunicate
to the BS of its own network and the BS in turn
communicates to the mesh router to access the WMN.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/irjet-v6i51048-191022090350/85/IRJET-Reduction-of-Packet-Data-Loss-in-Wireless-Mesh-Network-using-Path-Mechanism-Approach-1-320.jpg)
![International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 7311
Figure 1: Wireless Mesh Network
1.2 Applications of WMNs
WMNs introduce the concept of a peer-to-peer mesh
topology with wireless communication between mesh
routers. This concept helps to overcome many of today’s
deployment challenges, such as the installation of extensive
Ethernet cabling, and enables new deployment models.
Deployment scenarios that are particularly well suited for
WMNs include the following [6]:
Campus environments (enterprises and
universities), manufacturing, shopping centres,
airports, sporting venues, and special events
Military operations, disaster recovery, temporary
installations, and public safety
Municipalities, including downtown cores,
residential areas, and parks
Carrier-managed service in public areas or
residential communities
Due to the recent research advances in WMNs, they have
been used in numerous applications. The mesh topology of
the WMNs provides many alternative paths for any pair of
source and destination nodes, resulting in quick
reconfiguration of the path when there is a path failure.
WMNs provide the most economical data transfer coupled
with freedom of mobility. Mesh routers can be placed
anywhere such as on the rooftop of a home or on a lamppost
to provide connectivity to mobile/static clients. Mesh
routers can be added incrementally to improvethecoverage
area. These features of WMNs attract the research
community to use WMNs in different applications:
Home Networking: Broadband home networking is a
network of home appliances (personal computer,television,
video recorder, video camera, washing machine,
refrigerator) realized by WLAN technology. The obvious
problem here is the location of the access point in the home,
which may lead to dead zones without service coverage.
More coverage can be achieved by multiple access points
connected using Ethernet cabling, whichleadstoanincrease
in deployment cost and overhead. These problems can be
solved by replacing all the access points by the mesh routers
and establishing mesh connectivity between them. This
provides broadband connectivity between the home
networking devices and only a single connection to the
Internet is needed through the gateway router. By changing
the location and number of mesh routers,thedeadzones can
be eliminated. Figure 2 shows a typical home network using
mesh routers.
Figure 2: Wireless mesh network-based home networking
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
N.A Benjamin et al, 2016 proposed that WMNs can beusedto
transmit vital information arising from the wireless body
sensor network (WBSN) to a backbone network. The
integration of WBSN and WMN technologies results in
wireless sensor mesh network (WSMN) and this type of
network can be utilized for remote health monitoring of
patients. The battery-powered,memory-constrainedsensors
transmit the sensed information to their nearest meshnodes
and the mesh nodes, in turn, use multi-hop routing to
transmit the information to the backbone network devices
like PDA or the servers for health monitoring applications.
The authors have investigated performance of such a WSMN
for patient health monitoring applications, in terms of
parameters likedelay,andthroughputundervaryingnumber
of patients and doctors [7].
Sukla Banerjee, 2010 proposed a mechanism to detect and
remove the black holeandgrayholeattacks.Thistechniqueis
capable of cooperating malicious nodes which drop a
significant fraction of packets in AODV protocol. In this
technique, each node can locally maintain its own table of
black listed nodes whenever it tries to send data to any](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/irjet-v6i51048-191022090350/85/IRJET-Reduction-of-Packet-Data-Loss-in-Wireless-Mesh-Network-using-Path-Mechanism-Approach-2-320.jpg)
![International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 7312
destination nodeand it can also aware the networkaboutthe
black listed nodes [8].
Y.L Sun et al, 2016 have presented trust as a measure of
uncertainty. Using theory of entropy, the authors have
developed a few techniques to compute trust values from
certain observation. In addition, trust models – entropy-
based and probability-based are presented to solve the
concatenationand multi-path trust propagation problems in
a MANET [9].
