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Lecture 5: PC COMPONENTS
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Cases
 The case houses the internal components such as the power supply,
motherboard, central processing unit (CPU), memory, disk drives, and
assorted adapter cards.
 Many case manufacturers may have their own naming conventions,
including super tower, full tower, mid tower, mini tower, cube case, and
more.
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Power Supplies
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 Provides power to all computer components.
 Must be chosen based on current and future needs.
 Deliver different voltage levels to meet different internal component
needs.
 Converts AC power from the wall socket into low voltage DC power.
 Must provide enough power for the
installed components and future
additions.
 Input voltage selector on the back of the
power supply.
 Power supplies are measured in Wattage
 Ohm’s Law: W = V x A

Power Supplies
 Desktop computer power supply form factors include:
• Advanced Technology (AT) – original power supply for legacy
computer systems.
• AT Extended (ATX) – updated version of the AT.
• ATX12V – the most common power
supply on the market today.
• EPS12V – originally designed for
network servers but is now commonly
used in high-end desktop models.
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Connectors
 A power supply includes several different connectors. They are used to
power various internal components such as the motherboard and disk
drives.
 The amount of connector vary based on the wattage of the power supply.
 Some examples are:
• 20-pin or 24-pin mail power connector(Motherboard power)
• SATA keyed connector(SSDs, HDDs, optical drives)
• Molex keyed connector(Fans, older HDDs)
• 4-pin to 8-pin auxiliary power connector(Modern CPUs, overclocking setups)
• 6/8-pin PCIe power connector(Graphics cards GPUs)
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Motherboard
 Backbone of the computer.
 Interconnects computer components.
 The motherboard is the main printed circuit board.
 Contains the buses, or
electrical pathways found in a
computer.
 Buses allow data to travel
among the various
components.
 Accommodates CPU, RAM, expansion slots, heat sink/fan assembly, BIOS
chip, chip set, sockets, internal and external connectors, various ports, and
the embedded wires that interconnect the motherboard components.
 These components may be soldered directly to the motherboard, or added 20
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Motherboard Components
 Major components on a motherboard
include:
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Expansion slots
• Chipset
• Basic input/output system
(BIOS) chip and Unified
Extensible Firmware Interface
(UEFI) chip
• SATA connectors
• Internal USB connector
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Motherboard Chipset
 Chipset consists of the integrated circuits on the motherboard that
control how system hardware interacts with the CPU and motherboard.
• System performance
• System limitations
• How much memory can be added
to a motherboard
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Motherboard Chipset
 Most chipsets consist of the following two types:
• Northbridge controls
• Access to the RAM
• Access to video card
• Access to the CPU
• The speed the CPU
can communicate
• Southbridge controls
• Communication
between the
CPU and the expansion ports (hard drives, sound card,
USB ports, and other I/O ports) 23
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Motherboard Form Factors
 The form factor of motherboards pertains to the size and shape of the
board.
 There are three common motherboard form factors: Advanced
Technology eXtended (ATX), Micro-ATX, and ITX.
 The choice of motherboard form factor determines how individual
components attach to it, the type of power supply required, and the
shape of the computer case.
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What is CPU?
 The central processing unit (CPU) is responsible for interpreting and
executing commands.
 The CPU is known as the brain of the computer.
 The CPU is a small microchip that resides within a CPU package.
 Two major CPU architectures related to instruction sets:
• Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)(Mobile devices, IoT, embedded
systems, low-power applications)
• Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) (Desktops, laptops, enterprise
servers) :CISC processors have a larger and more complex set of instructions,
including multi-step operations performed in a single instruction
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CPU Connections
 The CPU socket is the connection between the motherboard and
the processor.
 Modern CPU sockets and processor packages are built in
following architectures:
• Pin Grid Array (PGA) - the pins are on the underside of the
processor package and is inserted into the motherboard CPU
socket.
• Land Grid Array (LGA) - the pins are on the socket instead of on
the processor. Can have higher density.
• Ball Grid Array (BGA) – the pins are soldered
to the motherboard (Laptops, phone, tablets).
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Central Processing Unit
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 Some CPUs incorporate hyperthreading or hypertransport to enhance
the performance of the CPU.
 Hyperthreading: A technology developed by Intel that allows a single physical CPU
core to act like two virtual cores (logical processors).
 hypertransport : A high-speed interconnect technology developed by AMD to
improve communication between the CPU and other components (e.g., RAM,
GPUs, chipsets).
 The amount of data that a CPU can process at one time depends on the
size of the processor data bus (The width of the data bus determines the amount
of data the CPU can process at one time. Measured In: Bits (e.g., 32-bit or 64-bit)).
 Speed of the CPU is measured in cycles per second
– megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz).
 Overclocking is a technique used to make a processor work at a faster
speed than its original specification.

