January 2016 U.S. EIA Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO)

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook January 2016 1
January 2016
Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO)
Highlights
 This edition of the Short-Term Energy Outlook is the first to include forecasts for 2017.
 North Sea Brent crude oil prices averaged $38/barrel (b) in December, a $6/b decrease from
November, and the lowest monthly average price since June 2004. Brent crude oil prices
averaged $52/b in 2015, down $47/b from the average in 2014, as growth in global liquids
inventories put downward pressure on Brent prices throughout much of the year.
 Forecast Brent crude oil prices average $40/b in 2016 and $50/b in 2017. Forecast West
Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil prices average $2/b lower than Brent in 2016 and $3/b
lower in 2017. However, the current values of futures and options contracts continue to
suggest high uncertainty in the price outlook. For example, EIA’s forecast for the average
WTI price in April 2016 of $37/b should be considered in the context of recent contract
values for April 2016 delivery (Market Prices and Uncertainty Report) suggesting that the
market expects WTI prices to range from $25/b to $56/b (at the 95% confidence interval).
 The price of U.S. retail regular gasoline is forecast to average $2.03/gallon (gal) in 2016 and
$2.21/gal in 2017, compared with $2.43/gal in 2015. In December, average retail regular
gasoline prices were $2.04/gal, a decrease of 12 cents/gal from November and 51 cents/gal
lower than in December 2014. EIA expects monthly retail prices of U.S. regular gasoline to
reach a seven-year low of $1.90/gal in February 2016, before rising during the spring.
 U.S. crude oil production averaged an estimated 9.4 million barrels per day (b/d) in 2015,
and it is forecast to average 8.7 million b/d in 2016 and 8.5 million b/d in 2017. EIA
estimates that crude oil production in December fell 80,000 b/d from the November level.
 Natural gas working inventories were 3,643 billion cubic feet (Bcf) on January 1, which was
17% higher than during the same week last year and 15% higher than the previous five-year
average (2011-15) for that week. EIA forecasts that inventories will end the winter heating
season (March 31) at 2,043 Bcf, which would be 38% above the level at the same time last
year. Forecast Henry Hub spot prices average $2.65/million British thermal units (MMBtu) in
2016 and $3.22/MMBtu in 2017, compared with an average of $2.63/MMBtu in 2015.
 A decline in power generation from fossil fuels in the forecast period is offset by an increase
from renewable sources. The share of generation from natural gas falls from 33% in 2015 to
31% in 2017, and coal falls from 34% to 33%. For renewables, the forecast share of total

generation supplied by hydropower rises from 6% in 2015 to 7% in 2017, and the forecast
share for other renewables increases from 7% in 2015 to 9% in 2017.
Global Petroleum and Other Liquid Fuels
EIA estimates that global oil inventories increased by 1.9 million b/d in 2015, marking the
second consecutive year of inventory builds. This oversupply has contributed to oil prices
reaching the lowest monthly average level since mid-2004. Inventories are forecast to rise by an
additional 0.7 million b/d in 2016, before the global oil market becomes relatively balanced in
2017. The first draw on global oil inventories in 15 consecutive quarters is expected in the third
quarter of 2017.
Global Petroleum and Other Liquid Fuels Consumption. EIA estimates global consumption of
petroleum and other liquid fuels grew by 1.4 million b/d in 2015, averaging 93.8 million b/d for
the year. EIA expects global consumption of petroleum and other liquid fuels to grow by 1.4
million b/d in both 2016 and 2017. Forecast real gross domestic product (GDP) for the world
weighted by oil consumption, which increased by an estimated 2.4% in 2015, rises by 2.7% in
2016 and by 3.2% in 2017.
Consumption of petroleum and other liquid fuels in countries outside the Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) increased by an estimated 0.8 million b/d in
2015, considerably lower than the 1.4 million b/d increase in 2014 mainly because of the
slowdown in Eurasia, which saw a contraction in its consumption, and to a lesser degree
because of China’s slightly slower demand growth. Non-OECD consumption growth is expected
to be 1.1 million b/d in both 2016 and 2017, reflecting higher growth in the Middle East and
Eurasia.
OECD petroleum and other liquid fuels consumption rose by 0.6 million b/d in 2015. OECD
consumption is expected to continue rising in both 2016 and 2017 by 0.3 and 0.4 million b/d,
respectively, driven by an increase in U.S. consumption. OECD Europe demand is also expected
to increase through the forecast period, albeit at a slower pace than the 0.3 million b/d increase
in 2015. U.S. consumption is forecast to increase by 0.2 and 0.3 million b/d in 2016 and 2017,
respectively. Consumption in Japan is forecast to decline by less than 0.1 million b/d in both
2016 and 2017.
Non‐OPEC Petroleum and Other Liquid Fuels Supply. EIA estimates that petroleum and other
liquid fuels production in countries outside of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC) grew by 1.3 million b/d in 2015. The 2015 growth occurred mainly in North
America. EIA expects non-OPEC production to decline by 0.6 million b/d in 2016, which would be
the first decline since 2008. Most of the forecast decline in 2016 is expected to be in the United
States. Non-OPEC production is forecast to decrease by an additional 0.1 million b/d in 2017.
Changes in non-OPEC production are driven by changes in U.S. tight oil production, which is
characterized by high decline rates and relatively short investment horizons that make it among
the most price-sensitive production globally. Forecast total U.S. liquid fuels production declines

by 0.4 million b/d in 2016 and remains relatively flat in 2017, as low oil prices contribute to
drilling rig counts falling below levels required to sustain current production.
Outside of the United States, forecast non-OPEC production declines by 0.2 million b/d in 2016
and by 0.1 million b/d in 2017. Despite low crude oil prices, production declines are relatively
minor because of investments committed to projects when oil prices were higher. Although oil
companies have reduced investments, most of the cuts have been in capital exploration budgets
that largely affect production levels beyond the forecast period. Additionally, strength in the
U.S. dollar and production cost reductions have moderated the effects of declining oil revenues
in some countries. Because oil revenues are denominated in dollars, the appreciation of the
dollar relative to the currencies of several large oil producers means each dollar of revenue has
more purchasing power if production costs are denominated in local currency.
Among other non-OPEC producers, the largest declines are forecast to be in the North Sea and
Russia. After increasing in 2015, production in the North Sea is expected to return to its long-
term declining trend in 2016 and 2017, as the planned start of several projects is not enough to
offset the region’s steep decline rates. Production in Russia also increased in 2015, as
international sanctions had little effect on oil production, but Russia’s production is expected to
decline by 0.1 million b/d in both 2016 and 2017. However, Russia’s exposure to low oil prices
has been mitigated by the depreciation of the ruble relative to the dollar, given ruble-
denominated production costs, and by Russia’s taxation regime for the oil sector.
Some non-OPEC countries, led by Canada and Brazil, will continue to see increasing oil
production during the forecast period. Production in Canada is expected to increase by 50,000
b/d in both 2015 and 2016, as a number of oil sands projects that are under construction will
begin production, including the Imperial Oil and Cenovus projects scheduled to come online by
the end of 2016. These projects were commissioned before the sharp decline in crude oil price.
Production in Brazil is expected to increase by about 40,000 b/d in 2016 and 20,000 b/d in 2017.
This growth is down from growth of 0.2 million b/d in 2015, which was the result of several
floating production, storage, and offloading facilities coming online. Reduced growth in Brazil’s
production occurs because Petrobras’s high debt levels and the legal fallout from the ongoing
corruption probe are expected to reduce investment.
Unplanned supply disruptions among non-OPEC producers averaged 0.4 million b/d in
December, reflecting a downward revision of roughly 0.3 million b/d compared with the last
STEO. EIA revised downward its estimate of non-OPEC disruptions because of a revision in
production capacity held by Syria and Yemen. EIA’s estimates of unplanned production outages
are calculated as the difference between estimated effective production capacity (the level of
supply that could be available within one year) and estimated production. Therefore, these
outage estimates can differ from those measured against other capacity types, such as
nameplate capacity or the production level prior to the disruption.
OPEC Petroleum and Other Liquid Fuels Supply. At their December 4 meeting, OPEC members
voted to reactivate Indonesia’s OPEC membership after an almost seven-year hiatus. As of this

STEO, EIA includes Indonesia’s crude oil and other liquids production in the OPEC total for both
history and the forecast.
OPEC crude oil production averaged 31.6 million b/d in 2015, an increase of 0.9 million b/d from
2014. Iraq led the OPEC production increases. Its production rose by 0.7 million b/d in 2015.
Saudi Arabia also boosted production to defend its share of the global oil market, with its
production increasing by 0.3 million b/d in 2015.
Forecast OPEC crude oil production increases by 0.5 million b/d in 2016, with Iran expected to
increase production once international sanctions targeting its oil sector are suspended. Under
the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) between Iran and the five permanent members
of the United Nations Security Council and Germany (P5+1), which was announced on July 14,
2015, sanctions relief is contingent on verification by the International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA) that Iran has complied with key nuclear-related steps. Forecast OPEC crude oil production
is expected to increase by 0.6 million b/d in 2017, with Iran accounting for most of the increase.
Although uncertainty remains as to the timing of sanctions relief, EIA assumes the
implementation occurs in the first quarter of 2016, clearing the way to ease sanctions at that
time. EIA has moved up the anticipated implementation day because Iran has made faster-than-
expected progress in meeting key obligations required under the JCPOA.
Iran’s crude oil production is forecast to grow by about 0.3 million b/d in 2016 and by 0.5 million
b/d in 2017. The forecast growth of Iran’s crude oil production through the forecast period also
depends on internal factors including Iran’s ability to mitigate production decline rates and meet
technical challenges and on its willingness to discount oil.
OPEC noncrude liquids production averaged 6.7 million b/d in 2015, and it is forecast to increase
by 0.3 million b/d in both 2016 and 2017, led by increases in Iran and Qatar.
In December, unplanned crude oil supply disruptions among OPEC producers averaged 2.8
million b/d, up slightly compared with the previous month. Kuwait and Saudi Arabia continue to
have a combined disruption of 0.5 million b/d at the Wafra and Khafji fields in the Neutral Zone
that straddles the two countries.
OPEC surplus crude oil production capacity, which averaged 1.6 million b/d in 2015, is expected
to increase to 2.0 million b/d in 2016 and then be 1.9 million b/d in 2017. EIA estimates that
Iran’s crude oil production capacity is 3.6 million b/d, which is 0.8 million b/d higher than its
current estimated production level. EIA currently categorizes that 0.8 million b/d difference as a
disruption because Iran’s production is restricted by sanctions that affect the country’s ability to
sell its oil. However, if sanctions are lifted, any difference between its crude oil production
capacity and its crude oil production level would henceforth be considered surplus capacity.
Surplus capacity is typically an indicator of market conditions, and surplus capacity below 2.5
million b/d indicates a relatively tight oil market. However, the continuing inventory builds and

high current and forecast levels of global oil inventories make the projected low surplus capacity
level less significant.
OECD Petroleum Inventories. EIA estimates that OECD commercial crude oil and other liquid
fuels inventories totaled 3.06 billion barrels at the end of 2015, equivalent to roughly 66 days of
consumption. Forecast OECD inventories rise to 3.13 billion barrels at the end of 2016, and they
are also expected to be 3.13 billion barrels at the end of 2017.
Crude Oil Prices. Brent crude oil spot prices decreased by $6/b in December to a monthly
average of $38/b, the lowest monthly average price since June 2004. Prices fell in December, as
OPEC producers (at their December 4 meeting) indicated plans to continue the policy of
defending market share in a low oil price environment and as global oil inventories continued to
build. Continuing increases in global liquids inventories have put significant downward pressure
on oil prices since mid-2014. Inventories rose by an estimated 1.9 million b/d in 2015, and Brent
crude oil prices averaged $52/b in 2015, a decrease of $47/b from 2014.
With global inventory builds expected to continue in 2016, upward pressure on crude oil prices
will be limited. Forecast Brent prices average $40/b in 2016. The largest inventory builds occur
in the first half of 2016, keeping Brent prices below $40/b through April.
Brent prices are forecast to average $50/b in 2017, with upward price pressures concentrated in
the latter part that year. At that point the market is expected to experience small inventory
draws, with the possibility of further draws beyond the forecast period. Brent prices are forecast
to average $56/b in the fourth quarter of 2017.
Forecast West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil prices average $2/b lower than Brent in 2016
and $3/b lower in 2017. EIA had previously assumed the 2016 WTI discount to be $5/b. The
lower forecast WTI discount to Brent is based on the relative storage availability in the United
States compared with other regions that encourages placing crude oil in the U.S. market in a
period of global oversupply.
During the forecast period, oil prices could continue to experience periods of heightened
volatility. The oil market faces many uncertainties heading into 2016, including the pace and
volume at which Iranian oil reenters the market, the strength of oil consumption growth, and
the responsiveness of non-OPEC production to low oil prices.
The current values of futures and options contracts continue to suggest high uncertainty in the
price outlook (Market Prices and Uncertainty Report). WTI futures contracts for April 2016
delivery, traded during the five-day period ending January 7, averaged $38/b, while implied
volatility averaged 46%. These levels established the lower and upper limits of the 95%
confidence interval for the market's expectations of monthly average WTI prices in April 2016 at
$25/b and $56/b, respectively. The 95% confidence interval for market expectations widens
over time, with lower and upper limits of $22/b and $82/b for prices in December 2016. Last
year at this time, WTI for April 2015 delivery averaged $51/b, and implied volatility averaged

48%. The corresponding lower and upper limits of the 95% confidence interval were $34/b and
$76/b.
U.S. Petroleum and Other Liquid Fuels
Monthly data show gasoline consumption in the United States increased by 2.8% during the first
10 months of 2015 compared with same period in 2014. U.S. gasoline consumption growth
reflects increases in employment and lower gasoline prices. Growing domestic and global
consumption of gasoline contributed to high refinery wholesale gasoline margins (the difference
between the wholesale price of gasoline and the price of Brent crude oil) for most of 2015.
Average wholesale gasoline margins reached 73 cents/gal in August, which was the highest
monthly average since May 2007. Margins returned closer to typical seasonal levels in October
but increased in December, a month in which they typically decline. The estimated average
wholesale gasoline margin in December reached 42 cents/gal, which would mark the highest
December margin in EIA’s data that begin in 1987.
Despite the increasing wholesale gasoline margins, U.S. regular gasoline retail prices fell from a
monthly average of $2.16/gal in November to $2.04/gal in December because of lower crude oil
prices. Monthly average regional gasoline retail prices for December ranged from a low of
$1.79/gal in PADD 3 (Gulf Coast) to a high of $2.56/gal in PADD 5 (West Coast). EIA expects
gasoline prices to fall from current levels, with the U.S. regular gasoline price averaging
$1.90/gal in February 2016.
Liquid Fuels Consumption. Total U.S. liquid fuels consumption is projected to increase by
270,000 b/d (1.4%) in 2015, more than the 140,000 b/d (0.8%) growth in 2014. U.S.
consumption has been stimulated by continued growth in employment and the economy and
lower petroleum product prices. In 2016, total liquid fuels consumption is forecast to increase
by 160,000 b/d (0.8%) from the 2015 level. In 2017, total U.S. liquid fuels consumption is
projected to rise by an additional 270,000 b/d (1.4%).
Motor gasoline consumption increased by an estimated 240,000 b/d (2.6%) in 2015 to an
average of 9.2 million b/d, the highest level since the record of 9.3 million b/d in 2007. Although
total nonfarm employment and total highway travel since then have increased by 2.9% and
3.7%, respectively, improving vehicle fuel economy continues to keep gasoline consumption
below its previous peak throughout the forecast period. Gasoline consumption is forecast to
increase by 70,000 b/d (0.8%) in 2016, as employment and population growth offset continuing
improvements in vehicle fleet fuel economy. In 2017, motor gasoline consumption is projected
to rise by 20,000 b/d (0.2%).
In 2015, jet fuel consumption increased by an estimated 70,000 b/d (4.8%). Forecast jet fuel
consumption declines slightly in 2016, with improvement in average airline fleet fuel economy
offsetting growth in freight and passenger travel. In 2017, jet fuel consumption is projected to
rise by 20,000 b/d (1.3%).