Yu Cheng et al, 2009 proposed a practical algorithm channel
aware detection (CAD) to detect and isolate the selective
forwarding attackers in the area of multi hop networks such
as WMNs. CAD mainly adopts two strategies for detection
[10]
3. PROBLEM STATEMENT
Client nodes are unable to get services from gateway nodes,
hence network gets down. The paper emphasis on the
developing of a path protocol when the minimum possible
packet drop occurs inwirelessmeshnetworks.Dueto packet
dropping occurrencesthenetwork performancedegrades.In
the work, we have evaluated thePerformanceof WMN under
packet dropping on the basis of their throughput and Data
packet loss.
3.1 Objectives
The objectives of the thesis are summarized as follows:
Analysis of performance due to packet dropping
attacks in wireless meshnetworksatRoutingLayer.
Propose a detection Technique.
Implementation of Proposed Technique using
MATLAB
4. CONCLUSION
Client nodes are unable to get services from gateway
nodes, hence network gets down. The paper emphasis
on the developing of a path protocol when the
minimumpossiblepacketdropoccursinwirelessmesh
networks. Due to packet dropping occurrences the
network performance degrades. In the work, we have
evaluated the Performance of WMN under packet
dropping on the basis of their throughput and Data
packet loss. In the future directions, this work can be
extended by using hundreds of nodes and we need to
develop the Intrusion detection System (IDS) that also
chooses the monitor by considering battery life
parameter. It is important to consider congestion
conditions of the nodes using information obtained
from other layers before determining the nodes to be
malicious. Also, detecting intrusions at different layers
increases the information about the malicious nodes
thus identifying these nodes more accurately.
REFERENCES
[1] X. Wang and A. O. Lim, "IEEE 802.11s wireless mesh
networks: Framework and challenges," Ad Hoc Netw.,
vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 970-984, 2008
[2] G. R. Hertz, S. Max, E. Weir, L. Berlemann, D. Denteneer,
and S. Mangold, “Mesh Technology enabling Ubiquitous
Wireless Networks,” in Proceedings of the 2nd Annual
International Wireless Internet Conference (WICON
’06), Boston, MA, USA: ACM, Invited Paper, pp. 11,
August, 2006.
[3] Yan Zhang, Jun Zheng “Book Title:-Security in Wireless
Mesh Networks”.
[4] w.steven,jan kryus, kyeongsoo kim, juan carlos zuniga
“802.11s tutorial overview of the amendment for
wireless local area networking” in ieee802 plenary,
Dallas , November ,2006.
[5] Akyildiz, I.F.; Xudong Wang “A Survey on Wireless Mesh
Networks” in Communications Magazine, IEEE Volume
43, Issue 9, pp. S23 - S30, September 2005
[6] A. Pirzada and C. McDonald, “Establishing trust in pure
ad hoc networks”, in Proceedings of the 27th
Australasian Conference on Computer Science, Vol.
26,pp. 181-199, 2004.
[7] N. A. Benjamin and S. Sankaranarayanan, “Performance
of wireless body sensor based mesh An Efficient
Algorithm for detection of Selfish Packet Dropping
Nodes in Wireless Mesh Networks 369 network for
health application”, International Journal of Computer
Information Systems and Industrial Management
Applications (IJCISIM), Vol 2, pp. 20 – 28,2016.
[8] Sukla Banerjee, “Detection/Removal of Cooperative
Black and Gray Hole Attack inMobile Ad-HocNetworks”,
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and
Computer Science, WCECS 2010, San Francisco, USA.
[9] Y.L. Sun, W. Yu, Z. Han, and K.J.R. Liu, “Information
theoretic framework of trust modeling and evaluation
for ad hoc networks”, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in
Communications, Vol. 24, pp. 305 – 317, 2016.