Summary Table
Feature Description Example Benefits
Hyperthreading
Simulates additional cores to improve
multitasking and thread performance. Faster video editing and 3D rendering.
HyperTransport
High-speed interconnect for reduced latency
and improved communication with
peripherals.
Enhanced server performance.
Processor Data Bus
Determines the amount of data that can be
transferred per clock cycle.
Faster processing of large datasets.
CPU Speed
Measures how many cycles the CPU can
execute per second, typically in GHz. Faster execution of software instructions.
Overclocking Increases CPU clock speed beyond default for
improved performance.
Higher FPS in gaming or quicker
encoding.

Central Processing Unit
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 A Core CPU refers to a central processing unit (CPU) that contains multiple
independent processing units called "cores." Each core is capable of
executing its own tasks, enabling better multitasking and parallel processing.
 The latest processor technology has resulted in CPU manufacturers finding
ways to incorporate more than one CPU core onto a single chip.
• Dual Core CPU - Two cores inside a single CPU
• Triple Core CPU - Three cores inside a single CPU
• Quad Core CPU - Four cores inside a single CPU
• Hexa-Core CPU - Six cores inside a single CPU
• Octa-Core CPU - Eight cores inside a single CPU
• Some as high as sixteen cores

Cooling Systems
 Computer components perform better when kept cool.
 A case fan makes the cooling process more efficient.
 A heat sink draws heat away from the core of the CPU. A fan on
top of the heat sink moves the heat away from the CPU.
 Fans can be dedicated to cool the Graphics-processing unit
(GPU).
 Computers are kept cool using active and passive
cooling solutions.
• Active solutions require power while
passive solutions do not.
• Passive solutions for cooling usually involve
reducing the speed at which a component is
operating or adding heat sinks to computer
chips.
Passive Cooling
Active
Cooling
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Types of Memory
 A computer might use different types of memory chips.
 All memory chips store data in the form of bytes.
• A byte is a block of eight bits stored as either 0 or 1 in the memory
chip.
 Read-Only Memory (ROM)
• Basic instructions for booting the
computer and loading the operating
system are stored in ROM.
• ROM chips retain their contents even
when the computer is powered down.
• Can’t be erased or rewritten.
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Types of ROM
 Types of Read-only Memory include:
• Read-Only Memory (ROM) chips – Programmed at factory and can’t be
erased or rewritten.
• Programable Read-Only Memory (PROM) chips – Manufactured blank and can
be programmed only once.
• Erasable Programable Read-Only Memory (EPROM) chips – Can be erased by
exposing it to strong ultraviolet light.
• Electrically Erasable Programable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM) chips – Can
be reprogrammed while still in the computer.
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Comparison Table
Memory Type Rewritable? Erasure Method Programming Typical Use
ROM No Not possible Factory-programmed
Permanent
firmware(BIOS or UEFI
instructions) storage.
PROM No Not possible User-programmed (once)
Custom hardware or
software (embedded
systems)
EPROM Yes (UV light) UV light exposure After erasure
Development and
prototyping.
EEPROM Yes (Electrical) Electrically erased Directly in-system
Configurations and
updates (network cards,
microcontrollers)

Types of Memory
 Random-access memory (RAM)
• RAM is temporary storage for data and programs that are being
accessed by the CPU.
• RAM is volatile memory, which means that the contents are erased
when the computer is powered off.
• All data moving in or out of the processor
must be loaded into RAM first.
• More RAM means more capacity to
hold and process large programs and
files, as well as enhance system
performance.
• The maximum amount of RAM that can be
installed is limited by the motherboard 32
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Types of RAM
 Types of Random Access Memory (RAM) include:
• Static RAM (SRAM) –Cache memory in processors
• Dynamic RAM (DRAM) –Main memory (RAM) in computers
• Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM) –Transfers data on both the rising and falling edges of
the clock signal, doubling the data rate.
• Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM (DDR SDRAM)
• DDR2 Synchronous Dynamic RAM (DDR2 SDRAM)
• GDDR Synchronous Dynamic RAM (GDDR SDRAM) – Designed specifically for video graphics
and use with a dedicated BPU
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Non-Volatile RAM (NVRAM)
 Description: Retains data even when power is turned off.
 Key Features:
 Faster access than traditional storage.
 Durable and energy-efficient.
 Use Cases:
 Embedded systems, network routers, and industrial equipment.
 Examples:
 Flash memory, FeRAM (Ferroelectric RAM), MRAM (Magnetoresistive RAM).