Consumption of distillate fuel, which includes diesel fuel and heating oil, fell by an estimated
80,000 b/d (1.9%) in 2015. Based on expectations of continued economic growth, total distillate
consumption is projected to grow by an annual average of 80,000 b/d (2.0%) over the next two
years.
Hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGL) consumption is expected to increase by 10,000 b/d in 2016 and
by 130,000 b/d in 2017. In 2016, a 30,000 b/d decline in propane consumption, mainly from
reduced heating consumption in the first quarter, is offset by growth in petrochemical
consumption of HGL, mainly ethane. In 2017, more normal weather contributes to a 20,000 b/d
increase in propane consumption, and the start-up of six ethane-fed petrochemical plants
contributes to a 100,000 b/d increase in ethane consumption. New HGL export terminal capacity
contributes to an increase in HGL net exports from an estimated average of 840,000 b/d in 2015
to 1.3 million b/d in 2017.
Liquid Fuels Supply. U.S. crude oil production is projected to decrease from an average of 9.4
million b/d in 2015 to 8.7 million b/d in 2016 and to 8.5 million b/d in 2017. The forecast reflects
an extended decline in Lower 48 onshore production driven by persistently low oil prices that is
partially offset by growing production in the federal Gulf of Mexico.
According to the latest survey-based reporting of monthly crude oil production data, U.S.
production averaged 9.5 million b/d through the first 10 months of 2015, about 0.2 million b/d
higher than in the fourth quarter of 2014. The estimates include EIA survey-based monthly
crude oil production data for Oklahoma for the first time. These new estimates are roughly 0.1
million b/d per month higher than those generated by the previous methodology for Oklahoma,
which was based on state-reported data that was later adjusted by EIA. The recently expanded
EIA-914 survey now collects oil production from the largest oil producers in 15 states (including
Oklahoma) and the federal Gulf of Mexico.
Based on these estimates, total U.S. production began falling in May 2015, led by Lower 48
onshore production that has fallen nearly 0.5 million b/d. These declines have been tempered
by production growth of 0.1 million b/d in the Gulf of Mexico since April.
With WTI prices falling below $40/b in December 2015 and projected to remain below that level
through mid-2016, EIA expects oil production to decline in most Lower 48 onshore oil
production regions. The expectation of reduced cash flows in 2016 and 2017 has prompted
many companies to scale back investment programs, deferring major new undertakings until a
sustained price recovery occurs. The prospect of higher interest rates and tougher lending
conditions will likely limit the availability of capital for many smaller producers, giving rise to
distressed asset sales and consolidation of acreage holdings by more financially sound firms. The
retrenchment in onshore investment is anticipated to push the count of oil-directed rigs and
well completions in 2016 and 2017 below current levels.
The focus of drilling and production activities will be on the core areas of major tight oil plays.
Despite the significant decline in total rig counts in 2015, rig counts have largely stabilized in the
core counties of the Bakken, Eagle Ford, Niobrara, and Permian. In these areas, falling costs and

ongoing technological and process improvements in rig, labor, and well productivity are
anticipated to lead to faster rates of well completions and less-rapid production declines relative
to other Lower 48 onshore areas. The ongoing gains in learning-by-doing, cost reductions, and
rig and well productivity are expected to enhance the economic viability of these areas as well
as to be disseminated to other regions, incrementally reducing the breakeven costs of
production in more marginal areas.
EIA expects U.S. crude oil production to decline steadily from 9.2 million b/d in December 2015,
reaching about 8.5 million b/d in November 2016. Production is expected to stay near 8.5
million b/d for most of 2017. This level of production would be 1.2 million b/d below the April
2015 level, which was the highest monthly production since April 1971.
Productivity improvements, lower breakeven costs, and anticipated oil price increases in the
second half of 2017 are expected to end over two years of falling Lower 48 onshore production.
Onshore production averaged 7.6 million b/d in the second quarter of 2015, and it is forecast to
fall below 6.2 million b/d in September 2017 before increasing modestly in the fourth quarter of
2017. The forecast remains sensitive to actual wellhead prices and rapidly changing drilling
economics that vary across regions and operators.
Projected crude oil production in the Gulf of Mexico rises during the forecast period, and oil
production in Alaska falls. Production in these areas is less sensitive than onshore production in
the Lower 48 states to short-term price movements and reflects anticipated growth from new
projects in the Gulf of Mexico and declines from legacy fields in Alaska. Several projects in the
Gulf that came or will come online in 2014-16 will push up production from an average of 1.6
million b/d in 2015 to 1.9 million b/d in the fourth quarter of 2017. It is possible some projects
will start production later than expected, potentially shifting some of the anticipated production
gains from late 2017 into early 2018.
Late in the forecast period EIA expects small sales from the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve
(SPR). Recent legislation authorized sales of SPR oil between Fiscal Years (FY) 2018-25 for deficit
reduction, SPR modernization, and highway funding purposes. EIA assumes 5 million barrels of
SPR sales for deficit reduction purposes in FY 2018 (which starts in October 2017), equivalent to
14,000 b/d of SPR draws during the fourth quarter of 2017. EIA further assumes no SPR sales
occur for SPR modernization during the forecast period.
EIA projects HGL production at natural gas processing plants will increase by 0.2 million b/d
(6.3%) in 2016 and by 0.3 million b/d (8.1%) in 2017. Expected additions of natural gas
processing and distribution infrastructure contribute to forecast HGL production growing at a
faster pace than the natural gas streams from which it is produced. EIA expects higher ethane
recovery rates in 2016 and 2017, following planned increases to petrochemical plant feedstock
demand in the United States and abroad. Planned terminal builds and expansions and a growing
ship fleet allow more U.S. ethane, propane, and butanes to reach international markets, with
forecast net HGL exports averaging 1.1 million b/d in 2016 and 1.3 million b/d in 2017.

The growth in domestic crude oil and other liquids production has contributed to a significant
decline in imports. The share of total U.S. liquid fuels consumption met by net imports fell
from 60% in 2005 to an estimated 24% in 2015. EIA expects the net import share to remain flat
in 2016, before increasing slightly to 25% in 2017, as domestic oil production falls. This would be
the first annual increase in the share of consumption met by net imports since 2005.
Petroleum Product Prices. Lower crude oil prices contributed to U.S. regular gasoline retail
prices declining to an average of $2.04/gal in December, down from an average of $2.16/gal in
November. EIA projects regular gasoline retail prices to fall to an average $1.90/gal in February
2016 and average $1.95/gal in the first quarter of 2016.
The U.S. regular gasoline retail price, which averaged $2.43/gal in 2015, is projected to average
$2.03/gal in 2016, 33 cents/gal lower than estimated in last month’s STEO, and $2.21/gal in
2017.
The diesel fuel retail price, which averaged $2.71/gal in 2015, is projected to average $2.29/gal
in 2016, 38 cents/gal lower than in last month’s STEO, and $2.59/gal in 2017.
Lower projected crude oil prices this winter (2015-16) compared with last winter contribute to a
reduction in the forecast residential heating oil price and average household heating oil
expenditures. Households that use heating oil as a primary space heating fuel are expected to
pay an average of $2.17/gal this winter, 87 cents/gal less than last winter. The average
household is now expected to spend $1,088 for heating oil this winter, $763 less than last
winter. The reduction in expenditures also reflects lower forecast consumption because warmer
temperatures are forecast this winter compared with last winter.
Propane prices this winter are expected to be 9% lower than last winter in the Northeast and
18% lower in the Midwest, contributing to households spending 24% and 31% less on propane
in those regions, respectively.
Natural Gas
Forecast Henry Hub spot prices average $2.65/MMBtu in 2016 and $3.22/MMBtu in 2017,
compared with an average of $2.63/MMBtu in 2015. Although annual average prices for 2015
and 2016 are similar, prices are forecast to rise through much of 2016, from prices that began
the year near $2/MMBtu. Price increases reflect consumption growth, mainly from the
industrial sector, that outpaces production growth in 2016.
EIA expects production growth will be relatively flat in 2016, partly in response to lower prices
and declining rig activity. With higher prices in 2017, and as new consumption and more export
capacity comes online, EIA projects production will pick up slightly.
Natural Gas Consumption. EIA's forecast of U.S. total natural gas consumption averages 76.6
billion cubic feet/day (Bcf/d) in 2016 and 77.2 Bcf/d in 2017, compared with 75.5 Bcf/d in 2015.
Increases in industrial sector consumption drive total consumption growth in 2016 and 2017.
Industrial sector consumption of natural gas increases by 3.5% in 2016 and by 2.5% in 2017, as

new projects in the fertilizer and chemicals sectors come online. EIA expects a 0.1 Bcf/d (0.3%)
decline in consumption of natural gas for power generation in 2016 and a 1.4% decrease in
2017. Natural gas consumption in the residential and commercial sectors is projected to
increase in 2016 and 2017, reflecting slightly higher heating demand in those years.
Natural Gas Production and Trade. In September, total marketed production of natural gas hit a
record high of 80.2 Bcf/d before declining the following month, according to EIA’s survey
data. EIA estimates that marketed natural gas production averaged 79.1 Bcf/d in 2015, an
increase of 4.2 Bcf/d (5.7%) from 2014. EIA projects growth will slow to 0.7% in 2016, as low
natural gas prices and declining rig activity begin to affect production. In 2017, however,
forecast production growth increases to 1.8%, as forecast prices rise and more demand comes
from industrial sectors and liquefied natural gas (LNG) exporters.
Although demand growth levels off, production remains high, which is expected to reduce
demand for natural gas imports from Canada and to support growth in exports to Mexico. EIA
expects natural gas exports to Mexico to increase because of growing demand from Mexico's
electric power sector coupled with flat natural gas production in Mexico. EIA projects LNG gross
exports will increase to an average of 0.7 Bcf/d in 2016, with the start-up of Cheniere’s Sabine
Pass LNG liquefaction plant planned for early this year. EIA projects gross exports will average
1.4 Bcf/d in 2017, as Sabine Pass ramps up its capacity.
Natural Gas Inventories. On January 1, natural gas working inventories were 3,643 Bcf.
Withdrawals during the heating season have been relatively low because of warmer-than
normal weather. January 1 inventories were 535 Bcf (17%) above year-ago levels and 464 Bcf
(15%) above the five-year (2011-15) average. Inventories are forecast to be 2,043 Bcf at the end
of March 2016, which would be 421 Bcf above the five-year average.
Natural Gas Prices. The Henry Hub natural gas spot price averaged $1.93/MMBtu in December,
a decrease of 16 cents/MMBtu from the November price. Warmer-than-normal temperatures in
the first half of the heating season, record inventory levels, production growth, and forecasts for
a warm winter contributed to spot prices remaining low. Monthly average Henry Hub spot
prices are forecast to rise through 2016, but they remain less than $3/MMBtu until December.
Forecast Henry Hub natural gas prices average $2.65/MMBtu in 2016 and $3.22/MMBtu in
2017.
Natural gas futures contracts for April 2016 delivery traded during the five-day period ending
January 7 averaged $2.38/MMBtu. Current options and futures prices imply market participants
place the lower and upper bounds for the 95% confidence interval for April 2016 contracts at
$1.61/MMBtu and $3.52/MMBtu, respectively. In January 2015, the natural gas futures contract
for April 2015 delivery averaged $2.88/MMBtu, and the corresponding lower and upper limits of
the 95% confidence interval were $1.90/MMBtu and $4.36/MMBtu.

Coal
Coal Supply. EIA estimates U.S. coal production declined by 109 million short tons (MMst) (11%)
in 2015, the largest decline ever recorded. The 2015 drop in production occurred in all coal-
producing regions, with the largest percentage decrease occurring in the Appalachian region
(15%). Production in the Interior region, which includes the Illinois Basin, declined by 11% in
2015, which was the first decline in that region since 2009. Western region production declined
by 9%, with production below 500 MMst for the first time since 1998.
Forecast U.S. coal production continues to decline over the next two years. Production is
projected to fall by 38 MMst (4%) in 2016 and by an additional 9 MMst (1%) in 2017. Interior
region production, which accounted for only 13% of coal production 10 years ago (2006), is
projected to account for 20% of production in 2016 and 2017. This increase in share reflects the
region’s growing competitive advantages compared to the other coal-producing regions. These
factors include the higher heat content of the coal, closer proximity to major markets than coal
produced in the Western region, and lower mining costs than Appalachian-produced coal.
Appalachian production, which accounted for 34% of production 10 years ago, is projected to
decline to 24% in 2016 and 2017. The Western region’s share, which was 53% 10 years ago,
increases to 56% in 2016 and 2017.
Electric power sector coal stockpiles were 176 MMst in October, an 8% increase from
September, which is similar to the typical seasonal pattern. October coal inventories averaged
155 MMst during the previous 10 years (2005-14). Coal stockpiles are still relatively high
because of the loss in market share to natural gas for power generation.
Coal Consumption. EIA estimates that coal consumption decreased by 11% in 2015, mainly as a
result of an 11% drop in electric power sector consumption. Lower natural gas prices are the
primary driver of the decrease in coal consumption. Low natural gas prices make it more
economical to increase generation at natural gas-fired units and to decrease generation at coal-
fired units. Retirements of coal-fired power plants, stemming from both increased competition
with natural gas generation and the implementation of the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards
(MATS), also reduce coal-fired generation capacity, but the full effect will not be evident until
2016.
Higher forecast natural gas prices in 2016 and 2017 are expected to contribute to higher
utilization rates among the remaining coal-fired power plants. This higher utilization rate
somewhat mitigates the effect of lower consumption from coal-plant retirements. Coal
consumption in the electric power sector is forecast to remain relatively unchanged in 2016. In
2017, increases in nuclear (1%), hydropower (8%), and other renewable-based (12%) electricity
generation are forecast to contribute to a 1% decline in electric power sector coal consumption.
Coal Trade. Slower growth in world coal demand and lower international coal prices have
contributed to a decline in U.S. coal exports. Lower mining costs, cheaper transportation costs,
and favorable exchange rates will continue to provide an advantage to mines in other major
coal-exporting countries compared with U.S. producers over the next few years.

EIA estimates U.S. coal exports decreased 20 MMst (21%) from 2014 levels to 77 MMst in 2015.
The current global coal market trends are expected to continue, and coal exports are forecast to
decline by an additional 9 MMst (12%) in 2016 and by 2 MMst (4%) in 2017.
U.S. coal imports, which were 11 MMst in 2014, remained at that level in 2015. Coal imports,
primarily from Latin America, are forecast to maintain their market share with power generators
along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, as imported coal’s delivered price in those markets remains
competitive with prices for domestically produced coal. Imports are projected to average just
under 11 MMst in 2016 and 2017.
Coal Prices. The annual average price of coal to the electric power sector averaged
$2.36/MMBtu in 2014. EIA estimates the delivered coal price averaged $2.23/MMBtu in 2015.
Forecast prices are $2.19/MMBtu in 2016 and $2.20/MMBtu in 2017.
Electricity
The mix of generating units that supply electricity in the United States is undergoing a significant
transformation. Many older coal plants are being decommissioned as the industry adapts to
sustained low costs of competing natural gas generating units and the effects of environmental
regulations. EIA estimates that at least 14 gigawatts (GW) of coal-fired capacity were retired
during 2015, equal to nearly 5% of the operable coal capacity existing at the end of 2014. Power
plant operators have reported to EIA that they plan to retire at least 10.7 GW of additional coal
capacity during 2016 and 2017. This total could rise as state policies related to the Clean Power
Plan take shape.
Electricity Consumption. Forecast U.S. retail sales of electricity to the residential sector fall by
0.5% during 2016 compared with 2015. Residential electricity consumption during the first
quarter this year is projected to be 5.8% lower than the same period in 2015, which experienced
colder-than-normal weather with heating degree days 7% above the 10-year average. EIA
expects U.S. residential electricity sales to grow by 1.7% in 2017. The total number of residential
customers grows by 0.9% next year, which would be the highest growth rate since 2007.
Forecast U.S. retail electricity sales to the commercial sector rise by 0.9% and by 1.1% in 2016
and 2017, respectively. Forecast U.S. industrial sector sales increase by 1.1% in 2016 and by
0.4% in 2017.
Electricity Generation. Total U.S. electricity generation in 2016 is expected to average 11.3
terawatthours per day, 0.4% higher than 2015 generation. Total generation grows by an
additional 1.0% in 2017. Natural gas prices are forecast to remain at relatively low levels, with
the Henry Hub spot price remaining below $3/MMBtu until late 2016. EIA expects that the share
of total generation fueled by natural gas in 2016 will average 32.2% while coal supplies 33.6% of
generation, similar to their shares in 2015. The projected generation shares for natural gas and
coal generation fall in 2017 to 31.4% and 33.0%, respectively, as generation from renewable
energy sources increases.