[10] Yu Cheng, Devu Manikantan Shila and Tricha Anjali,
“Channel-Aware Detection of Gray Hole Attacks in
Wireless Mesh Networks”, Dept. of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology,
Chicago, USA, 2009.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/irjet-v6i51048-191022090350/85/IRJET-Reduction-of-Packet-Data-Loss-in-Wireless-Mesh-Network-using-Path-Mechanism-Approach-3-320.jpg)
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IRJET- Reduction of Packet Data Loss in Wireless Mesh Network using Path Mechanism Approach
- 1. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 7310 REDUCTION OF PACKET DATA LOSS IN WIRELESS MESH NETWORK USING PATH MECHANISM APPROACH Rohit Bansal1, Manpreet Kaur2, Vishal Garg3 1, 2, 3 Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering 1, 2, 3 Swami Vivekanand Institute of Engineering and Technology, Banur, INDIA ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - A wireless mesh network (WMN) is a communication network made up of radio nodes organized in a mesh topology. Wirelessmeshnetworkoftenconsistsof mesh clients, mesh routers and gateways. A wireless Mesh network uses multi-hop communication. Due to multi-hoparchitecture and wireless nature, Mesh networks are vulnerable to various types of Denial of Services attack. It suffers from Packet dropping at Routing layer. Client nodes are unable to get services from gateway nodes, hence network gets down. The Paper emphasis on the developing of a path protocolwhenthe minimum possible packet drop occurs in wireless mesh networks. Due to packet dropping occurrences the network performance degrades. In the work, we have evaluated the Performance of WMN under packet dropping on the basis of their throughput and Data packet loss. Key Words: WMN; Packet Loss, Path Dropping, PDA 1. INTRODUCTION Wireless mesh networking has emerged as a promising concept to meet the challenges in next-generation wireless networks such as providing flexible, adaptive, and reconfigurable architecture while offering cost-effective solutions to service providers. Several architectures for wireless mesh networks (WMNs) havebeenproposedbased on their applications [1]. One of the most general forms of WMNs interconnects the stationary andmobileclientstothe Internet efficiently by the core nodes in multi-hop fashion. The core nodes are the mesh routers which form a wireless mesh backbone among them. The mesh routers provide a rich radio mesh connectivity which significantly reducesthe up-front deployment cost and subsequentmaintenancecost. They have limited mobility andforwardthepacketsreceived from the clients to the gateway router which is connected to the backhaul network/Internet [2]. The mesh backbone formed by mesh routersprovidesa high level of reliability [3]. WMNs are being consideredfora wide variety of applications such as backhaul connectivity for cellular radioaccessnetworks,high-speedmetropolitan area mobile networks, community networking, building automation, intelligent transport system networks, defence systems, and citywide surveillance systems. Prior efforts on wireless networks, especially multi-hop ad hoc networks, have led to significant research contributions that range from fundamental results on theoretical capacity bounds to development of efficient routing and transport layer protocols [4]. However, the recent work is on deploying sizable WMNs and other important aspects such as network radio range, network capacity,scalability,manageability,and security. There are a number of research issues in different layers of the protocol stack and a number of standards are coming up for the implementation of WMNs for WANs, MANs, LANs, and PANs. The mesh networking test beds by industries and academia further enhanced the research in WMNs. The mesh networking products by different vendors are making WMNs a reality [5]. 1.1 Architecture of WMN There are two types of nodes in a WMN called mesh routers and mesh clients.Compared toconventional wirelessrouters that perform only routing, mesh routers have additional functionalities to enablemeshnetworking.Themeshrouters have multiple interfaces of the same or different communications technologies based on the requirement. They achieve more coverage with the same transmission power by using multi hop communication through other mesh routers. They can be built on general-purpose computer systems such as PCs and laptops,orcanbe builton dedicated hardware platforms (embedded systems). There are a variety of mesh clients such as laptop, desktop, pocket PCs, IP phones, RFID readers, and PDAs. The mesh clients have mesh networking capabilities to interact with mesh routers, but they are simpler in hardware and software compared to mesh routers. Normally they have a single communication interface built on them. The architecture of WMNs (shown in Figure 1) is the most commonarchitecture used in many mesh networking applications such as community networking and home networking. The mesh routers shown have multiple interfaces with different networkingtechnologieswhichprovideconnectivitytomesh clients and other networks such as cellular and sensor networks. Normally, long-range communication techniques such as directional antennas are provided for communication between mesh routers. Mesh routersforma wireless mesh topology that has self-configuration and self- healing functions built into them. Some mesh routers are designated as gatewayswhichhavewiredconnectivityto the Internet. The integration ofother networkingtechnologiesis provided by connecting the BS of the network that connects to WMNs to the mesh routers. Here, theclientscommunicate to the BS of its own network and the BS in turn communicates to the mesh router to access the WMN.