Comparison Table
Type Speed Cost Use Case Volatile
SRAM Very fast High CPU cache, embedded systems Yes
DRAM Moderate Moderate Main memory (RAM) Yes
SDRAM/DDR Fast Moderate PCs, laptops, and gaming Yes
GDDR Very fast High GPUs, gaming systems Yes
ECC RAM Moderate High Servers, critical systems Yes
VRAM Fast High GPUs, multimedia editing Yes
NVRAM Moderate-Fast High Routers, embedded devices No

Cache
 SRAM is used as cache memory to store the most frequently used data.
 SRAM provides the processor with faster access to the data than retrieving it
from the slower DRAM, or main memory.
 The speed of memory has a direct impact on how much data a processor
can process in a given period of time.
 The fastest memory is typically static RAM (SRAM) which is used as
cache memory for storing the most recently used data and instructions
by the CPU.
 The three most common types of cache memory are:
• L1 cache – integrated into the CPU
• L2 cache – was original mounted on the
motherboard, but now integrated into the CPU
• L3 cache – used some high-end workstations and
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Error Checking
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 Memory errors occur when the data is not stored correctly in the memory
chips. The computer uses different methods to detect and correct data
errors in memory.
 Different types of error checking methods include:
• Nonparity – Nonparity memory does not check errors in memory.
• Parity – Parity memory contains 8 bits for data and 1 bit for error checking.
• ECC – Error Correction Code memory can detect multiple bit errors in
memory and correct single bit errors in memory

Adapter Cards
 Adapter cards increase the functionality of a computer by adding
controllers for specific devices or by replacing malfunctioning ports.
 Common adapter cards include:
• Sound adapter
• Network Interface Card (NIC)
• Wireless NIC
• Video adapter or display adapter
• Video capture card
• TV tuner card
• Universal Serial Bus (USB) controller card
• eSATA card
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Adapter Cards
 Computers have expansion slots on the motherboard to install adapter
cards.
 The type of adapter card connector must match
the expansion slot.
 Common expansion slots include:
• Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)
• Mini-PCI
• PCI eXtended (PCI-X)
• PCI Express (PCIe)
• Riser card
• Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
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Types of Storage Devices
 Data drives provide non-volatile storage of data.
 Designed to permanently store user data, user applications and the Operating
System.
 Can be internal or external to the computer.
 Some drives have fixed media, and other drives have removable media.
 Data storage devices can be classified according to the media on which the
data is stored:
• Magnetic – like hard disk drive and tape drive
• Solid state – like solid state drive
• Optical – like CD and DVD
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Storage Device Interfaces
 Storage devices inside a computer connect to the motherboard using
Serial AT Attachment (SATA) connections. The legacy interface is Parallel
ATA (EIDE).
 The interface standards define the way that data is transferred, the transfer
rates, and physical characteristics of the cables and connectors.
 There are three main versions of the SATA standard: SATA 1, SATA 2, & SATA
3.
 The cables and connectors are the same, but the data transfer speeds
are different.
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Magnetic Media Storage
 This type of storage represents binary values as magnetized or non-
magnetized physical areas of magnetic media.
 Common types of magnetic media storage drives:
• Hard Disk Drive (HDD) – the traditional
magnetic disk devices with storage capacity
ranging from gigabytes (GBs) to terabytes
(TBs).
• Magnetic hard drives have drive motors designed to spin magnetic
platters and move the drive heads.
• Speed is measured in revolutions per minute.
– Common speeds are 5400rpm, 7200rpm, 10,000rpm.
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Magnetic Media Storage
 Common types of magnetic media storage drives:
• Tape Drive – most often used for archiving data.
– Tape drives use a magnetic read/write head
and removable tape cartridge.
– Common tape storage capacities vary
between a few GBs to many TBs.
• A floppy disk drive (FDD) is storage device that
uses removable 3.5 inch floppy disks that can store
up to
1.44 MB of data.
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Semiconductor Storage
 Solid-state drives (SSD) store data as electrical charges in semiconductor
flash memory. This results in faster access to data, improved performance,
higher reliability, reduced power usage.
 SSDs have no moving parts, make no noise, are more energy efficient,
not susceptible to vibrations, and produce less heat than HDDs.
 SSDs come in three form factors:
• Disc drive form factor – similar to an HDD
• Expansion cards – plugs directly into the
motherboard and mounts in the computer
case like other expansion cards
• mSata or M.2 modules – these packages may
use a special socket.
– M.2 is a standard for computer expansion
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Semiconductor Storage
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 The Non-Volatile Memory Express (NVMe) specification was developed
specifically to allow computers to take greater advantage of the features of
SSDs by providing a standard interface between SSDs, the PCIe bus, and
operating systems.
 NVMe allows compliant SSD drives to attach to the PCIe bus without
requiring special drivers.
 Solid State Hybrid Drives (SSHDs) are a compromise between a magnetic
HDD and an SSD.
• They are faster than an HDD but less expensive than an SSD.
• They combine a magnetic HDD with onboard flash memory serving as a
non- volatile cache.
 A flash drive is a removable storage device that connects to a USB port. A
flash drive requires no power to maintain the data.