Electricity Retail Prices. The U.S. retail price of electricity in the residential sector is projected to
average 12.7 cents per kilowatthour (kWh) in 2016, which is unchanged from the average price
in 2015. The U.S. retail price of electricity in the residential sector is projected to be 13.0
cents/kWh in 2017, 3.0% higher than the average price in 2016. In New England, where
residential electricity prices are forecast to be highest in the country in 2016, the forecast
residential electricity price averages 19.1 cents/kWh in the first quarter of 2016, whereas in the
West South Central region it is expected to be lowest in 2016, averaging 10.2 cents/kWh in the
first quarter of 2016.
Renewables and Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Electricity and Heat Generation from Renewables. EIA expects total renewables used in the
electric power sector to increase by 9.5% in 2016. Forecast hydropower generation in the
electric power sector increases by 4.8% in 2016. The current El Niño cycle has mixed
implications for the hydroelectric generation outlook. This winter started off wet in the Pacific
Northwest, where roughly half of the nation’s hydropower is generated. In December 2015,
most of the Pacific Northwest saw precipitation levels more than 30% above normal (according
to the Northwest River Forecast Center), which points to above-normal snowpack levels in the
region. California also had above-average levels of precipitation in December. However, drought
conditions persist in much of the state.
In December 2015, Congress passed an extension and modification of federal tax credits for new
wind and solar generators. Production tax credit eligibility for wind generators was extended for
plants starting construction through the end of 2019, with the value of the credit declining from
2.4 cents/kWh to 1.0 cent/kWh for the first 10 years of plant operation. Investment tax credits
eligibility for solar generators was extended at the 30% level for plants starting construction
through the end of 2019, with the value dropping each year down to 10% for plants under
construction in 2022 and beyond.
EIA expects little impact from these renewable electricity tax credit extensions in 2016 because
most plants that will enter service in 2016 are already being developed. Impacts in 2017 depend
on how many wind and solar projects are already in the development queue but not yet under
construction. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) approval of the Clean Power
Plan in August 2015 may also affect new renewable builds over the next several years, but these
near-term effects will be less certain until states start to lay out their implementation plans.
EIA expects continued growth in utility-scale solar power generation, which is projected to
average 129 gigawatthours per day (GWh/d) in 2017, an increase of 45% from the 2016 level.
Utility-scale solar power averages 1.1% of total U.S. electricity generation in 2017. Although
solar growth has historically been concentrated in customer-sited distributed generation
installations (rooftop panels), EIA expects utility-scale solar capacity will increase by 126% (13
GW) between the end of 2014 and the end of 2016, with 4.9 GW of new capacity being built in
California. Other states leading in utility-scale solar capacity additions include North Carolina

and Nevada, which, combined with California, account for about two-thirds of the projected
utility-scale capacity additions for 2015 and 2016.
Wind capacity, which starts from a significantly larger installed capacity base than solar, grew by
13% in 2015, and it is forecast to increase by 14% in 2016 and by 3% in 2017.
Liquid Biofuels. On November 30, EPA finalized a rule setting Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS)
volumes for 2014 through 2016. EIA used these finalized volumes to develop the current STEO
forecast and assumes the 2016 targets for 2017, except the biomass-based diesel 2017 target of
2.0 billion gallons, which was included in the November 30 rule. Ethanol production, which
averaged an estimated 964,000 b/d in 2015, is forecast to average about 970,000 b/d in both
2016 and 2017. Ethanol consumption, which averaged 910,000 b/d in 2015, is forecast to
average 930,000 b/d in both 2016 and 2017. This level of consumption results in the ethanol
share of the total gasoline pool averaging 10.0% in both 2016 and 2017. EIA does not expect
significant increases in E15 or E85 consumption over the forecast period.
EIA expects that the largest effect of the proposed RFS targets will be on biodiesel consumption,
which helps to meet the RFS targets for use of biomass-based diesel, advanced biofuel, and total
renewable fuel. Biodiesel production averaged an estimated 85,000 b/d in 2015 and is forecast
to average 107,000 b/d in 2016 and 112,000 b/d in 2017. Net imports of biomass-based diesel
are also expected to increase from 28,000 b/d in 2015 to 47,000 b/d in both 2016 and 2017.
Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions. EIA estimates that emissions of CO2 declined by
1.9% in 2015. Emissions are projected to increase 0.6% in 2016 but remain flat in 2017. These
forecasts are sensitive to assumptions about weather and economic growth.
U.S. Economic Assumptions
Recent Economic Indicators. The Bureau of Economic Analysis reported that real GDP increased
at an annual rate of 2.0% in the third quarter of 2015. The increase in real GDP in the third
quarter reflected positive contributions from personal consumption expenditures, state and
local government spending, and residential fixed investment.
EIA used the December 2015 version of the IHS macroeconomic model with EIA's energy price
forecasts as model inputs to develop the economic projections in the STEO.
Production, Income, and Employment. Forecast real GDP growth reaches 2.7% in 2016 and
3.3% in 2017, above the growth of 2.5% estimated for 2015. Real disposable income grows by
3.2% and 3.5% in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Total industrial production grows at 0.8% in 2016
and 3.7% in 2017. Projected growth in nonfarm employment averages 1.5% in 2016 and 2017.
Expenditures. Forecast private real fixed investment growth averages 5.9% and 7.3% in 2016
and 2017, respectively. Real consumption expenditures grow faster than real GDP at 3.0% in
2016 and 3.7% in 2017. Durable goods expenditures drive consumption spending in both years.
Export growth is 2.5% and 5.3% over the same two years, while import growth is 4.7% in 2016
and 9.1% in 2017. Total government expenditures rise by 2.2% in 2016 and by 0.4% in 2017.

This report was prepared by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), the statistical
and analytical agency within the U.S. Department of Energy. By law, EIA's data, analyses, and
forecasts are independent of approval by any other officer or employee of the United States
Government. The views in this report therefore should not be construed as representing
those of the U.S. Department of Energy or other federal agencies.

Chart Gallery for January 2016
Short-Term Energy Outlook
U.S. Energy Information Administration
Independent Statistics & Analysis
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
Jan 2015 Jul 2015 Jan 2016 Jul 2016 Jan 2017 Jul 2017
West Texas Intermediate (WTI) Crude Oil Price
dollars per barrel
Historical spot price
STEO price forecast
NYMEX futures price
95% NYMEX futures upper confidence interval
95% NYMEX futures lower confidence interval
Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, January 2016.
Note: Confidence interval derived from options market information for the 5 trading days ending Jan. 7,
2016. Intervals not calculated for months with sparse trading in near-the-money options contracts.
Forecast
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
Jan 2012 Jan 2013 Jan 2014 Jan 2015 Jan 2016 Jan 2017
U.S. Gasoline and Crude Oil Prices
dollars per gallon
Price difference
Retail regular gasoline
Crude oil
Crude oil price is composite refiner acquisition cost. Retail prices include state and federal taxes.

Forecast
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
U.S. Diesel Fuel and Crude Oil Prices
dollars per gallon Price difference
Retail diesel fuel
Crude oil
Crude oil price is composite refiner acquisition cost. Retail prices include state and federal taxes.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Jan 2015 Jul 2015 Jan 2016 Jul 2016 Jan 2017 Jul 2017
Henry Hub Natural Gas Price
dollars per million Btu
Historical spot price
STEO forecast price
NYMEX futures price
95% NYMEX futures upper confidence interval
95% NYMEX futures lower confidence interval
Note: Confidence interval derived from options market information for the 5 trading days ending Jan. 7,
2016. Intervals not calculated for months with sparse trading in near-the-money options contracts.
Forecast
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
U.S. Natural Gas Prices
dollars per thousand cubic feet
Residential price
Henry Hub spot price

Forecast
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
2011-Q1 2012-Q1 2013-Q1 2014-Q1 2015-Q1 2016-Q1 2017-Q1
World Liquid Fuels Production and
Consumption Balance
million barrels per day (MMb/d)
Implied stock change and balance (right axis)
World production (left axis)
World consumption (left axis)
MMb/d
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Jan 2013 Jul 2013 Jan 2014 Jul 2014 Jan 2015 Jul 2015 Jan 2016 Jul 2016
Estimated Historical Unplanned OPEC
Crude Oil Production Outages
million barrels per day
Indonesia
Saudi Arabia
Kuwait
Iraq
Nigeria
Libya
Iran
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Jan 2013 Jan 2014 Jan 2015 Jan 2016
Estimated Historical Unplanned Non-OPEC
Liquid Fuels Production Outages
million barrels per day Other
United States
Mexico
Canada
Sudan / S. Sudan
Colombia
Brazil
North Sea
Yemen
China
Syria

Forecast
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
World Liquid Fuels Consumption
Change in U.S. consumption (right axis)
Change in China consumption (right axis)
Change in other consumption (right axis)
Total world consumption (left axis)
annual change (MMb/d)
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
2015 2016 2017
World Liquid Fuels Consumption Growth
OECD* Non-OECD Asia Former Soviet Union Other
* Countries belonging to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
Forecast
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
2015 2016 2017
OPEC countries North America Russia and Caspian Sea
Latin America North Sea Other Non-OPEC
World Crude Oil and Liquid Fuels Production Growth
Forecast

-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
UnitedStates
Brazil
Canada
China
Malaysia
Kazakhstan
India
Oman
OtherNorthSea
Vietnam
Azerbaijan
Australia
Colombia
Sudan/S.Sudan
Gabon
Egypt
Syria
Russia
UnitedKingdom
Norway
Mexico
2017
2016
2015
Non-OPEC Crude Oil and Liquid Fuels Production Growth
Forecast
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
2013-Q1 2014-Q1 2015-Q1 2016-Q1 2017-Q1
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
World oil consumption growth (left axis)
Non-OPEC production growth (left axis)
Change in WTI price (right axis)
World Consumption and Non-OPEC Production Growth
million barrels per day dollars per barrel
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
OPEC surplus crude oil production capacity
Note: Shaded area represents 2005-2015 average (2.2 million barrels per day).
Forecast

Forecast
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
Jan 2011 Jan 2012 Jan 2013 Jan 2014 Jan 2015 Jan 2016 Jan 2017
OECD Commercial Stocks of Crude Oil and
Other Liquids (days of supply)
Note: Colored band around days of supply of crude oil and other liquids stocks represents the range
between the minimum and maximum from Jan. 2011 - Dec. 2015.
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
2014 2015 2016 2017
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
U.S. Crude Oil and Liquid Fuels Production
Crude oil (right axis) Natural gas plant liquids (right axis)
Fuel ethanol (right axis) Biodiesel (right axis)
Total production (left axis) Production forecast (left axis)
Forecast
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
525
U.S. Commercial Crude Oil Stocks
million barrels
Note: Colored band around storage levels represents the range between the minimum and
maximum from Jan. 2011 - Dec. 2015.

-0.30
-0.15
0.00
0.15
0.30
0.45
0.60
0.75
0.90
2014 2015 2016 2017
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
20.5
21.0
U.S. Liquid Fuels Product Supplied
Motor gasoline (right axis) Jet fuel (right axis)
Distillate fuel (right axis) Other fuels (right axis)
Total product supplied (left axis) Product supplied forecast (left axis)
Forecast
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
U.S. Gasoline and Distillate Inventories
million barrels
Note: Colored bands around storage levels represent the range between the minimum and
maximum from Jan. 2011 - Dec. 2015.
Total motor gasoline inventory
Total distillate fuel inventory
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2014 2015 2016 2017
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
U.S. Natural Gas Consumption
billion cubic feet per day (Bcf/d)
Electric power (right axis) Residential and comm. (right axis)
Industrial (right axis) Other (right axis)
Total consumption (left axis) Consumption forecast (left axis)
annual change (Bcf/d)

-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2014 2015 2016 2017
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
U.S. Natural Gas Production and Imports
billion cubic feet per day (Bcf/d)
Federal Gulf of Mexico production (right axis) U.S. non-Gulf of Mexico production (right axis)
U.S. net imports (right axis) Total marketed production (left axis)
Marketed production forecast (left axis)
annual change (Bcf/d)
Forecast
-60%
-40%
-20%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
-4,000
-3,000
-2,000
-1,000
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
U.S. Working Natural Gas in Storage
billion cubic feet
Deviation from average
Storage level
deviation from average
Note: Colored band around storage levels represents the range between the minimum
and maximum from Jan. 2011 - Dec. 2015.
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
2014 2015 2016 2017
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
U.S. Coal Consumption
million short tons (MMst)
Electric power (right axis) Retail and general industry (right axis)
Coke plants (right axis) Total consumption (left axis)
Consumption forecast (left axis)
annual change (MMst)

-60
-30
0
30
60
90
2014 2015 2016 2017
50
60
70
80
90
100
U.S. Coal Production
million short tons (MMst)
Western region (right axis) Appalachian region (right axis)
Interior region (right axis) Total production (left axis)
Production forecast (left axis)
annual change (MMst)
Forecast
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
Jan 2008 Jan 2010 Jan 2012 Jan 2014 Jan 2016
U.S. Electric Power Coal Stocks
million short tons
Note: Colored band around stock levels represents the range between the minimum
and maximum from Jan. 2008 - Dec. 2015.
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
2014 2015 2016 2017
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
U.S. Electricity Consumption
million kilowatthours per day (kWh/d)
Residential (right axis) Commercial and transportation (right axis)
Industrial (right axis) Direct use (right axis)
Total consumption (left axis) Consumption forecast (left axis)
annual change (million kWh/d)

5.4%
10.3%
2.4%
5.7%
2.2%
0.2%
1.6% 1.4% 2.1%
3.3%
1.0%
0.0%
3.0%
-3%
0%
3%
6%
9%
12%
15%
18%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
U.S. Residential Electricity Price
cents per kilowatthour
Annual growth (right axis) Residential electricity price Price forecast
21.4% 23.3% 23.9% 24.7% 30.3% 27.7% 27.5% 32.5% 32.2% 31.4%
48.2% 44.4% 44.8% 42.3% 37.4% 38.9% 38.6% 33.8% 33.6% 33.0%
Forecast
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
U.S. Electricity Generation by Fuel, All Sectors
thousand megawatthours per day
Coal
Natural gas
Petroleum
Nuclear
Hydropower
Renewables
Other sources
Note: Labels show percentage share of total generation provided by coal and natural gas.
Forecast
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
U.S. Renewable Energy Supply
quadrillion British thermal units (Btu)
Solar
Geothermal
Other biomass
Wind power
Liquid biofuels
Wood biomass
Hydropower
Note: Hydropower excludes pumped storage generation. Liquid biofuels include ethanol and biodiesel. Other
biomass includes municipal waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, and other non-wood waste.

Forecast
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
U.S. Annual Energy Expenditures
share of gross domestic product
Forecast
-12%
-9%
-6%
-3%
0%
3%
6%
2014 2015 2016 2017
U.S. Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions
annual growth
All fossil fuels Coal Petroleum Natural gas
-6%
-3%
0%
3%
6%
9%
12%
15%
18%
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
U.S. Total Industrial Production Index
index (2007 = 100)
Change from prior year (right axis)
Industrial production index (left axis)
change
Forecast

-6%
-3%
0%
3%
6%
9%
12%
15%
18%
10,400
10,800
11,200
11,600
12,000
12,400
12,800
13,200
13,600
U.S. Disposable Income
billion 2009 dollars, seasonally adjusted
Change from prior year (right axis)
Real disposable income (left axis)
change
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
April May June July August September
U.S. Summer Cooling Degree Days
population-weighted
2014
2015
2016
2017
Note: EIA calculations based on from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration data. Horizontal lines
indicate each month's prior 10-year average (2006-2015). Projections reflect NOAA's 14-16 month outlook.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
October November December January February March
U.S. Winter Heating Degree Days
population-weighted
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16
2016/17
Note: EIA calculations based on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) data. Horizontal lines
indicate each month's prior 10-year average (Oct 2005 - Mar 2015). Projections reflect NOAA's 14-16 month outlook.

