2. What Is
Cultural
Variation in
Religion?
• Different cultures have
different religious beliefs
and practices
• Religion reflects the values
and traditions of a society
• Example: Some religions
worship one God, others
many, and some focus on
inner peace
3. Examples of
Religious
Differences
• Christianity and Islam:
Believe in one God
(monotheism)
• Hinduism: Worships many
gods (polytheism)
• Buddhism: Focuses on
enlightenment, not god
worship
(Sources: Albanese, 2013; Smith, 1991)
4. Religion in
the
Philippines
• Mostly Catholic, but mixed
with native Filipino traditions
• Example: Ati-Atihan Festival
blends Catholicism with
indigenous rituals
• Shows how culture and
religion can blend
• (San Juan, 2018)
5. Understandin
g Religious
Meaning
(Geertz)
• Clifford Geertz said we need to look
at religion in its cultural context
• Filipino Catholicism includes
ancestor worship and respect for
nature
• These reflect deeper cultural values
(Geertz, 1973; Herrera, 2009)
6. Religion and
Society (Durkheim)
• Emile Durkheim said
religion helps hold society
together
• In the Philippines, religious
events create strong
community bonds
• Religion also guides
behavior and values
• (Durkheim, 1915; Scott,
1994)
7. Final Thoughts
• Religion is shaped by culture—and also
shapes it
• Studying religion helps us understand
people and societies better
• Respecting differences leads to greater
empathy and unity
16. Governme
nt
Measures
To mitigate conflicts from
religious disparities,
governments adopt
measures to support diverse
practices.
• Recognizing religious
holidays helps individuals
practice their faith without
work-related issues.
• Promoting respect and
understanding is key to
resolving religious
conflicts. (Beyer 2018)
17. Ecumenism and Unity
• Ecumenism encourages dialogue,
cooperation, and mutual respect among
religions.
• Focuses on shared values while respecting
different beliefs.
• Promotes peace and unity across cultures.
• Helps address global challenges together,
promote peace, and deepen
understanding, contributing to a more
inclusive and harmonious society. (Brown
2018)
19. Cultural and
Social
Differences
•Different groups develop
unique ways of life
(cultural variations).
•Social differences exist
due to factors like:
• - Socioeconomic status
• - Ethnicity
•These differences create
a wide range of
experiences in society.
20. • Humans have many different
characteristics and challenges.
• Some are labeled as:
• - Gifted
• - Disabled
• - Different
• Society plays a major role in
how we view and treat
exceptional individuals.
Understanding
Exceptionality
21. Exceptionality Exceptional Individuals
Refers to a quality or
attribute that deviates from
the societal norm.
Deviate from conventional
societal and communal
norms of normalcy.
Includes physical or mental
conditions impacting
function.
May have learning or
behavioral disabilities,
sensory deficits, or physical
disabilities — or be gifted.
Encompasses a spectrum of
physical and mental
conditions that impede an
Could be due to birth,
medical issues, or accidents.
23. Category Examples
Behavioral
Exceptionalities
Conditions
affecting behavior,
emotions, or social
interactions.
Emotional or Behavioral Disorders- are
conditions that affect a person's ability to
manage emotions, behavior, and social
interactions.
Conduct Disorder – A student who gets into
fights often or breaks school rules.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) –
Ongoing pattern of angry, irritable mood,
argumentative or defiant behavior, especially
toward authority figures.
eg. A child who argues with teachers and
24. Category Examples
Behavioral
Exceptionalities
Conditions
affecting behavior,
emotions, or
social
interactions.
ADHD – Characterized by inattention, impulsivity,
and hyperactivity that interferes with daily
functioning.
eg. A student who finds it hard to sit still or pay
attention in class.
Anxiety Disorders – Includes disorders such as
Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Social Anxiety, and
Panic Disorder, marked by excessive fear or worry.
eg. A child who worries a lot and avoids talking or
answering questions in class.
Depression – Persistent feelings of sadness,
hopelessness, and loss of interest, affecting daily
25. Category Examples
Communicative
Exceptionalities
Conditions
affecting speech,
language, or
communicating
skills.
Speech Sound Disorders – Difficulty
pronouncing certain sounds.