- 2. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 7311 Figure 1: Wireless Mesh Network 1.2 Applications of WMNs WMNs introduce the concept of a peer-to-peer mesh topology with wireless communication between mesh routers. This concept helps to overcome many of today’s deployment challenges, such as the installation of extensive Ethernet cabling, and enables new deployment models. Deployment scenarios that are particularly well suited for WMNs include the following [6]: Campus environments (enterprises and universities), manufacturing, shopping centres, airports, sporting venues, and special events Military operations, disaster recovery, temporary installations, and public safety Municipalities, including downtown cores, residential areas, and parks Carrier-managed service in public areas or residential communities Due to the recent research advances in WMNs, they have been used in numerous applications. The mesh topology of the WMNs provides many alternative paths for any pair of source and destination nodes, resulting in quick reconfiguration of the path when there is a path failure. WMNs provide the most economical data transfer coupled with freedom of mobility. Mesh routers can be placed anywhere such as on the rooftop of a home or on a lamppost to provide connectivity to mobile/static clients. Mesh routers can be added incrementally to improvethecoverage area. These features of WMNs attract the research community to use WMNs in different applications: Home Networking: Broadband home networking is a network of home appliances (personal computer,television, video recorder, video camera, washing machine, refrigerator) realized by WLAN technology. The obvious problem here is the location of the access point in the home, which may lead to dead zones without service coverage. More coverage can be achieved by multiple access points connected using Ethernet cabling, whichleadstoanincrease in deployment cost and overhead. These problems can be solved by replacing all the access points by the mesh routers and establishing mesh connectivity between them. This provides broadband connectivity between the home networking devices and only a single connection to the Internet is needed through the gateway router. By changing the location and number of mesh routers,thedeadzones can be eliminated. Figure 2 shows a typical home network using mesh routers. Figure 2: Wireless mesh network-based home networking 2. LITERATURE REVIEW N.A Benjamin et al, 2016 proposed that WMNs can beusedto transmit vital information arising from the wireless body sensor network (WBSN) to a backbone network. The integration of WBSN and WMN technologies results in wireless sensor mesh network (WSMN) and this type of network can be utilized for remote health monitoring of patients. The battery-powered,memory-constrainedsensors transmit the sensed information to their nearest meshnodes and the mesh nodes, in turn, use multi-hop routing to transmit the information to the backbone network devices like PDA or the servers for health monitoring applications. The authors have investigated performance of such a WSMN for patient health monitoring applications, in terms of parameters likedelay,andthroughputundervaryingnumber of patients and doctors [7]. Sukla Banerjee, 2010 proposed a mechanism to detect and remove the black holeandgrayholeattacks.Thistechniqueis capable of cooperating malicious nodes which drop a significant fraction of packets in AODV protocol. In this technique, each node can locally maintain its own table of black listed nodes whenever it tries to send data to any