U.S. Census Regions and Divisions

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook - January 2016
08-09 09-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 % Change
Natural Gas
Northeast
Consumption (Mcf**) 80.3 75.7 80.7 66.4 76.1 84.0 84.7 69.9 -17.5
Price ($/mcf) 15.83 13.31 12.66 12.21 11.71 11.53 10.85 10.76 -0.9
Expenditures ($) 1,272 1,007 1,022 812 891 969 919 752 -18.2
Midwest
Consumption (Mcf) 80.7 78.6 80.2 65.4 77.6 88.1 83.1 69.6 -16.3
Price ($/mcf) 11.47 9.44 9.23 8.99 8.36 8.69 8.55 7.75 -9.4
Expenditures ($) 926 742 740 587 648 766 711 539 -24.2
South
Consumption (Mcf) 47.3 53.3 49.3 40.9 46.5 52.1 50.5 42.6 -15.7
Price ($/mcf) 14.07 11.52 11.02 11.45 10.71 10.77 10.84 11.10 2.4
Expenditures ($) 665 614 544 468 498 562 548 473 -13.6
West
Consumption (Mcf) 47.8 49.9 49.4 49.1 48.6 46.3 41.4 45.7 10.4
Price ($/mcf) 10.86 9.91 9.67 9.35 9.13 9.96 10.67 9.06 -15.1
Expenditures ($) 519 494 478 459 443 462 441 414 -6.2
U.S. Average
Consumption (Mcf) 64.2 64.4 65.0 55.7 62.5 68.0 64.8 57.1 -11.8
Price ($/mcf) 12.87 10.83 10.46 10.25 9.72 9.97 9.91 9.32 -6.0
Expenditures ($) 826 698 680 571 607 677 642 532 -17.1
Heating Oil
U.S. Average
Consumption (gallons) 576.7 544.8 580.7 471.2 545.5 606.9 608.8 500.5 -17.8
Price ($/gallon) 2.65 2.85 3.38 3.73 3.87 3.88 3.04 2.17 -28.5
Expenditures ($) 1,530 1,552 1,966 1,757 2,113 2,352 1,851 1,088 -41.2
Electricity
Northeast
Consumption (kWh***) 7,063 6,847 7,076 6,436 6,862 7,221 7,250 6,590 -9.1
Price ($/kwh) 0.152 0.152 0.154 0.154 0.152 0.163 0.168 0.169 0.6
Expenditures ($) 1,071 1,039 1,091 993 1,046 1,177 1,221 1,116 -8.6
Midwest
Consumption (kWh) 8,751 8,660 8,733 7,897 8,588 9,168 8,858 8,143 -8.1
Price ($/kwh) 0.097 0.099 0.105 0.111 0.112 0.112 0.118 0.119 1.3
Expenditures ($) 851 856 914 875 958 1,031 1,043 971 -6.9
South
Consumption (kWh) 8,057 8,486 8,224 7,470 7,977 8,385 8,291 7,601 -8.3
Price ($/kwh) 0.109 0.103 0.104 0.107 0.107 0.109 0.111 0.109 -2.0
Expenditures ($) 878 873 856 798 851 914 920 827 -10.2
West
Consumption (kWh) 7,084 7,239 7,216 7,190 7,150 6,979 6,591 6,928 5.1
Price ($/kwh) 0.107 0.110 0.112 0.115 0.119 0.123 0.126 0.131 3.6
Expenditures ($) 755 799 809 825 848 860 833 907 8.9
U.S. Average
Consumption (kWh) 7,725 7,937 7,844 7,253 7,672 7,983 7,805 7,336 -6.0
Price ($/kwh) 0.112 0.110 0.113 0.116 0.117 0.120 0.123 0.123 0.1
Expenditures ($) 866 873 884 843 895 956 960 904 -5.9
Table WF01. Average Consumer Prices and Expenditures for Heating Fuels During the Winter
Fuel / Region
ForecastWinter of

08-09 09-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 % Change
Table WF01. Average Consumer Prices and Expenditures for Heating Fuels During the Winter
Fuel / Region
ForecastWinter of
Propane
Northeast
Price* ($/gallon) 2.84 2.98 3.24 3.34 3.00 3.56 3.00 2.73 -9.0
Expenditures ($) 2,031 2,004 2,321 1,990 2,031 2,653 2,254 1,714 -24.0
Midwest
Price* ($/gallon) 2.11 1.99 2.11 2.23 1.74 2.61 1.91 1.56 -18.3
Expenditures ($) 1,678 1,548 1,674 1,437 1,333 2,267 1,553 1,073 -30.9
Number of households by primary space heating fuel (thousands)
Northeast
Natural gas 10,889 10,992 11,118 11,236 11,345 11,484 11,612 11,681 0.6
Heating oil 6,280 6,016 5,858 5,701 5,458 5,218 5,084 4,931 -3.0
Propane 713 733 744 761 813 844 839 845 0.8
Electricity 2,563 2,645 2,776 2,894 3,011 3,028 3,064 3,149 2.8
Wood 474 501 512 548 582 579 581 596 2.6
Other/None 307 311 315 324 377 434 432 433 0.3
Midwest
Natural gas 18,288 18,050 17,977 18,019 18,054 18,098 18,176 18,095 -0.4
Heating oil 491 451 419 393 360 337 316 291 -8.0
Propane 2,131 2,098 2,073 2,037 2,063 2,096 2,056 2,012 -2.2
Electricity 4,570 4,715 4,922 5,119 5,333 5,430 5,516 5,710 3.5
Wood 584 616 618 631 640 630 630 635 0.8
Other/None 264 283 289 282 319 354 348 348 0.0
South
Natural gas 13,958 13,731 13,657 13,636 13,681 13,775 13,897 13,881 -0.1
Heating oil 956 906 853 790 738 700 662 614 -7.3
Propane 2,220 2,165 2,098 2,024 1,982 1,946 1,887 1,802 -4.5
Electricity 25,258 25,791 26,555 27,283 27,857 28,203 28,655 29,225 2.0
Wood 593 586 599 609 612 611 612 627 2.4
Other/None 314 314 309 304 367 420 395 387 -2.0
West
Natural gas 15,027 14,939 15,020 15,021 15,008 15,043 15,198 15,251 0.3
Heating oil 294 289 279 261 247 234 226 219 -3.3
Propane 936 940 914 885 909 931 900 879 -2.3
Electricity 7,768 7,877 8,126 8,439 8,671 8,745 8,905 9,180 3.1
Wood 703 721 725 736 728 741 759 757 -0.3
Other/None 837 850 850 829 903 1,023 1,018 985 -3.2
U.S. Totals
Natural gas 58,162 57,713 57,771 57,912 58,088 58,400 58,882 58,908 0.0
Heating oil 8,021 7,662 7,408 7,145 6,803 6,489 6,288 6,054 -3.7
Propane 5,999 5,936 5,829 5,707 5,766 5,816 5,682 5,538 -2.5
Electricity 40,159 41,029 42,380 43,734 44,872 45,405 46,139 47,264 2.4
Wood 2,353 2,424 2,454 2,524 2,563 2,561 2,583 2,616 1.3
Other/None 1,723 1,758 1,763 1,739 1,965 2,231 2,192 2,153 -1.8
Heating degree days
Northeast 5,313 4,933 5,337 4,217 4,964 5,593 5,646 4,494 -20.4
Midwest 5,810 5,639 5,773 4,484 5,544 6,451 6,004 4,854 -19.2
South 2,493 2,870 2,632 2,023 2,430 2,787 2,697 2,135 -20.8
West 3,116 3,285 3,258 3,229 3,181 2,987 2,563 2,935 14.5
U.S. Average 3,869 3,937 3,939 3,224 3,721 4,109 3,883 3,310 -14.8
*** kilowatthour
* Prices exclude taxes
** thousand cubic feet
Note: Winter covers the period October 1 through March 31. Fuel prices are nominal prices. Fuel consumption per household is based only
on households that use that fuel as the primary space-heating fuel. Included in fuel consumption is consumption for water heating,
appliances, and lighting (electricity). Per-household consumption based on an average of EIA 2005 and 2009 Residential Energy
Consumption Surveys corrected for actual and projected heating degree days. Number of households using heating oil includes kerosene.

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 2015 2016 2017
Energy Supply
Crude Oil Production (a)
(million barrels per day) ......................... 9.49 9.50 9.43 9.30 9.11 8.86 8.48 8.49 8.52 8.48 8.34 8.52 9.43 8.73 8.46
Dry Natural Gas Production
(billion cubic feet per day) ..................... 73.67 74.50 75.26 74.36 74.50 74.65 74.75 75.39 75.82 76.02 76.14 76.84 74.45 74.82 76.21
Coal Production
(million short tons) ................................ 240 211 232 207 215 205 219 214 214 200 216 213 890 852 843
Energy Consumption
Liquid Fuels
(million barrels per day) ......................... 19.29 19.25 19.68 19.27 19.19 19.42 19.81 19.71 19.41 19.68 20.12 20.01 19.37 19.53 19.81
Natural Gas
(billion cubic feet per day) ..................... 96.67 64.09 66.07 75.34 94.30 65.87 67.05 79.15 94.14 66.47 67.88 80.61 75.46 76.57 77.21
Coal (b)
(million short tons) ................................ 212 189 231 183 203 187 228 196 205 183 224 193 816 815 804
Electricity
(billion kilowatt hours per day) ............... 10.74 10.04 11.79 9.88 10.52 10.14 11.90 10.06 10.68 10.23 12.00 10.17 10.61 10.66 10.78
Renewables (c)
(quadrillion Btu) ..................................... 2.43 2.43 2.34 2.31 2.43 2.65 2.50 2.47 2.60 2.86 2.65 2.58 9.51 10.06 10.69
Total Energy Consumption (d)
(quadrillion Btu) ..................................... 26.38 23.01 24.49 23.77 25.72 23.00 24.38 24.61 25.83 23.30 24.65 24.90 97.65 97.71 98.68
Energy Prices
Crude Oil West Texas Intermediate Spot
(dollars per barrel) ................................. 48.48 57.85 46.55 41.94 36.36 38.02 39.69 40.00 41.03 44.72 49.00 53.29 48.67 38.54 47.00
Natural Gas Henry Hub Spot
(dollars per million Btu) .......................... 2.90 2.75 2.76 2.12 2.37 2.47 2.78 2.98 3.27 3.00 3.20 3.41 2.63 2.65 3.22
Coal
(dollars per million Btu) .......................... 2.27 2.25 2.22 2.18 2.18 2.21 2.21 2.17 2.17 2.22 2.23 2.19 2.23 2.19 2.20
Macroeconomic
Real Gross Domestic Product
(billion chained 2009 dollars - SAAR) ..... 16,177 16,334 16,418 16,483 16,595 16,707 16,849 17,009 17,141 17,288 17,419 17,521 16,353 16,790 17,342
Percent change from prior year .............. 2.9 2.7 2.2 2.1 2.6 2.3 2.6 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.0 2.5 2.7 3.3
GDP Implicit Price Deflator
(Index, 2009=100) ................................. 109.1 109.7 110.0 110.5 111.2 111.7 112.2 112.7 113.4 113.9 114.3 114.9 109.8 111.9 114.1
Real Disposable Personal Income
(billion chained 2009 dollars - SAAR) ..... 12,115 12,194 12,312 12,417 12,520 12,593 12,704 12,806 12,923 13,049 13,164 13,260 12,259 12,656 13,099
Manufacturing Production Index
(Index, 2012=100) ................................. 105.5 105.8 106.7 107.0 106.9 106.9 107.9 109.8 110.9 111.6 112.7 113.5 106.2 107.9 112.2
Weather
U.S. Heating Degree-Days .................... 2,343 443 49 1,247 2,063 453 69 1,516 2,121 477 76 1,550 4,082 4,101 4,223
U.S. Cooling Degree-Days .................... 46 434 876 130 39 399 866 98 40 404 882 100 1,486 1,402 1,426
EIA does not estimate or project end-use consumption of non-marketed renewable energy.
Table 1. U.S. Energy Markets Summary
2015 2016 2017 Year
- = no data available
Prices are not adjusted for inflation.
(a) Includes lease condensate.
(b) Total consumption includes Independent Power Producer (IPP) consumption.
(c) Renewable energy includes minor components of non-marketed renewable energy that is neither bought nor sold, either directly or indirectly, as inputs to marketed energy.
Minor discrepancies with published historical data are due to independent rounding.
Projections: EIA Regional Short-Term Energy Model. Macroeconomic projections are based on Global Insight Model of the U.S. Economy.
Weather projections from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
(d) The conversion from physical units to Btu is calculated using a subset of conversion factors used in the calculations of gross energy consumption in EIA’s Monthly Energy Review
Consequently, the historical data may not precisely match those published in the MER or the Annual Energy Review (AER).
Notes: The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.
Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports: Petroleum Supply Monthly , DOE/EIA-0109;
Petroleum Supply Annual , DOE/EIA-0340/2; Weekly Petroleum Status Report , DOE/EIA-0208; Petroleum Marketing Monthly , DOE/EIA-0380; Natural Gas Monthly , DOE/EIA-0130;
Electric Power Monthly , DOE/EIA-0226; Quarterly Coal Report , DOE/EIA-0121; and International Petroleum Monthly , DOE/EIA-0520.

Crude Oil (dollars per barrel)
West Texas Intermediate Spot Average .............................. 48.48 57.85 46.55 41.94 36.36 38.02 39.69 40.00 41.03 44.72 49.00 53.29 48.67 38.54 47.00
Brent Spot Average ............................................................. 53.91 61.65 50.43 43.53 36.36 40.02 41.69 42.34 44.03 47.72 52.00 56.29 52.32 40.15 50.00
U.S. Imported Average ........................................................ 46.40 56.12 45.59 37.95 32.85 34.50 36.17 36.50 37.51 41.17 45.49 49.84 46.41 35.09 43.61
U.S. Refiner Average Acquisition Cost ................................ 47.98 57.47 47.70 40.82 35.34 37.01 38.66 39.00 40.01 43.69 47.98 52.36 48.52 37.53 46.11
U.S. Liquid Fuels (cents per gallon)
Refiner Prices for Resale
Gasoline ........................................................................... 159 201 184 144 121 141 139 122 127 157 162 148 172 131 149
Diesel Fuel ....................................................................... 176 189 161 141 121 131 138 142 146 154 167 179 167 133 162
Heating Oil ........................................................................ 178 180 151 126 117 123 130 139 143 145 158 175 156 127 156
Refiner Prices to End Users
Jet Fuel ............................................................................. 172 186 156 135 119 126 132 137 141 149 161 173 162 128 156
No. 6 Residual Fuel Oil (a) ............................................... 137 154 123 106 92 91 96 98 101 106 117 128 128 94 113
Retail Prices Including Taxes
Gasoline Regular Grade (b) ............................................. 227 267 260 216 195 213 211 194 196 228 235 222 243 203 221
Gasoline All Grades (b) .................................................... 236 275 269 226 204 222 220 203 205 237 244 231 252 212 230
On-highway Diesel Fuel ................................................... 292 285 263 244 217 228 232 237 243 253 263 276 271 229 259
Heating Oil ........................................................................ 288 276 247 224 213 212 213 223 235 234 242 258 265 216 243
Natural Gas
Henry Hub Spot (dollars per thousand cubic feet) .............. 2.99 2.83 2.84 2.18 2.44 2.55 2.86 3.07 3.37 3.09 3.30 3.51 2.71 2.73 3.32
Henry Hub Spot (dollars per million Btu) ............................ 2.90 2.75 2.76 2.12 2.37 2.47 2.78 2.98 3.27 3.00 3.20 3.41 2.63 2.65 3.22
U.S. End-Use Prices (dollars per thousand cubic feet)
Industrial Sector ............................................................... 4.57 3.68 3.65 3.44 3.57 3.36 3.74 4.16 4.55 3.97 4.21 4.62 3.85 3.72 4.35
Commercial Sector .......................................................... 7.94 8.13 8.41 7.43 7.24 7.65 8.40 7.78 7.95 8.34 8.92 8.25 7.89 7.59 8.21
Residential Sector ............................................................ 9.30 11.96 16.46 10.16 8.59 11.39 15.69 9.82 9.02 11.83 16.09 10.08 10.37 9.85 10.23
U.S. Electricity
Power Generation Fuel Costs (dollars per million Btu)
Coal .................................................................................. 2.27 2.25 2.22 2.18 2.18 2.21 2.21 2.17 2.17 2.22 2.23 2.19 2.23 2.19 2.20
Natural Gas ..................................................................... 4.09 3.11 3.09 2.99 3.52 3.25 3.36 4.07 4.43 3.74 3.74 4.45 3.29 3.53 4.05
Residual Fuel Oil (c) ......................................................... 10.82 11.64 10.48 8.97 7.86 8.41 8.44 8.48 8.58 9.63 9.87 10.37 10.56 8.29 9.59
Distillate Fuel Oil .............................................................. 15.61 15.16 13.18 11.63 10.74 11.40 11.84 12.61 13.00 13.43 14.20 15.43 14.49 11.59 13.95
End-Use Prices (cents per kilowatthour)
Industrial Sector ............................................................... 6.78 6.81 7.31 6.66 6.75 6.80 7.33 6.74 6.87 6.88 7.42 6.83 6.90 6.91 7.01
Commercial Sector .......................................................... 10.47 10.53 10.95 10.52 10.61 10.70 11.15 10.76 10.86 10.93 11.38 11.00 10.63 10.82 11.05
Residential Sector ............................................................ 12.23 12.85 12.99 12.50 12.16 12.70 13.00 12.68 12.48 13.14 13.40 13.04 12.65 12.65 13.02
(c) Includes fuel oils No. 4, No. 5, No. 6, and topped crude.
Table 2. Energy Prices
2015 2016 2017 Year
(a) Average for all sulfur contents.
(b) Average self-service cash price.
Projections: EIA Regional Short-Term Energy Model.
Prices exclude taxes unless otherwise noted.
Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports: Petroleum Marketing Monthly , DOE/EIA-0380;
Weekly Petroleum Status Report , DOE/EIA-0208; Natural Gas Monthly , DOE/EIA-0130; Electric Power Monthly , DOE/EIA-0226; and Monthly Energy Review , DOE/EIA-0035.
WTI and Brent crude oils, and Henry Hub natural gas spot prices from Reuter's News Service (http://www.reuters.com).