Types of Optical Storage Devices
 Optical drives are removable media storage devices that use lasers to read
and write data on optical media.
 They were developed to overcome the storage capacity limitations of
removable magnetic media such as floppy discs.
 There are three types of optical drives:
• Compact Disc (CD) - audio and data
• Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) - digital video
and data
• Blu-ray Disc (BD) - HD digital video and data
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Types of Optical Storage Devices
 CD, DVD, and BD media can be pre-recorded (read only), recordable
(write once), or re-recordable (read and write multiple times).
 DVD and BD media can also be single layer (SL) or dual layer (DL). Dual
layer media roughly doubles the capacity of a single disc.
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Ports and Cables
 Input/output (I/O) ports on a computer connect peripheral devices,
such as printers, scanners, and portable drives.
 A computer may have other ports:
• Personal System 2 (PS/2)
• Audio and game port
• Network
• Parallel AT Attachment (PATA)
• Serial AT Attachment (SATA)
• External SATA (eSATA)
• Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
• Universal Serial Bus (USB)
• Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)
• Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE)
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Internal Cables
 Power supply connectors- SATA, Molex, and Berg.
 Front panel cables connect the case buttons and lights to the
motherboard.
 Data cables connect drives to the drive controller.
• Floppy disk drive (FDD) data cable
• PATA (IDE) data cable (40 conductor)
• PATA (EIDE) data cable (80 conductor)
• SATA data cable (internal)
• eSATA data cable (external)
• SCSI data cable
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Ports and Cables
 Serial ports transmit one bit of data at a time.
• Uses a DB-9 or DB-25 connector.
 USB is a standard interface for connecting hot-swappable
peripheral devices to a computer. Some devices can also be
powered through the USB port.
 FireWire is a high-speed, hot-swappable interface that
can support up to 63 devices. Some devices can also
be powered through the FireWire port. (IEEE-1394)
 A parallel cable is used to connect parallel devices, such as
a printer or scanner, and can transmit 8 bits of data at one
time. (IEEE-1284)
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Ports and Cables
 A SCSI port can transmit data at rates in excess of 320
Mbps and can support up to 15 devices. SCSI devices
must be terminated at the endpoints of the SCSI chain.
 A network port, also known as an RJ-45 port, connects a
computer
to a network. The maximum length of network cable is
328 ft (100 m).
 A telephone port (RJ11) is used to connect a modem
to a telephone outlet.
 A BNC connects data networks over coaxial cable.
 A PS/2 port connects a keyboard or a mouse to a
computer. The PS/2 port is a 6-pin mini-DIN female
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Video Ports and Cables
 A video port connects a monitor to a computer using a cable.
 Video ports and monitor cables transfer analog signals, digital signals, or
both.
 Video ports and cables include:
• Digital Visual Interface (DVI)
• DisplayPort
• High-Definition Multimedia
Interface (HDMI)
• Thunderbolt 1 or 2
• Thunderbolt 3
• Video Graphics Array (VGA)
• Radio Corporation of America
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Adapters and Converters
 There are many connection standards in use today. These components are
called adapters and converters:
• Converter – performing the same function as an adapter but also
translates the signals from one technology to the other.
• Adapter – physically connecting one technology to another
 Example of adapters include:
• DVI to VGA Adapter
• USB to Ethernet adapter
• USB to PS/2 adapter
• DVI to HDMI adapter
• Molex to SATA adapter
• HDMI to VGA converter
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