- 3. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 7312 destination nodeand it can also aware the networkaboutthe black listed nodes [8]. Y.L Sun et al, 2016 have presented trust as a measure of uncertainty. Using theory of entropy, the authors have developed a few techniques to compute trust values from certain observation. In addition, trust models – entropy- based and probability-based are presented to solve the concatenationand multi-path trust propagation problems in a MANET [9]. Yu Cheng et al, 2009 proposed a practical algorithm channel aware detection (CAD) to detect and isolate the selective forwarding attackers in the area of multi hop networks such as WMNs. CAD mainly adopts two strategies for detection [10] 3. PROBLEM STATEMENT Client nodes are unable to get services from gateway nodes, hence network gets down. The paper emphasis on the developing of a path protocol when the minimum possible packet drop occurs inwirelessmeshnetworks.Dueto packet dropping occurrencesthenetwork performancedegrades.In the work, we have evaluated thePerformanceof WMN under packet dropping on the basis of their throughput and Data packet loss. 3.1 Objectives The objectives of the thesis are summarized as follows: Analysis of performance due to packet dropping attacks in wireless meshnetworksatRoutingLayer. Propose a detection Technique. Implementation of Proposed Technique using MATLAB 4. CONCLUSION Client nodes are unable to get services from gateway nodes, hence network gets down. The paper emphasis on the developing of a path protocol when the minimumpossiblepacketdropoccursinwirelessmesh networks. Due to packet dropping occurrences the network performance degrades. In the work, we have evaluated the Performance of WMN under packet dropping on the basis of their throughput and Data packet loss. In the future directions, this work can be extended by using hundreds of nodes and we need to develop the Intrusion detection System (IDS) that also chooses the monitor by considering battery life parameter. It is important to consider congestion conditions of the nodes using information obtained from other layers before determining the nodes to be malicious. Also, detecting intrusions at different layers increases the information about the malicious nodes thus identifying these nodes more accurately. REFERENCES [1] X. Wang and A. O. Lim, "IEEE 802.11s wireless mesh networks: Framework and challenges," Ad Hoc Netw., vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 970-984, 2008 [2] G. R. Hertz, S. Max, E. Weir, L. Berlemann, D. Denteneer, and S. Mangold, “Mesh Technology enabling Ubiquitous Wireless Networks,” in Proceedings of the 2nd Annual International Wireless Internet Conference (WICON ’06), Boston, MA, USA: ACM, Invited Paper, pp. 11, August, 2006. [3] Yan Zhang, Jun Zheng “Book Title:-Security in Wireless Mesh Networks”. [4] w.steven,jan kryus, kyeongsoo kim, juan carlos zuniga “802.11s tutorial overview of the amendment for wireless local area networking” in ieee802 plenary, Dallas , November ,2006. [5] Akyildiz, I.F.; Xudong Wang “A Survey on Wireless Mesh Networks” in Communications Magazine, IEEE Volume 43, Issue 9, pp. S23 - S30, September 2005 [6] A. Pirzada and C. McDonald, “Establishing trust in pure ad hoc networks”, in Proceedings of the 27th Australasian Conference on Computer Science, Vol. 26,pp. 181-199, 2004. [7] N. A. Benjamin and S. Sankaranarayanan, “Performance of wireless body sensor based mesh An Efficient Algorithm for detection of Selfish Packet Dropping Nodes in Wireless Mesh Networks 369 network for health application”, International Journal of Computer Information Systems and Industrial Management Applications (IJCISIM), Vol 2, pp. 20 – 28,2016. [8] Sukla Banerjee, “Detection/Removal of Cooperative Black and Gray Hole Attack inMobile Ad-HocNetworks”, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science, WCECS 2010, San Francisco, USA. [9] Y.L. Sun, W. Yu, Z. Han, and K.J.R. Liu, “Information theoretic framework of trust modeling and evaluation for ad hoc networks”, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 24, pp. 305 – 317, 2016. [10] Yu Cheng, Devu Manikantan Shila and Tricha Anjali, “Channel-Aware Detection of Gray Hole Attacks in Wireless Mesh Networks”, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, USA, 2009.