Supply (million barrels per day) (a)
OECD ................................................. 26.65 26.48 26.79 26.59 26.30 26.05 25.80 25.98 25.88 25.88 25.91 26.16 26.63 26.03 25.96
U.S. (50 States) ............................... 14.81 15.10 15.14 15.05 14.82 14.69 14.40 14.48 14.45 14.64 14.59 14.83 15.03 14.60 14.63
Canada ............................................ 4.69 4.22 4.55 4.52 4.50 4.50 4.58 4.60 4.58 4.55 4.62 4.64 4.50 4.55 4.60
Mexico ............................................. 2.68 2.58 2.62 2.63 2.62 2.60 2.59 2.57 2.55 2.54 2.53 2.51 2.63 2.59 2.53
North Sea (b) ................................... 3.00 3.10 2.92 2.84 2.83 2.72 2.69 2.77 2.75 2.59 2.60 2.60 2.97 2.75 2.63
Other OECD .................................... 1.47 1.47 1.55 1.54 1.53 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.55 1.56 1.58 1.58 1.51 1.54 1.57
Non-OECD ......................................... 68.04 69.11 69.81 69.36 68.77 69.73 70.73 70.36 69.65 70.66 71.45 71.14 69.09 69.90 70.73
OPEC .............................................. 37.53 38.24 38.75 38.67 38.50 38.94 39.66 39.52 39.44 39.90 40.38 40.32 38.30 39.16 40.01
Crude Oil Portion .......................... 30.98 31.67 32.03 31.90 31.60 31.97 32.62 32.43 32.23 32.65 33.05 32.94 31.65 32.16 32.72
Other Liquids (c) ........................... 6.55 6.57 6.72 6.77 6.90 6.97 7.04 7.10 7.21 7.25 7.32 7.38 6.65 7.00 7.29
Eurasia ............................................ 14.09 14.01 14.01 13.93 13.88 13.90 13.93 13.95 13.79 13.81 13.82 13.83 14.01 13.92 13.81
China ............................................... 4.66 4.73 4.72 4.69 4.67 4.70 4.71 4.71 4.69 4.72 4.73 4.73 4.70 4.70 4.72
Other Non-OECD ............................ 11.76 12.13 12.33 12.07 11.72 12.18 12.43 12.17 11.73 12.23 12.52 12.26 12.07 12.13 12.19
Total World Supply ............................. 94.69 95.58 96.60 95.95 95.07 95.78 96.53 96.33 95.52 96.54 97.36 97.30 95.71 95.93 96.69
Non-OPEC Supply .............................. 57.16 57.34 57.85 57.29 56.57 56.84 56.87 56.81 56.08 56.64 56.98 56.98 57.41 56.77 56.68
Consumption (million barrels per day) (d)
OECD ................................................. 46.62 45.36 46.51 46.65 46.83 45.80 46.73 47.17 47.12 46.15 47.12 47.55 46.28 46.63 46.99
U.S. (50 States) ............................... 19.29 19.25 19.68 19.27 19.19 19.42 19.81 19.71 19.41 19.68 20.12 20.01 19.37 19.53 19.81
U.S. Territories ................................ 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.37 0.40 0.42
Canada ............................................ 2.36 2.27 2.43 2.41 2.38 2.32 2.43 2.41 2.38 2.32 2.43 2.41 2.37 2.38 2.38
Europe ............................................. 13.53 13.43 13.91 13.86 13.74 13.47 13.92 13.87 13.76 13.50 13.95 13.89 13.68 13.75 13.78
Japan ............................................... 4.80 3.92 3.91 4.28 4.58 3.85 3.88 4.25 4.54 3.82 3.85 4.22 4.23 4.14 4.11
Other OECD .................................... 6.26 6.13 6.21 6.45 6.54 6.34 6.29 6.53 6.60 6.40 6.34 6.59 6.26 6.42 6.48
Non-OECD ......................................... 46.27 47.85 48.19 47.63 47.31 48.93 49.28 48.70 48.34 50.01 50.37 49.77 47.49 48.56 49.63
Eurasia ............................................ 4.71 4.65 4.92 4.90 4.73 4.66 4.93 4.92 4.75 4.68 4.96 4.94 4.80 4.81 4.83
Europe ............................................. 0.71 0.72 0.74 0.74 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.75 0.73 0.74 0.76 0.76 0.73 0.73 0.74
China ............................................... 10.77 11.36 11.32 11.27 11.08 11.69 11.64 11.59 11.37 11.99 11.94 11.89 11.18 11.50 11.80
Other Asia ........................................ 12.11 12.33 11.87 12.19 12.49 12.71 12.23 12.56 12.84 13.07 12.57 12.92 12.13 12.50 12.85
Other Non-OECD ............................ 17.96 18.79 19.35 18.53 18.30 19.15 19.73 18.89 18.65 19.53 20.14 19.26 18.66 19.02 19.40
Total World Consumption ................... 92.89 93.21 94.69 94.28 94.14 94.73 96.01 95.87 95.45 96.16 97.49 97.31 93.77 95.19 96.61
Total Crude Oil and Other Liquids Inventory Net Withdrawals (million barrels per day)
U.S. (50 States) .................................. -0.54 -0.69 -0.32 -0.10 0.20 -0.32 -0.01 0.55 0.05 -0.38 -0.08 0.61 -0.41 0.11 0.05
Other OECD ....................................... -0.35 -0.65 -0.57 -0.57 -0.42 -0.25 -0.18 -0.36 -0.05 0.00 0.07 -0.21 -0.53 -0.30 -0.05
Other Stock Draws and Balance ........ -0.91 -1.04 -1.02 -1.00 -0.71 -0.47 -0.33 -0.65 -0.08 0.00 0.14 -0.38 -0.99 -0.54 -0.08
Total Stock Draw ............................. -1.80 -2.37 -1.91 -1.68 -0.93 -1.04 -0.52 -0.46 -0.07 -0.38 0.13 0.02 -1.94 -0.74 -0.08
End-of-period Commercial Crude Oil and Other Liquids Inventories
U.S. Commercial Inventory ................ 1,217 1,277 1,306 1,315 1,297 1,326 1,327 1,276 1,271 1,306 1,313 1,258 1,315 1,276 1,258
OECD Commercial Inventory ............. 2,800 2,918 2,998 3,061 3,080 3,132 3,149 3,132 3,132 3,166 3,167 3,131 3,061 3,132 3,131
(a) Supply includes production of crude oil (including lease condensates), natural gas plant liquids, biofuels, other liquids, and refinery processing gains.
Table 3a. International Petroleum and Other Liquids Production, Consumption, and Inventories
2015 2016 2017 Year
OECD = Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Venezuela.
(b) Includes offshore supply from Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, and the United Kingdom.
(c) Includes lease condensate, natural gas plant liquids, other liquids, and refinery prodessing gain. Includes other unaccounted-for liquids.
(d) Consumption of petroleum by the OECD countries is synonymous with "petroleum product supplied," defined in the glossary of the EIAPetroleum Supply Monthly, DOE/EIA-0109.
Consumption of petroleum by the non-OECD countries is "apparent consumption," which includes internal consumption, refinery fuel and loss, and bunkering.
Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration international energy statistics.

North America ..................................................... 22.18 21.90 22.31 22.20 21.94 21.79 21.57 21.66 21.58 21.74 21.73 21.98 22.15 21.74 21.76
Canada .................................................................. 4.69 4.22 4.55 4.52 4.50 4.50 4.58 4.60 4.58 4.55 4.62 4.64 4.50 4.55 4.60
Mexico ................................................................... 2.68 2.58 2.62 2.63 2.62 2.60 2.59 2.57 2.55 2.54 2.53 2.51 2.63 2.59 2.53
United States ......................................................... 14.81 15.10 15.14 15.05 14.82 14.69 14.40 14.48 14.45 14.64 14.59 14.83 15.03 14.60 14.63
Central and South America ............................... 4.95 5.43 5.69 5.38 4.99 5.50 5.75 5.47 5.01 5.52 5.77 5.49 5.37 5.43 5.45
Argentina ............................................................... 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.75 0.70 0.72 0.76 0.76 0.72 0.74 0.77 0.77 0.73 0.74 0.75
Brazil ..................................................................... 2.75 3.23 3.49 3.14 2.77 3.27 3.53 3.21 2.78 3.29 3.55 3.23 3.16 3.19 3.22
Colombia ............................................................... 1.05 1.05 0.99 1.03 1.05 1.04 0.99 1.02 1.03 1.02 0.97 1.00 1.03 1.03 1.01
Other Central and S. America ................................ 0.46 0.43 0.46 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.45 0.47 0.48
Europe ................................................................. 3.95 4.05 3.88 3.79 3.77 3.66 3.63 3.72 3.69 3.53 3.55 3.55 3.92 3.70 3.58
Norway .................................................................. 1.94 1.94 1.93 1.88 1.88 1.80 1.84 1.84 1.81 1.76 1.73 1.69 1.92 1.84 1.75
United Kingdom (offshore) ..................................... 0.88 0.98 0.82 0.79 0.77 0.74 0.67 0.75 0.75 0.63 0.68 0.72 0.87 0.73 0.70
Other North Sea .................................................... 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.19
Eurasia ................................................................. 14.11 14.02 14.03 13.94 13.90 13.92 13.94 13.97 13.81 13.82 13.84 13.85 14.03 13.93 13.83
Azerbaijan .............................................................. 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.87 0.87 0.86
Kazakhstan ............................................................ 1.76 1.71 1.69 1.70 1.71 1.71 1.72 1.75 1.76 1.75 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.72 1.75
Russia ................................................................... 10.99 10.98 10.95 10.87 10.83 10.84 10.86 10.87 10.70 10.73 10.76 10.78 10.95 10.85 10.74
Turkmenistan ......................................................... 0.29 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.29 0.29
Other Eurasia ........................................................ 0.20 0.19 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.21 0.20 0.19
Middle East ......................................................... 1.18 1.13 1.15 1.14 1.14 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.11 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.15 1.13 1.09
Oman .................................................................... 0.97 0.98 1.02 1.02 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.97 1.00 0.98 0.97
Syria ...................................................................... 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.00
Yemen ................................................................... 0.11 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.05
Asia and Oceania ............................................... 8.51 8.54 8.49 8.53 8.55 8.56 8.57 8.58 8.58 8.60 8.62 8.62 8.52 8.57 8.61
Australia ................................................................ 0.39 0.38 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.47 0.42 0.44 0.46
China ..................................................................... 4.66 4.73 4.72 4.69 4.67 4.70 4.71 4.71 4.69 4.72 4.73 4.73 4.70 4.70 4.72
India ...................................................................... 1.01 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.01 1.02 1.03
Malaysia ................................................................ 0.80 0.77 0.68 0.73 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.77 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.77 0.76
Vietnam ................................................................. 0.36 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.35 0.35 0.33
Africa ................................................................... 2.28 2.26 2.29 2.29 2.27 2.28 2.28 2.30 2.31 2.35 2.38 2.41 2.28 2.28 2.36
Egypt ..................................................................... 0.71 0.70 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.71 0.69 0.68
Equatorial Guinea .................................................. 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.24
Gabon ................................................................... 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.20
Sudan and South Sudan ........................................ 0.26 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.25
Total non-OPEC liquids ....................................... 57.16 57.34 57.85 57.29 56.57 56.84 56.87 56.81 56.08 56.64 56.98 56.98 57.41 56.77 56.68
OPEC non-crude liquids .................................... 6.55 6.57 6.72 6.77 6.90 6.97 7.04 7.10 7.21 7.25 7.32 7.38 6.65 7.00 7.29
Non-OPEC + OPEC non-crude .......................... 63.71 63.91 64.57 64.06 63.46 63.81 63.91 63.90 63.29 63.89 64.31 64.36 64.07 63.77 63.97
Unplanned non-OPEC Production Outages ....... 0.27 0.46 0.40 0.35 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0.37 n/a n/a
Table 3b. Non-OPEC Petroleum and Other Liquids Supply (million barrels per day)
2015 2016 2017 Year
OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Venezuela.
Supply includes production of crude oil (including lease condensates), natural gas plant liquids, biofuels, other liquids, and refinery processing gains.
Not all countries are shown in each region and sum of reported country volumes may not equal regional volumes.

Crude Oil
Algeria ........................................................... 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 - - - - - - - - 1.10 - -
Angola ........................................................... 1.77 1.78 1.81 1.77 - - - - - - - - 1.78 - -
Ecudaor ......................................................... 0.55 0.54 0.55 0.57 - - - - - - - - 0.55 - -
Indonesia ....................................................... 0.66 0.71 0.69 0.71 - - - - - - - - 0.69 - -
Iran ................................................................ 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 - - - - - - - - 2.80 - -
Iraq ................................................................ 3.57 4.03 4.33 4.37 - - - - - - - - 4.08 - -
Kuwait ........................................................... 2.57 2.53 2.50 2.45 - - - - - - - - 2.51 - -
Libya .............................................................. 0.40 0.45 0.38 0.39 - - - - - - - - 0.40 - -
Nigeria ........................................................... 2.03 1.88 1.88 1.90 - - - - - - - - 1.92 - -
Qatar ............................................................. 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 - - - - - - - - 0.68 - -
Saudi Arabia .................................................. 9.73 10.07 10.22 10.07 - - - - - - - - 10.02 - -
United Arab Emirates .................................... 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 - - - - - - - - 2.70 - -
Venezuela ..................................................... 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 - - - - - - - - 2.40 - -
OPEC Total ................................................ 30.98 31.67 32.03 31.90 31.60 31.97 32.62 32.43 32.23 32.65 33.05 32.94 31.65 32.16 32.72
Other Liquids (a) ............................................ 6.55 6.57 6.72 6.77 6.90 6.97 7.04 7.10 7.21 7.25 7.32 7.38 6.65 7.00 7.29
Total OPEC Supply ........................................ 37.53 38.24 38.75 38.67 38.50 38.94 39.66 39.52 39.44 39.90 40.38 40.32 38.30 39.16 40.01
Crude Oil Production Capacity
Africa ............................................................. 5.31 5.21 5.17 5.16 5.08 5.13 5.18 5.26 5.28 5.35 5.43 5.49 5.21 5.16 5.39
South America ............................................... 2.95 2.94 2.95 2.97 2.87 2.85 2.86 2.89 2.77 2.76 2.66 2.68 2.95 2.87 2.72
Middle East ................................................... 23.97 24.34 24.56 24.60 24.75 25.42 25.65 25.57 25.62 25.74 25.94 25.92 24.37 25.35 25.81
Asia ............................................................... 0.69 0.71 0.69 0.71 0.71 0.74 0.76 0.76 0.72 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.74 0.71
OPEC Total ................................................ 32.92 33.21 33.37 33.43 33.41 34.14 34.45 34.48 34.40 34.57 34.74 34.80 33.23 34.12 34.63
Surplus Crude Oil Production Capacity
Africa ............................................................. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
South America ............................................... 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Middle East ................................................... 1.92 1.53 1.33 1.53 1.81 2.18 1.83 2.05 2.17 1.92 1.69 1.88 1.58 1.97 1.91
Asia ............................................................... 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00
OPEC Total ................................................ 1.94 1.54 1.33 1.53 1.81 2.18 1.83 2.05 2.17 1.92 1.69 1.88 1.59 1.97 1.91
Unplanned OPEC Production Outages ........ 2.57 2.64 2.76 2.78 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 2.69 n/a n/a
Table 3c. OPEC Crude Oil (excluding condensates) Supply (million barrels per day)
2015 2016 2017 Year
OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: Algeria, Angola, Libya, and Nigeria (Africa); Ecuador and Venezuela (South America); Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirate
(Middle East); Indonesia (Asia).
(a) Includes lease condensate, natural gas plant liquids, other liquids, and refinery prodessing gain. Includes other unaccounted-for liquids.

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2015 2016 2017
North America ............................................................. 23.57 23.47 24.04 23.62 23.52 23.70 24.17 24.06 23.73 23.96 24.49 24.36 23.68 23.86 24.14
Canada .......................................................................... 2.36 2.27 2.43 2.41 2.38 2.32 2.43 2.41 2.38 2.32 2.43 2.41 2.37 2.38 2.38
Mexico ........................................................................... 1.91 1.95 1.92 1.93 1.93 1.95 1.92 1.93 1.93 1.95 1.92 1.93 1.93 1.93 1.93
United States ................................................................. 19.29 19.25 19.68 19.27 19.19 19.42 19.81 19.71 19.41 19.68 20.12 20.01 19.37 19.53 19.81
Central and South America ..................................... 7.08 7.35 7.41 7.38 7.17 7.44 7.47 7.45 7.24 7.51 7.55 7.53 7.31 7.38 7.46
Brazil .............................................................................. 3.03 3.14 3.21 3.20 3.06 3.18 3.24 3.23 3.09 3.21 3.28 3.26 3.15 3.18 3.21
Europe ......................................................................... 14.24 14.14 14.64 14.59 14.46 14.20 14.67 14.62 14.49 14.24 14.71 14.65 14.41 14.49 14.52
Eurasia ......................................................................... 4.74 4.68 4.95 4.93 4.76 4.69 4.97 4.95 4.79 4.71 4.99 4.98 4.83 4.84 4.87
Russia ........................................................................... 3.39 3.34 3.54 3.53 3.35 3.30 3.50 3.48 3.31 3.26 3.45 3.44 3.45 3.41 3.37
Middle East ................................................................. 7.93 8.53 9.13 8.29 8.12 8.73 9.33 8.45 8.27 8.91 9.53 8.62 8.47 8.66 8.84
Asia and Oceania ...................................................... 31.43 31.16 30.68 31.60 32.07 31.95 31.41 32.33 32.73 32.64 32.08 33.01 31.22 31.94 32.61
China ............................................................................. 10.77 11.36 11.32 11.27 11.08 11.69 11.64 11.59 11.37 11.99 11.94 11.89 11.18 11.50 11.80
Japan ............................................................................. 4.80 3.92 3.91 4.28 4.58 3.85 3.88 4.25 4.54 3.82 3.85 4.22 4.23 4.14 4.11
India ............................................................................... 4.08 4.06 3.72 4.02 4.25 4.23 3.88 4.19 4.42 4.41 4.04 4.37 3.97 4.14 4.31
Africa ........................................................................... 3.89 3.88 3.84 3.86 4.04 4.03 3.99 4.01 4.20 4.19 4.14 4.17 3.86 4.02 4.17
Total OECD Liquid Fuels Consumption .................. 46.62 45.36 46.51 46.65 46.83 45.80 46.73 47.17 47.12 46.15 47.12 47.55 46.28 46.63 46.99
Total non-OECD Liquid Fuels Consumption .......... 46.27 47.85 48.19 47.63 47.31 48.93 49.28 48.70 48.34 50.01 50.37 49.77 47.49 48.56 49.63
Total World Liquid Fuels Consumption .................. 92.89 93.21 94.69 94.28 94.14 94.73 96.01 95.87 95.45 96.16 97.49 97.31 93.77 95.19 96.61
World Index, 2010 Q1 = 100 ........................................ 116.1 116.9 117.5 118.1 118.9 119.8 120.6 121.6 122.6 123.6 124.5 125.6 117.1 120.3 124.1
Percent change from prior year ................................. 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.1 2.4 2.6 2.7 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 2.4 2.7 3.2
OECD Index, 2010 Q1 = 100 ....................................... 109.2 109.8 110.4 110.8 111.4 112.0 112.7 113.5 114.3 114.9 115.5 116.2 110.0 112.4 115.2
Non-OECD Index, 2010 Q1 = 100 ............................... 125.0 125.8 126.5 127.5 128.5 129.9 130.8 132.1 133.3 134.9 136.2 137.8 126.2 130.3 135.6
Real U.S. Dollar Exchange Rate (a)
Index, January 2010 = 100 ........................................... 119.29 119.54 122.98 124.93 128.49 129.01 128.72 128.06 127.69 127.09 126.77 126.42 121.69 128.57 126.99
Percent change from prior year .................................... 10.4 10.8 12.8 9.9 7.7 7.9 4.7 2.5 -0.6 -1.5 -1.5 -1.3 11.0 5.7 -1.2
Table 3d. World Petrioleum and Other Liquids Consumption (million barrels per day)
2015 2016 2017
Oil-weighted Real Gross Domestic Product (a)
OECD = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
(a) Weighted geometric mean of real indices for various countries with weights equal to each country's share of world oil consumption in the base period. Exchange rate is measured in foreign currency per U.S.
dollar.