Example: A child says 'wabbit' instead of
'rabbit'.
Language Disorders –(e.g., expressive,
receptive) Trouble understanding or using
words in context.
Example: A student can't follow directions or
form correct sentences.
Fluency Disorders – (e.g., stuttering)
Problems with the flow or rhythm of speech
(like stuttering).
26. Category Examples
Communicative
Exceptionalities
Conditions
affecting speech,
language, or
communicating
skills.
Speech Sound Disorders – Difficulty pronouncing
certain sounds.
Example: A child says 'wabbit' instead of 'rabbit'.
Language Disorders – Trouble understanding or using
words in context.
Example: A student can't follow directions or form
correct sentences.
Fluency Disorders – Problems with the flow or rhythm
of speech (like stuttering).
Example: Repeating sounds or syllables like 'b-b-ball' or
long pauses while speaking.
Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)
Needs – Using tools or methods to communicate
besides speaking.
27. Category Examples
Intellectual
Exceptionalities
Conditions affecting
cognitive functioning
and intellectual
abilities.
Intellectual Disabilities– The general capacity
for reasoning, problem-solving, and learning.
Example: A student who quickly understands
math concepts and applies them to real-world
situations demonstrates strong intellectual
abilities.
Specific Learning Disabilities (e.g. dyslexia,
dyscalculia– A disorder in one or more of the
basic psychological processes involved in
understanding or using language.
Example: A student with dyslexia may struggle
with reading fluency but excel in verbal
28. Category Examples
Intellectual
Exceptionalities
Conditions affecting
cognitive functioning
and intellectual
abilities.
Giftedness– Exceptional ability or potential in
one or more areas such as intellectual,
creative, artistic, or leadership capacity.
Example: A child who composes music at age 8
and demonstrates advanced abstract thinking
is considered gifted.
Developmental Delay– A noticeable lag in a
child's physical, cognitive, behavioral,
emotional, or social development.
Example: A 4-year-old child who has limited
speech and struggles with motor coordination
may have a developmental delay.
29. Category Examples
Physical
Exceptionalities
Conditions
affecting physical
abilities or
mobility.
Orthopedic Impairments– Physical disabilities
that affect a person's bones, joints, or muscles.
Example: A student who uses leg braces due to a
bone condition may need help moving between
classrooms.
Cerebral Palsy– A group of disorders that affect a
person’s ability to move and maintain balance and
posture.
Example: A child with cerebral palsy might use a
wheelchair and need extra time to write or speak.
Spina Bifida–A birth defect where the spine
doesn’t form properly, which can cause mobility
issues.
30. Category Examples
Physical
Exceptionalities
Conditions
affecting physical
abilities or
mobility.
Muscular Dystrophy– A group of diseases
that cause muscles to become weak and lose
function over time.
Example: A student with muscular dystrophy
may get tired easily and may need help
carrying a backpack.
Chronic Health Conditions Impacting
Physical Abilities– Long-term health
conditions that affect a student’s energy,
strength, or stamina.
Example: A student with asthma might need
31. Category Examples
Multiple
Exceptionalities
Co-occurrence of
two or more
exceptionalities
that impact
educational
performance.
Intellectual Disabilities + Autism Spectrum
Disorder– A student has limitations in
intellectual functioning along with challenges
in social communication and behavior
(autism).
Example: A student may need help with daily
routines and may not respond to social cues or
group activities.
Visual Impairments + Hearing
Impairments– The student has both vision
and hearing loss, sometimes called deaf-
blindness, which affects communication and
32. Category Examples
Multiple
Exceptionalities
Co-occurrence of
two or more
exceptionalities
that impact
educational
performance.
Physical Disabilities + Emotional/Behavioral
Disorders– A student has a physical condition
affecting movement and may also struggle
with emotional regulation or behavior.
Example: A student using a wheelchair may
also have outbursts when routines change
suddenly.
Visual Impairments + Hearing
Impairments– A student has below-average
intellectual functioning and also has trouble
speaking, understanding, or using language.
33. Challenges
and Issues
Faced by
Exceptional
Individuals
Limited access to education,
employment, and social opportunities.