Supply (million barrels per day)
Crude Oil Supply
Domestic Production (a) ......................................... 9.49 9.50 9.43 9.30 9.11 8.86 8.48 8.49 8.52 8.48 8.34 8.52 9.43 8.73 8.46
Alaska .................................................................. 0.50 0.48 0.44 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.43 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.42 0.46 0.48 0.47 0.45
Federal Gulf of Mexico (b) ................................... 1.46 1.47 1.64 1.64 1.67 1.70 1.61 1.73 1.81 1.83 1.73 1.85 1.55 1.68 1.81
Lower 48 States (excl GOM) ................................ 7.52 7.55 7.35 7.16 6.94 6.68 6.45 6.28 6.23 6.20 6.19 6.20 7.39 6.59 6.21
Crude Oil Net Imports (c) ........................................ 6.84 6.74 6.93 6.97 6.57 7.26 7.66 7.42 7.22 7.79 8.01 7.51 6.87 7.23 7.63
SPR Net Withdrawals ............................................. 0.00 -0.03 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00
Commercial Inventory Net Withdrawals ................. -0.91 0.06 0.10 -0.23 -0.23 0.15 0.25 0.13 -0.30 0.10 0.17 0.10 -0.24 0.08 0.02
Crude Oil Adjustment (d) ........................................ 0.11 0.22 0.13 0.09 0.19 0.19 0.21 0.15 0.19 0.19 0.21 0.15 0.14 0.19 0.19
Total Crude Oil Input to Refineries ............................. 15.53 16.48 16.58 16.13 15.63 16.46 16.60 16.19 15.62 16.56 16.72 16.29 16.18 16.22 16.30
Other Supply
Refinery Processing Gain ....................................... 0.99 1.02 1.08 1.07 1.05 1.05 1.09 1.10 1.04 1.07 1.09 1.10 1.04 1.07 1.08
Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production .................... 3.09 3.27 3.31 3.35 3.35 3.44 3.49 3.56 3.56 3.75 3.80 3.86 3.26 3.46 3.74
Renewables and Oxygenate Production (e) ........... 1.05 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.10 1.10 1.12 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.11 1.09 1.11 1.11
Fuel Ethanol Production ...................................... 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.98 0.96 0.98 0.96 0.98 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97
Petroleum Products Adjustment (f) ........................ 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.21 0.22 0.24
Product Net Imports (c) ........................................... -1.89 -2.12 -2.20 -2.73 -2.59 -2.40 -2.45 -2.89 -2.50 -2.56 -2.61 -3.10 -2.24 -2.58 -2.69
Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids .................................... -0.68 -0.80 -0.93 -0.94 -1.06 -1.09 -1.18 -1.19 -1.21 -1.25 -1.35 -1.35 -0.84 -1.13 -1.29
Unfinished Oils .................................................... 0.26 0.28 0.38 0.29 0.34 0.22 0.34 0.32 0.37 0.29 0.38 0.36 0.30 0.31 0.35
Other HC/Oxygenates .......................................... -0.08 -0.09 -0.06 -0.07 -0.07 -0.05 -0.03 -0.03 -0.07 -0.05 -0.03 -0.03 -0.07 -0.04 -0.04
Motor Gasoline Blend Comp. .............................. 0.41 0.52 0.60 0.34 0.38 0.68 0.52 0.44 0.42 0.64 0.53 0.42 0.47 0.50 0.50
Finished Motor Gasoline ...................................... -0.44 -0.32 -0.40 -0.47 -0.45 -0.41 -0.30 -0.52 -0.41 -0.47 -0.36 -0.55 -0.41 -0.42 -0.45
Jet Fuel ................................................................ -0.06 0.01 -0.05 -0.06 -0.05 -0.02 -0.02 -0.09 -0.02 -0.03 -0.03 -0.09 -0.04 -0.05 -0.04
Distillate Fuel Oil ................................................. -0.67 -1.05 -1.12 -1.12 -0.94 -1.03 -1.09 -1.03 -0.88 -0.96 -1.05 -1.08 -0.99 -1.02 -0.99
Residual Fuel Oil ................................................. -0.13 -0.21 -0.11 -0.14 -0.23 -0.25 -0.22 -0.19 -0.22 -0.29 -0.22 -0.21 -0.15 -0.22 -0.24
Other Oils (g) ....................................................... -0.50 -0.46 -0.50 -0.57 -0.51 -0.45 -0.48 -0.59 -0.48 -0.45 -0.48 -0.58 -0.50 -0.51 -0.49
Product Inventory Net Withdrawals ........................ 0.36 -0.72 -0.41 0.13 0.44 -0.47 -0.26 0.42 0.36 -0.48 -0.25 0.50 -0.16 0.03 0.03
Total Supply ............................................................... 19.32 19.25 19.68 19.27 19.19 19.42 19.81 19.71 19.41 19.68 20.12 20.01 19.38 19.53 19.81
Consumption (million barrels per day)
Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids ....................................... 2.72 2.27 2.29 2.52 2.61 2.24 2.31 2.66 2.64 2.36 2.49 2.86 2.45 2.46 2.59
Unfinished Oils ....................................................... -0.05 0.05 -0.03 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 -0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.01
Motor Gasoline ....................................................... 8.81 9.26 9.39 9.15 8.89 9.33 9.49 9.21 8.95 9.35 9.49 9.22 9.16 9.23 9.25
Fuel Ethanol blended into Motor Gasoline .......... 0.87 0.92 0.93 0.91 0.89 0.93 0.95 0.93 0.89 0.93 0.95 0.92 0.91 0.93 0.93
Jet Fuel ................................................................... 1.45 1.54 1.59 1.58 1.47 1.55 1.56 1.52 1.49 1.58 1.59 1.54 1.54 1.53 1.55
Distillate Fuel Oil .................................................... 4.27 3.88 3.93 3.77 4.11 3.98 3.95 4.08 4.21 4.08 4.05 4.13 3.96 4.03 4.12
Residual Fuel Oil .................................................... 0.24 0.19 0.31 0.26 0.22 0.20 0.23 0.21 0.21 0.19 0.22 0.20 0.25 0.22 0.20
Other Oils (g) .......................................................... 1.85 2.06 2.20 1.97 1.88 2.10 2.25 2.00 1.92 2.12 2.28 2.03 2.02 2.06 2.09
Total Consumption .................................................... 19.29 19.25 19.68 19.27 19.19 19.42 19.81 19.71 19.41 19.68 20.12 20.01 19.37 19.53 19.81
Total Petroleum and Other Liquids Net Imports .... 4.95 4.61 4.74 4.23 3.98 4.86 5.20 4.53 4.71 5.23 5.40 4.41 4.63 4.64 4.94
End-of-period Inventories (million barrels)
Commercial Inventory
Crude Oil (excluding SPR) ...................................... 474.8 469.5 460.8 482.3 503.6 489.7 466.7 454.7 481.8 472.3 456.7 447.7 482.3 454.7 447.7
Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids ....................................... 138.8 196.3 228.7 195.1 161.9 207.0 232.8 186.4 156.3 204.0 226.7 175.3 195.1 186.4 175.3
Unfinished Oils ....................................................... 84.7 86.0 88.8 84.6 93.6 90.1 87.6 82.0 92.3 89.8 87.7 82.1 84.6 82.0 82.1
Other HC/Oxygenates ............................................. 26.7 25.0 23.8 25.9 28.1 26.8 26.1 26.4 28.5 27.3 26.5 26.8 25.9 26.4 26.8
Total Motor Gasoline .............................................. 231.5 221.0 225.1 232.0 224.8 222.8 221.5 234.7 231.1 225.1 224.9 236.2 232.0 234.7 236.2
Finished Motor Gasoline ...................................... 26.9 25.7 29.0 28.8 25.9 24.9 25.7 27.3 26.7 25.2 26.3 27.6 28.8 27.3 27.6
Motor Gasoline Blend Comp. .............................. 204.6 195.4 196.1 203.2 199.0 197.9 195.8 207.4 204.4 199.9 198.7 208.5 203.2 207.4 208.5
Jet Fuel ................................................................... 37.2 43.7 40.4 40.2 39.7 40.9 43.3 39.7 39.5 40.8 43.2 39.6 40.2 39.7 39.6
Distillate Fuel Oil .................................................... 128.3 139.4 148.8 159.4 144.3 150.5 159.6 161.4 144.5 150.9 159.2 160.5 159.4 161.4 160.5
Residual Fuel Oil .................................................... 38.1 41.8 41.3 42.1 41.6 41.1 38.4 38.7 39.3 39.7 38.0 38.5 42.1 38.7 38.5
Other Oils (g) .......................................................... 57.3 54.6 48.3 53.8 59.3 56.7 50.5 52.1 57.9 55.7 49.7 51.5 53.8 52.1 51.5
Total Commercial Inventory ....................................... 1,217 1,277 1,306 1,315 1,297 1,326 1,327 1,276 1,271 1,306 1,313 1,258 1,315 1,276 1,258
Crude Oil in SPR ....................................................... 691 694 695 695 695 695 695 695 695 695 695 694 695 695 694
(e) Renewables and oxygenate production includes pentanes plus, oxygenates (excluding fuel ethanol), and renewable fuels.
Table 4a. U.S. Petroleum and Other Liquids Supply, Consumption, and Inventories
2015 2016 2017 Year
(a) Includes lease condensate.
(b) Crude oil production from U.S. Federal leases in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM).
(c) Net imports equals gross imports minus gross exports.
(d) Crude oil adjustment balances supply and consumption and was previously referred to as "Unaccounted for Crude Oil."
Petroleum Supply Annual , DOE/EIA-0340/2; and Weekly Petroleum Status Report , DOE/EIA-0208.
(f) Petroleum products adjustment includes hydrogen/oxygenates/renewables/other hydrocarbons, motor gasoline blend components, and finished motor gasoline.
(g) "Other Oils" inludes aviation gasoline blend components, finished aviation gasoline, kerosene, petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, lubricants, waxes, petroleum coke, asphalt and road oil, still
gas, and miscellaneous products.
SPR: Strategic Petroleum Reserve
HC: Hydrocarbons
Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports: Petroleum Supply Monthly , DOE/EIA-0109;

HGL Production
Natural Gas Processing Plants
Ethane ............................................................. 1.05 1.10 1.09 1.13 1.21 1.22 1.25 1.31 1.32 1.43 1.46 1.51 1.09 1.25 1.43
Propane ........................................................... 1.07 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.11 1.14 1.14 1.16 1.16 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.11 1.14 1.19
Butanes ........................................................... 0.58 0.62 0.64 0.64 0.62 0.64 0.63 0.65 0.65 0.67 0.66 0.68 0.62 0.63 0.67
Natural Gasoline (Pentanes Plus) ................... 0.39 0.44 0.46 0.44 0.41 0.44 0.46 0.44 0.43 0.46 0.48 0.46 0.43 0.44 0.46
Refinery and Blender Net Production
Ethane/Ethylene .............................................. 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00
Propane/Propylene ......................................... 0.54 0.58 0.56 0.56 0.55 0.57 0.56 0.56 0.55 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.56 0.57
Butanes/Butylenes .......................................... -0.08 0.27 0.19 -0.18 -0.06 0.25 0.19 -0.17 -0.06 0.25 0.19 -0.17 0.05 0.05 0.05
Renewable Fuels and Oxygenate Plant Net Production
Natural Gasoline (Pentanes Plus) ................... -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02
HGL Net Imports
Ethane ................................................................ -0.06 -0.07 -0.06 -0.07 -0.11 -0.12 -0.16 -0.19 -0.21 -0.22 -0.24 -0.26 -0.07 -0.14 -0.23
Propane/Propylene ............................................ -0.40 -0.49 -0.56 -0.59 -0.63 -0.61 -0.64 -0.66 -0.67 -0.65 -0.71 -0.72 -0.51 -0.64 -0.69
Butanes/Butylenes ............................................. -0.06 -0.09 -0.11 -0.10 -0.13 -0.18 -0.16 -0.14 -0.12 -0.18 -0.17 -0.15 -0.09 -0.15 -0.15
Natural Gasoline (Pentanes Plus) ...................... -0.17 -0.15 -0.21 -0.18 -0.20 -0.18 -0.22 -0.20 -0.22 -0.20 -0.24 -0.22 -0.18 -0.20 -0.22
HGL Refinery and Blender Net Inputs
Butanes/Butylenes ............................................. 0.40 0.27 0.32 0.46 0.36 0.27 0.30 0.42 0.36 0.27 0.30 0.43 0.36 0.34 0.34
Natural Gasoline (Pentanes Plus) ...................... 0.15 0.14 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.16
HGL Consumption
Ethane/Ethylene ................................................. 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.09 1.09 1.06 1.10 1.16 1.11 1.17 1.24 1.30 1.04 1.10 1.20
Propane/Propylene ............................................ 1.43 0.92 0.96 1.14 1.31 0.90 0.93 1.20 1.30 0.90 0.96 1.24 1.11 1.09 1.10
HGL Inventories (million barrels)
Ethane/Ethylene ................................................. 31.38 31.65 31.86 32.53 31.64 36.04 36.77 34.29 32.83 36.70 37.32 34.50 31.86 34.69 35.35
Propane/Propylene ............................................ 58.10 84.20 100.20 97.34 72.09 90.68 103.01 90.18 66.82 86.73 95.14 77.10 97.34 90.18 77.10
Refinery and Blender Net Inputs
Crude OIl .............................................................. 15.53 16.48 16.58 16.13 15.63 16.46 16.60 16.19 15.62 16.56 16.72 16.29 16.18 16.22 16.30
Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids .................................... 0.54 0.40 0.47 0.62 0.51 0.42 0.45 0.58 0.51 0.43 0.46 0.59 0.51 0.49 0.50
Other Hydrocarbons/Oxygenates ........................ 1.12 1.18 1.19 1.17 1.19 1.24 1.28 1.25 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.26 1.17 1.24 1.25
Unfinished Oils ..................................................... 0.24 0.22 0.38 0.32 0.25 0.25 0.36 0.36 0.27 0.32 0.39 0.40 0.29 0.31 0.34
Motor Gasoline Blend Components ..................... 0.72 0.91 0.75 0.46 0.63 0.92 0.74 0.51 0.67 0.91 0.74 0.51 0.71 0.70 0.71
Aviation Gasoline Blend Components ................. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total Refinery and Blender Net Inputs .................... 18.14 19.18 19.38 18.70 18.22 19.30 19.43 18.90 18.26 19.47 19.60 19.05 18.85 18.96 19.10
Refinery Processing Gain .................................. 0.99 1.02 1.08 1.07 1.05 1.05 1.09 1.10 1.04 1.07 1.09 1.10 1.04 1.07 1.08
Refinery and Blender Net Production
Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids .................................... 0.47 0.86 0.76 0.39 0.50 0.83 0.75 0.39 0.49 0.83 0.76 0.40 0.62 0.62 0.62
Finished Motor Gasoline ...................................... 9.48 9.83 9.97 9.79 9.52 9.95 9.99 9.93 9.56 10.01 10.04 9.97 9.77 9.85 9.90
Jet Fuel ................................................................. 1.50 1.61 1.60 1.64 1.52 1.59 1.61 1.58 1.51 1.62 1.64 1.59 1.59 1.57 1.59
Distillate Fuel ........................................................ 4.82 4.99 5.08 4.94 4.83 5.02 5.08 5.07 4.85 5.05 5.13 5.16 4.96 5.00 5.05
Residual Fuel ....................................................... 0.43 0.44 0.41 0.41 0.44 0.45 0.42 0.41 0.43 0.49 0.42 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44
Other Oils (a) ........................................................ 2.44 2.48 2.63 2.60 2.46 2.52 2.67 2.61 2.46 2.54 2.70 2.63 2.54 2.57 2.58
Total Refinery and Blender Net Production ............ 19.13 20.20 20.45 19.76 19.26 20.35 20.51 19.99 19.31 20.54 20.69 20.16 19.89 20.03 20.18
Refinery Distillation Inputs ................................ 15.78 16.69 16.85 16.33 15.94 16.66 16.87 16.47 15.93 16.76 16.99 16.56 16.42 16.49 16.56
Refinery Operable Distillation Capacity ........... 17.88 17.98 18.08 18.11 18.14 18.15 18.31 18.40 18.43 18.43 18.43 18.43 18.01 18.25 18.43
Refinery Distillation Utilization Factor .............. 0.88 0.93 0.93 0.90 0.88 0.92 0.92 0.90 0.86 0.91 0.92 0.90 0.91 0.90 0.90
Table 4b. U.S. Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids (HGL) and Petroleum Refinery Balances (million barrels per day, except inventories and utilization factor)
2015 2016 2017 Year
(a) "Other Oils" includes aviation gasoline blend components, finished aviation gasoline, kerosene, petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, lubricants, waxes, petroleum coke, asphalt and road oil, still
gas, and miscellaneous products.
Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports:Petroleum Supply Monthly , DOE/EIA-0109;
Petroleum Supply Annual , DOE/EIA-0340/2; Weekly Petroleum Status Report , DOE/EIA-0208.

Prices (cents per gallon)
Refiner Wholesale Price ...................... 159 201 184 144 121 141 139 122 127 157 162 148 172 131 149
Gasoline Regular Grade Retail Prices Including Taxes
PADD 1 .............................................. 228 259 247 211 195 210 208 197 199 226 232 225 236 203 221
PADD 2 .............................................. 216 256 253 209 182 210 207 188 190 226 232 216 234 197 217
PADD 3 .............................................. 204 240 228 190 172 191 188 171 176 206 211 198 216 181 198
PADD 4 .............................................. 207 261 277 218 181 203 211 191 181 216 233 218 241 197 213
PADD 5 .............................................. 271 328 327 264 239 251 245 222 223 259 267 250 298 239 250
U.S. Average ................................... 227 267 260 216 195 213 211 194 196 228 235 222 243 203 221
Gasoline All Grades Including Taxes 236 275 269 226 204 222 220 203 205 237 244 231 252 212 230
End-of-period Inventories (million barrels)
Total Gasoline Inventories
PADD 1 .............................................. 64.5 61.3 62.6 59.8 60.7 62.0 58.8 61.2 61.3 62.9 60.9 63.4 59.8 61.2 63.4
PADD 2 .............................................. 52.9 50.4 47.0 54.0 51.4 49.0 49.5 51.2 51.2 48.3 49.1 51.0 54.0 51.2 51.0
PADD 3 .............................................. 78.4 74.6 78.1 83.1 78.7 77.9 78.3 82.6 81.3 79.1 80.2 82.5 83.1 82.6 82.5
PADD 4 .............................................. 6.5 6.8 7.1 7.7 7.0 6.9 6.9 7.7 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.8 7.7 7.7 7.8
PADD 5 .............................................. 29.2 28.0 30.3 27.4 26.9 27.0 28.0 32.0 30.1 27.7 27.8 31.4 27.4 32.0 31.4
U.S. Total ........................................ 231.5 221.0 225.1 232.0 224.8 222.8 221.5 234.7 231.1 225.1 224.9 236.2 232.0 234.7 236.2
Finished Gasoline Inventories
U.S. Total ........................................ 26.9 25.7 29.0 28.8 25.9 24.9 25.7 27.3 26.7 25.2 26.3 27.6 28.8 27.3 27.6
Gasoline Blending Components Inventories
U.S. Total ........................................ 204.6 195.4 196.1 203.2 199.0 197.9 195.8 207.4 204.4 199.9 198.7 208.5 203.2 207.4 208.5
Table 4c. U.S. Regional Motor Gasoline Prices and Inventories
2015 2016 2017 Year
Petroleum Supply Monthly , DOE/EIA-0109; Petroleum Supply Annual , DOE/EIA-0340/2; and Weekly Petroleum Status Report , DOE/EIA-0208.
Regions refer to Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts (PADD).
See “Petroleum for Administration Defense District” in EIA’s Energy Glossary (http://www.eia.doe.gov/glossary/index.html) for a list of States in each region.
Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports: Petroleum Marketing Monthly , DOE/EIA-0380;

Supply (billion cubic feet per day)
Total Marketed Production ............ 78.11 79.20 80.01 79.21 79.34 79.50 79.61 80.29 80.75 80.96 81.08 81.83 79.14 79.68 81.16
Alaska ...................................... 0.99 0.93 0.86 0.96 0.99 0.84 0.76 0.92 0.97 0.82 0.75 0.91 0.94 0.88 0.86
Federal GOM (a) ....................... 3.37 3.68 3.95 3.58 3.43 3.38 3.21 3.17 3.22 3.17 3.00 3.03 3.65 3.30 3.10
Lower 48 States (excl GOM) ..... 73.75 74.58 75.20 74.67 74.91 75.27 75.64 76.19 76.56 76.97 77.34 77.89 74.55 75.51 77.19
Total Dry Gas Production ............. 73.67 74.50 75.26 74.36 74.50 74.65 74.75 75.39 75.82 76.02 76.14 76.84 74.45 74.82 76.21
LNG Gross Imports ..................... 0.43 0.08 0.26 0.20 0.14 0.16 0.17 0.15 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.24 0.15 0.12
LNG Gross Exports ..................... 0.06 0.06 0.09 0.03 0.16 0.52 0.96 1.04 1.04 1.28 1.48 1.89 0.06 0.67 1.42
Pipeline Gross Imports ................ 8.36 6.69 6.69 6.75 7.21 6.21 6.53 6.71 7.24 6.20 6.51 6.76 7.12 6.66 6.68
Pipeline Gross Exports ................ 4.86 4.36 4.81 5.10 5.22 4.99 5.15 5.31 5.26 5.06 5.23 5.38 4.78 5.17 5.23
Supplemental Gaseous Fuels ...... 0.17 0.16 0.14 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.17
Net Inventory Withdrawals ........... 18.48 -12.99 -10.48 -0.14 17.51 -9.06 -8.93 3.26 16.73 -9.15 -9.05 3.00 -1.36 0.68 0.32
Total Supply ................................... 96.19 64.00 66.97 76.21 94.15 66.61 66.58 79.32 93.78 67.02 67.17 79.62 75.76 76.64 76.83
Balancing Item (b) .......................... 0.48 0.09 -0.91 -0.87 0.15 -0.74 0.47 -0.17 0.36 -0.54 0.71 0.99 -0.31 -0.07 0.38
Total Primary Supply ....................... 96.67 64.09 66.07 75.34 94.30 65.87 67.05 79.15 94.14 66.47 67.88 80.61 75.46 76.57 77.21
Consumption (billion cubic feet per day)
Residential ................................... 27.52 6.90 3.46 13.24 25.38 7.32 3.63 15.88 25.94 7.56 3.63 16.02 12.72 13.03 13.23
Commercial ................................. 16.01 5.85 4.44 9.06 14.51 5.94 4.57 10.56 14.90 6.06 4.61 10.71 8.81 8.89 9.05
Industrial ..................................... 22.69 19.62 19.19 21.09 22.76 20.35 20.14 22.21 23.25 20.89 20.72 22.76 20.64 21.36 21.90
Electric Power (c) ......................... 23.05 25.28 32.41 25.12 24.19 25.72 32.14 23.50 22.50 25.34 32.24 23.97 26.49 26.40 26.04
Lease and Plant Fuel ................... 4.29 4.35 4.39 4.35 4.35 4.36 4.37 4.41 4.43 4.44 4.45 4.49 4.34 4.37 4.45
Pipeline and Distribution Use ....... 3.03 2.01 2.07 2.38 3.02 2.06 2.10 2.51 3.01 2.08 2.13 2.56 2.37 2.42 2.44
Vehicle Use ................................. 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.10
Total Consumption ......................... 96.67 64.09 66.07 75.34 94.30 65.87 67.05 79.15 94.14 66.47 67.88 80.61 75.46 76.57 77.21
End-of-period Inventories (billion cubic feet)
Working Gas Inventory ................ 1,483 2,658 3,625 3,637 2,043 2,867 3,688 3,389 1,883 2,715 3,548 3,272 3,637 3,389 3,272
East Region (d) ........................ 242 576 859 840 384 652 888 723 295 563 817 671 840 723 671
Midwest Region (d) ................... 252 565 972 978 472 687 1,026 889 400 637 989 854 978 889 854
South Central Region (d) .......... 575 1,002 1,206 1,284 785 990 1,139 1,191 789 982 1,109 1,180 1,284 1,191 1,180
Mountain Region (d) ................. 113 155 203 187 129 168 222 199 126 161 214 191 187 199 191
Pacific Region (d) ..................... 276 336 359 322 248 346 389 361 248 348 394 350 322 361 350
Alaska ...................................... 24 24 25 26 24 24 25 26 24 24 25 26 26 26 26
Table 5a. U.S. Natural Gas Supply, Consumption, and Inventories
2015 2016 2017 Year
LNG: liquefied natural gas.
Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports:Natural Gas Monthly , DOE/EIA-0130; and Electric Power
Monthly , DOE/EIA-0226.
(a) Marketed production from U.S. Federal leases in the Gulf of Mexico.
(b) The balancing item represents the difference between the sum of the components of natural gas supply and the sum of components of natural gas demand.
(c) Natural gas used for electricity generation and (a limited amount of) useful thermal output by electric utilities and independent power producers.
(d) For a list of States in each inventory region refer toWeekly Natural Gas Storage Report, Notes and Definitions (http://ir.eia.gov/ngs/notes.html) .

Wholesale/Spot
Henry Hub Spot Price ........ 2.99 2.83 2.84 2.18 2.44 2.55 2.86 3.07 3.37 3.09 3.30 3.51 2.71 2.73 3.32
Residential
New England ..................... 13.09 13.33 16.09 12.17 11.41 13.39 16.42 12.92 12.46 13.89 16.64 13.16 13.10 12.52 13.18
Middle Atlantic ................... 9.53 11.20 16.32 11.08 10.12 12.73 17.23 11.67 10.50 12.87 17.13 11.58 10.54 11.42 11.58
E. N. Central ...................... 7.78 10.58 16.71 8.36 6.91 10.53 16.30 8.20 7.65 11.12 16.63 8.47 8.75 8.30 8.85
W. N. Central ..................... 8.66 11.85 17.60 9.80 7.24 9.44 16.28 8.74 7.88 10.51 17.27 9.54 9.85 8.49 9.21
S. Atlantic .......................... 10.74 16.68 22.69 13.44 11.07 16.02 22.17 12.48 11.06 15.89 21.92 12.33 12.81 12.80 12.68
E. S. Central ...................... 9.34 14.36 19.21 12.11 9.16 12.76 17.97 10.75 9.17 13.33 18.49 11.23 11.02 10.54 10.72
W. S. Central ..................... 8.45 13.94 19.88 12.54 8.75 12.56 18.05 10.57 8.58 13.03 18.64 11.42 10.88 10.47 10.68
Mountain ........................... 9.57 10.87 14.50 9.15 8.09 8.95 12.75 8.15 7.79 9.13 13.28 8.62 10.01 8.60 8.67
Pacific ................................ 11.46 11.40 12.05 9.74 8.93 9.70 10.42 9.74 9.63 10.27 10.91 9.98 10.95 9.51 10.01
U.S. Average .................. 9.30 11.96 16.46 10.16 8.59 11.39 15.69 9.82 9.02 11.83 16.09 10.08 10.37 9.85 10.23
Commercial
New England ..................... 10.77 10.11 9.65 8.85 10.03 9.63 9.68 10.07 10.67 10.71 10.73 11.02 10.11 9.95 10.78
Middle Atlantic ................... 7.91 7.48 6.65 6.95 7.19 6.99 7.06 7.85 8.36 7.99 7.90 8.56 7.49 7.32 8.30
E. N. Central ...................... 6.95 7.51 8.80 6.48 6.49 7.53 8.58 6.88 7.10 8.34 9.20 7.39 7.04 6.92 7.51
W. N. Central ..................... 7.65 7.98 8.99 7.06 6.73 7.19 8.46 7.15 7.46 7.87 8.97 7.58 7.62 7.06 7.66
S. Atlantic .......................... 8.48 9.21 9.66 8.63 8.35 9.15 9.97 9.12 9.13 9.21 9.88 9.19 8.77 8.90 9.26
E. S. Central ...................... 8.54 9.62 9.89 8.81 7.88 8.62 9.43 8.76 8.37 9.26 9.98 9.24 8.90 8.42 8.93
W. S. Central ..................... 7.15 7.21 8.00 7.30 6.40 6.91 7.69 7.16 7.14 7.69 8.23 7.64 7.32 6.87 7.52
Mountain ........................... 8.27 8.34 9.03 7.34 6.67 6.79 7.99 7.03 6.70 6.98 8.32 7.38 8.05 6.94 7.13
Pacific ................................ 9.20 8.43 8.69 8.20 8.19 8.19 8.77 8.54 8.73 8.81 9.30 8.87 8.63 8.39 8.88
U.S. Average .................. 7.94 8.13 8.41 7.43 7.24 7.65 8.40 7.78 7.95 8.34 8.92 8.25 7.89 7.59 8.21
Industrial
New England ..................... 9.10 7.61 6.10 6.64 7.56 7.46 7.63 8.65 8.81 8.00 7.87 8.76 7.75 7.83 8.47
Middle Atlantic ................... 8.31 7.56 7.53 6.82 6.99 6.47 7.08 7.86 8.16 7.35 7.68 8.34 7.77 7.11 8.00
E. N. Central ...................... 6.41 5.65 5.54 5.42 5.65 5.39 5.74 5.96 6.53 6.20 6.38 6.51 5.93 5.71 6.46
W. N. Central ..................... 5.81 4.59 4.41 4.54 4.53 3.88 4.20 4.82 5.32 4.62 4.78 5.31 4.92 4.39 5.05
S. Atlantic .......................... 5.46 4.50 4.50 4.44 4.45 4.53 4.87 5.21 5.40 5.06 5.25 5.58 4.75 4.77 5.33
E. S. Central ...................... 5.15 4.28 4.02 3.98 4.23 4.13 4.47 4.84 5.24 4.73 4.90 5.24 4.39 4.42 5.04
W. S. Central ..................... 3.21 2.92 3.07 2.55 2.48 2.67 3.15 3.29 3.47 3.25 3.59 3.74 2.93 2.90 3.51
Mountain ........................... 6.61 6.22 6.11 5.65 4.91 4.59 5.25 5.41 5.24 5.09 5.77 5.91 6.16 5.04 5.50
Pacific ................................ 7.32 6.57 6.62 6.17 5.40 5.33 5.98 6.22 6.08 5.99 6.51 6.64 6.68 5.73 6.31
U.S. Average .................. 4.57 3.68 3.65 3.44 3.57 3.36 3.74 4.16 4.55 3.97 4.21 4.62 3.85 3.72 4.35
Table 5b. U.S. Regional Natural Gas Prices (dollars per thousand cubic feet
2015 2016 2017 Year
Natural gas Henry Hub spot price from Reuter's News Service (http://www.reuters.com).
Regions refer to U.S. Census divisions.
See "Census division" in EIA’s Energy Glossary (http://www.eia.doe.gov/glossary/index.html) for a list of States in each region.
Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting theNatural Gas Monthly , DOE/EIA-0130.