Stigmatization and discrimination
based on their exceptional status.
Lack of understanding and
accommodation from society
regarding their abilities and need.
35. Challenges for Gifted
Learners
•Boredom in traditional
classrooms
•Lack of appropriate
enrichment
opportunities
•Social isolation due to
intellectual differences
•Source: Baum, Owen, &
Dixon (1991)
37. Compariso
n of
Challenges
Gifted Learners:
• Need for intellectual
stimulation
• Social-emotional mismatches with
peers
Learners with Disabilities:
• Need for physical or academic
accommodations
• Risk of exclusion or bias
38. Supportin
g All
Learners
• Provide tailored support
based on individual needs
• Use inclusive and
differentiated teaching
methods
• Recognize and build on
individual strengths
• Foster a respectful and
equitable classroom culture
39. Challenges for the Gifted Challenges for Individuals
with Disabilities
Boredom in traditional
classrooms
Accessibility barriers and lack of
accommodations
Lack of appropriate enrichment
opportunities
Challenges in accessing
specialized support services
Social isolation due to
intellectual differences
Stigma, discrimination, and
social exclusion
Limited understanding of their
unique learning needs
Need for individualized
educational plans and
Challenges for the Gifted and with Disabilities
Source Challenges for the Gifted and with Disabilities Chan D. W. (2011) Gifted students with specific learning disabilities: Identification,
assessment, and outcomes. Gifted Child Quarterly, 55(3), 174-189.
40. Challenges for the Gifted Challenges for Individuals
with Disabilities
Few opportunities to engage
with intellectual learners
Physical barriers hindering
participation in activities.
High expectations often lead to
stress and anxiety
Emotional and Psychological
challenges related to disability
Lack of recognition or support
for their abilities
Educational settings not always
conducive to their learning
styles
Potential underachievement due Difficulties in transitioning
Challenges for the Gifted and with Disabilities
Source Challenges for the Gifted and with Disabilities Chan D. W. (2011) Gifted students with specific learning disabilities: Identification,
assessment, and outcomes. Gifted Child Quarterly, 55(3), 174-189.
42. What is
Republic Act
7277?
•Also known as the
Magna Carta for
Persons with Disabilities
•Passed in 1991 in the
Philippines
•Aims to protect the
rights and promote the
well-being of people
with disabilities
43. Challenges
Faced by
PWDs
People still treat disabilities
with stigma or
misunderstanding
Society often underestimates
the abilities and dreams of
persons with disabilities
Many places and services are
not fully accessible
44. What Is
Being Done
to Help?
• Government and
groups are working
together to support
PWDs
• The International
Symbol of Access (ISA) is
used to mark accessible
places
• Inclusive laws and
practices in schools, jobs,
and public services are
encouraged
• Awareness campaigns
help people understand
and support the disabled
community
45. Moving Forward
•By working together and treating
everyone with respect and
understanding,
•we can build a more inclusive society for
all people, with or without disabilities.
46. Privileges for Persons with Disabilities
Domain Privileges for Persons with Disabilities
Employme
nt
• Equal opportunity in recruitment and hiring processes.
• Reasonable accommodations in the workplace (e.g.,
modified work schedules, adaptive technologies).
• Protection against discrimination based on disability.
Health • Accessible healthcare facilities and services.
• Coverage for assertive devices and therapies through
insurance
• Access to specialized healthcare providers.
Education • Access to inclusive education settings.
• Individualized education plans (IEPs) to meet specific
learning needs.
47. Privileges for Persons with Disabilities
Domain Privileges for Persons with Disabilities
Public
Accommodations
• Accessible public buildings, transportation,
and facilities (e.g., ramps, elevators,
accessible restrooms).
• Accommodations for accessing public
events, services, and recreational facilities
Other Auxiliary
Services
• Access to vocational training and
rehabilitation services.
• Priority seating and parking in public places.
• Access to communication aids and support
services (e.g., sign language interpreters,
48. • These privileges for persons with disabilities aim to
promote inclusivity and enhance their quality of life
by providing equal opportunities, access, and
participation in various aspects of life. By
advocating for the rights and dignity of exceptional
individuals, society can create a more equitable and
supportive environment for all its members.