Supply (million short tons)
Production ........................................... 240.2 211.1 232.4 206.8 214.8 204.6 218.8 214.2 214.3 199.5 216.1 213.3 890.5 852.4 843.3
Appalachia ....................................... 62.3 54.6 60.3 50.6 54.1 53.4 50.5 48.6 53.1 51.4 49.7 48.3 227.8 206.6 202.6
Interior .............................................. 45.2 38.9 44.8 39.7 43.9 41.7 43.3 42.3 41.5 41.1 43.7 43.3 168.7 171.2 169.6
Western ........................................... 132.7 117.6 127.2 116.5 116.8 109.4 125.0 123.4 119.7 107.0 122.7 121.7 494.0 474.6 471.1
Primary Inventory Withdrawals ............. -0.7 0.3 3.1 -1.6 -1.0 0.7 2.9 -1.6 -1.9 0.7 2.9 -1.6 1.1 1.0 0.0
Imports ................................................ 3.0 2.6 3.0 2.7 2.2 2.4 3.3 2.9 2.2 2.4 3.3 2.9 11.3 10.7 10.8
Exports ................................................ 22.0 19.8 16.9 18.3 15.9 18.5 15.7 17.4 11.8 17.7 16.5 19.1 76.9 67.6 65.1
Metallurgical Coal ............................. 13.5 12.7 10.3 10.7 10.9 10.9 8.8 10.3 9.1 10.9 9.7 11.7 47.3 41.0 41.4
Steam Coal ...................................... 8.5 7.0 6.6 7.5 5.0 7.6 6.9 7.2 2.7 6.8 6.8 7.4 29.6 26.7 23.7
Total Primary Supply .............................. 220.5 194.3 221.5 189.6 200.1 189.1 209.2 198.0 202.8 185.0 205.7 195.4 825.9 796.5 788.9
Secondary Inventory Withdrawals ........ -2.4 -12.7 3.9 -16.1 0.2 -4.5 16.3 -5.0 -0.7 -4.9 16.2 -5.3 -27.3 7.0 5.3
Waste Coal (a) .................................... 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 10.8 11.1 10.0
Total Supply ........................................... 220.8 184.3 228.1 176.2 203.1 187.4 228.3 195.8 204.5 182.6 224.4 192.6 809.4 814.5 804.2
Consumption (million short tons)
Coke Plants ......................................... 4.4 4.4 5.1 5.0 4.2 3.9 4.9 4.7 4.1 4.0 4.7 4.4 18.9 17.7 17.2
Electric Power Sector (b) ..................... 196.4 174.7 215.6 167.3 187.4 172.8 212.9 180.1 189.0 167.9 209.2 177.3 754.0 753.3 743.4
Retail and Other Industry ..................... 11.4 10.4 10.5 10.8 11.4 10.6 10.5 11.0 11.4 10.7 10.5 11.0 43.0 43.5 43.5
Residential and Commercial ............. 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.6 2.7 2.3 2.1
Other Industrial ................................. 10.6 9.8 9.9 10.1 10.6 10.1 10.1 10.4 10.6 10.2 10.2 10.4 40.3 41.2 41.5
Total Consumption ................................ 212.2 189.4 231.1 183.1 203.1 187.4 228.3 195.8 204.5 182.6 224.4 192.6 815.8 814.5 804.2
Discrepancy (c) 8.6 -5.1 -3.1 -6.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -6.4 0.0 0.0
End-of-period Inventories (million short tons)
Primary Inventories (d) ......................... 45.5 45.2 42.1 43.7 44.7 44.0 41.1 42.7 44.7 44.0 41.1 42.7 43.7 42.7 42.7
Secondary Inventories ......................... 161.0 173.7 169.8 185.9 185.7 190.2 174.0 178.9 179.7 184.6 168.4 173.7 185.9 178.9 173.7
Electric Power Sector ........................ 154.8 166.8 162.4 178.1 178.9 182.8 166.0 170.7 172.5 176.8 160.2 165.2 178.1 170.7 165.2
Retail and General Industry .............. 4.1 4.5 5.1 5.5 4.8 5.0 5.6 5.9 5.1 5.4 5.9 6.2 5.5 5.9 6.2
Coke Plants ...................................... 1.6 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8
Coal Market Indicators
Coal Miner Productivity
(Tons per hour) ................................. 5.61 5.61 5.61 5.61 5.46 5.46 5.46 5.46 5.32 5.32 5.32 5.32 5.61 5.46 5.32
Total Raw Steel Production
(Million short tons per day) ................ 0.247 0.242 0.248 0.227 0.235 0.229 0.231 0.207 0.206 0.214 0.194 0.166 0.241 0.225 0.195
Cost of Coal to Electric Utilities
(Dollars per million Btu) .................... 2.27 2.25 2.22 2.18 2.18 2.21 2.21 2.17 2.17 2.22 2.23 2.19 2.23 2.19 2.20
Table 6. U.S. Coal Supply, Consumption, and Inventories
2015 2016 2017 Year
Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports:Quarterly Coal Report , DOE/EIA-0121; and Electric Power Monthly ,
DOE/EIA-0226.
(a) Waste coal includes waste coal and cloal slurry reprocessed into briquettes.
(b) Coal used for electricity generation and (a limited amount of) useful thermal output by electric utilities and independent power producers.
(c) The discrepancy reflects an unaccounted-for shipper and receiver reporting difference, assumed to be zero in the forecast period.
(d) Primary stocks are held at the mines and distribution points.

Electricity Generation ......................... 11.36 10.77 12.44 10.37 11.03 10.91 12.52 10.65 11.15 11.02 12.63 10.78 11.23 11.28 11.40
Electric Power Sector (a) ................ 10.93 10.36 11.99 9.94 10.60 10.51 12.07 10.22 10.73 10.61 12.18 10.34 10.80 10.85 10.97
Comm. and Indus. Sectors (b) ....... 0.43 0.41 0.45 0.43 0.42 0.40 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.43
Net Imports ....................................... 0.17 0.20 0.20 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.18 0.13 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.13 0.18 0.16 0.15
Total Supply ....................................... 11.52 10.96 12.65 10.52 11.18 11.07 12.70 10.79 11.30 11.17 12.81 10.91 11.41 11.44 11.55
Losses and Unaccounted for (c) ...... 0.78 0.93 0.86 0.64 0.67 0.93 0.80 0.73 0.61 0.94 0.81 0.73 0.80 0.78 0.77
Retail Sales ........................................ 10.36 9.68 11.39 9.51 10.14 9.78 11.51 9.68 10.31 9.87 11.60 9.79 10.23 10.28 10.39
Residential Sector ........................... 4.20 3.35 4.51 3.37 3.96 3.40 4.53 3.46 4.07 3.45 4.57 3.52 3.86 3.84 3.90
Commercial Sector ......................... 3.60 3.65 4.11 3.52 3.61 3.67 4.17 3.57 3.64 3.71 4.22 3.61 3.72 3.76 3.80
Industrial Sector .............................. 2.54 2.66 2.75 2.59 2.56 2.68 2.79 2.63 2.57 2.69 2.80 2.63 2.64 2.66 2.67
Transportation Sector ..................... 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
Direct Use (d) ..................................... 0.38 0.36 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.38
Total Consumption ............................ 10.74 10.04 11.79 9.88 10.52 10.14 11.90 10.06 10.68 10.23 12.00 10.17 10.61 10.66 10.78
Average residential electricity
usage per customer (kWh) ................ 2,924 2,351 3,191 2,383 2,760 2,370 3,179 2,422 2,783 2,379 3,179 2,446 10,849 10,731 10,787
Prices
Coal ................................................. 2.27 2.25 2.22 2.18 2.18 2.21 2.21 2.17 2.17 2.22 2.23 2.19 2.23 2.19 2.20
Natural Gas ..................................... 4.09 3.11 3.09 2.99 3.52 3.25 3.36 4.07 4.43 3.74 3.74 4.45 3.29 3.53 4.05
Residual Fuel Oil ............................. 10.82 11.64 10.48 8.97 7.86 8.41 8.44 8.48 8.58 9.63 9.87 10.37 10.56 8.29 9.59
Distillate Fuel Oil .............................. 15.61 15.16 13.18 11.63 10.74 11.40 11.84 12.61 13.00 13.43 14.20 15.43 14.49 11.59 13.95
Residential Sector ........................... 12.23 12.85 12.99 12.50 12.16 12.70 13.00 12.68 12.48 13.14 13.40 13.04 12.65 12.65 13.02
Commercial Sector ......................... 10.47 10.53 10.95 10.52 10.61 10.70 11.15 10.76 10.86 10.93 11.38 11.00 10.63 10.82 11.05
Industrial Sector .............................. 6.78 6.81 7.31 6.66 6.75 6.80 7.33 6.74 6.87 6.88 7.42 6.83 6.90 6.91 7.01
Table 7a. U.S. Electricity Industry Overview
2015 2016 2017 Year
Electricity Supply (billion kilowatthours per day)
Electricity Consumption (billion kilowatthours per day unless noted)
Power Generation Fuel Costs (dollars per million Btu)
End-Use Prices (cents per kilowatthour)
- = no data available. kWh = kilowatthours. Btu = British thermal units.
Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports: Electric Power Monthly , DOE/EIA-0226; and Electric Power Annual ,
DOE/EIA-0348.
(a) Generation supplied by electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants operated by electric utilities and independent power producers.
(b) Generation supplied by CHP and electricity-only plants operated by businesses in the commercial and industrial sectors, primarily for onsite use.
(c) Includes transmission and distribution losses, data collection time-frame differences, and estimation error.
(d) Direct Use represents commercial and industrial facility use of onsite net electricity generation; and electrical sales or transfers to adjacent or colocated facilities
for which revenue information is not available. See Table 7.6 of the EIA Monthly Energy Review .

Residential Sector
New England ............... 152 112 144 117 143 113 142 121 144 113 142 121 131 130 130
Middle Atlantic ............. 423 321 423 314 386 322 424 323 394 323 423 326 370 364 366
E. N. Central ................ 587 428 556 454 542 443 583 472 563 444 574 478 506 510 515
W. N. Central ............... 325 232 309 256 313 241 318 264 326 242 313 270 280 284 288
S. Atlantic .................... 1,078 889 1,137 833 995 876 1,148 865 1,033 888 1,157 885 984 971 991
E. S. Central ................ 390 275 384 273 352 283 389 286 364 285 391 290 331 328 332
W. S. Central ............... 602 503 782 491 565 533 756 493 562 549 796 507 595 587 604
Mountain ...................... 235 240 333 234 243 244 344 237 250 248 348 242 261 267 272
Pacific contiguous ....... 396 337 425 387 403 336 409 383 422 344 414 392 386 383 393
AK and HI ..................... 13 12 13 13 13 12 12 13 13 12 12 13 13 13 13
Total .......................... 4,202 3,348 4,505 3,372 3,957 3,405 4,527 3,458 4,070 3,449 4,569 3,524 3,856 3,838 3,903
Commercial Sector
New England ............... 147 139 159 137 144 140 158 140 144 140 158 140 146 146 146
Middle Atlantic ............. 443 417 477 402 437 416 479 409 440 417 481 411 435 435 437
E. N. Central ................ 509 489 543 474 507 498 561 490 516 504 567 497 504 514 521
W. N. Central ............... 281 269 305 265 283 275 314 270 290 279 318 275 280 286 290
S. Atlantic .................... 805 859 939 792 809 853 957 810 815 860 965 815 849 857 864
E. S. Central ................ 235 239 279 229 233 239 283 226 236 242 287 235 246 245 250
W. S. Central ............... 496 530 625 518 503 538 630 519 508 544 641 524 542 547 555
Mountain ...................... 240 256 289 246 245 260 295 251 248 264 299 254 258 263 266
AK and HI ..................... 16 16 17 16 16 16 17 16 16 16 17 17 16 16 16
Total .......................... 3,598 3,646 4,114 3,523 3,606 3,673 4,171 3,569 3,643 3,709 4,215 3,610 3,721 3,756 3,795
Industrial Sector
New England ............... 49 50 52 50 48 50 52 52 48 50 53 52 50 50 51
Middle Atlantic ............. 198 196 204 190 204 198 205 197 204 200 210 200 197 201 204
E. N. Central ................ 520 525 531 500 520 523 535 513 513 519 530 505 519 523 517
W. N. Central ............... 237 240 252 243 243 250 260 252 247 247 256 248 243 251 250
S. Atlantic .................... 375 406 406 377 368 397 401 379 375 407 411 384 391 387 394
E. S. Central ................ 279 287 290 281 277 291 294 282 283 296 298 284 284 286 290
W. S. Central ............... 427 456 485 469 441 472 495 469 441 461 488 465 460 469 464
Mountain ...................... 217 235 251 223 221 241 259 231 228 249 267 239 232 238 246
AK and HI ..................... 13 13 15 14 13 13 15 14 13 13 15 14 14 14 14
Total .......................... 2,541 2,660 2,751 2,589 2,557 2,683 2,786 2,630 2,573 2,691 2,797 2,634 2,636 2,664 2,674
Total All Sectors (a)
New England ............... 350 302 357 305 337 305 353 314 338 305 355 314 328 327 328
Middle Atlantic ............. 1,076 944 1,115 918 1,039 947 1,120 940 1,050 952 1,126 948 1,013 1,012 1,019
E. N. Central ................ 1,618 1,444 1,632 1,430 1,571 1,466 1,682 1,476 1,593 1,469 1,672 1,483 1,531 1,549 1,554
W. N. Central ............... 843 742 866 763 840 766 893 786 864 769 888 793 803 821 828
S. Atlantic .................... 2,262 2,158 2,486 2,005 2,176 2,131 2,510 2,058 2,226 2,158 2,537 2,088 2,227 2,219 2,253
E. S. Central ................ 904 801 953 783 862 814 966 794 882 824 976 809 860 859 873
W. S. Central ............... 1,525 1,490 1,892 1,479 1,509 1,544 1,882 1,482 1,512 1,555 1,926 1,497 1,597 1,605 1,623
Mountain ...................... 692 731 874 703 710 746 899 720 726 761 914 734 751 769 784
Pacific contiguous ....... 1,050 1,023 1,172 1,076 1,056 1,024 1,157 1,066 1,075 1,037 1,168 1,079 1,081 1,076 1,090
AK and HI ..................... 43 41 44 44 43 41 44 43 43 41 44 44 43 43 43
Total .......................... 10,364 9,675 11,390 9,505 10,143 9,783 11,506 9,680 10,309 9,870 11,604 9,789 10,234 10,280 10,395
Table 7b. U.S. Regional Electricity Retail Sales (Million Kilowatthours per Day)
2015 2016 2017 Year
Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports: Electric Power Monthly , DOE/EIA-0226; and Electric
Power Annual , DOE/EIA-0348.
(a) Total retail sales to all sectors includes residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation sector sales.
Retail Sales represents total retail electricity sales by electric utilities and power marketers.

Residential Sector
New England .............. 20.41 20.27 18.34 18.89 19.14 18.84 18.56 19.49 20.20 19.88 19.59 20.58 19.47 19.00 20.05
Middle Atlantic ............ 15.76 16.06 16.47 16.19 16.13 16.36 16.88 16.71 16.71 16.99 17.48 17.17 16.12 16.53 17.10
E. N. Central ............... 12.22 13.20 13.15 12.97 12.36 13.29 13.38 13.48 12.75 13.76 13.86 13.93 12.85 13.11 13.56
W. N. Central .............. 10.24 12.16 12.47 10.88 10.45 12.30 12.70 11.14 10.65 12.55 12.99 11.34 11.40 11.64 11.85
S. Atlantic ................... 11.37 11.91 12.14 11.47 11.07 11.52 11.84 11.34 11.13 11.72 12.08 11.55 11.74 11.46 11.64
E. S. Central ............... 10.34 11.16 10.90 10.71 10.51 11.26 11.24 11.19 10.88 11.62 11.59 11.58 10.75 11.04 11.40
W. S. Central .............. 10.67 11.36 11.04 10.67 10.23 10.85 10.92 10.86 10.68 11.37 11.36 11.17 10.94 10.73 11.17
Mountain ..................... 11.31 12.21 12.33 11.46 11.53 12.47 12.64 11.80 11.89 12.87 13.02 12.13 11.88 12.16 12.53
Pacific ......................... 13.69 13.47 15.76 14.18 13.87 13.71 15.48 13.96 14.09 14.52 16.09 14.50 14.34 14.29 14.82
U.S. Average ........... 12.23 12.85 12.99 12.50 12.16 12.70 13.00 12.68 12.48 13.14 13.40 13.04 12.65 12.65 13.02
Commercial Sector
New England .............. 16.91 15.19 14.89 15.32 18.01 16.33 16.14 16.61 19.18 17.49 17.21 17.74 15.57 16.76 17.89
Middle Atlantic ............ 13.17 12.99 13.71 13.10 13.39 13.20 13.95 13.52 13.72 13.45 14.21 13.77 13.26 13.53 13.80
E. N. Central ............... 9.75 9.95 10.03 9.96 9.81 9.98 10.08 9.97 9.88 10.04 10.15 10.05 9.92 9.96 10.04
W. N. Central .............. 8.57 9.52 9.95 8.87 8.72 9.73 10.21 9.12 8.92 9.98 10.50 9.39 9.25 9.47 9.72
S. Atlantic ................... 9.66 9.45 9.59 9.54 9.82 9.63 9.78 9.71 9.99 9.81 9.98 9.92 9.56 9.74 9.93
E. S. Central ............... 10.22 10.35 10.27 10.45 10.80 10.72 10.55 10.71 11.14 10.93 10.75 10.91 10.32 10.69 10.92
W. S. Central .............. 8.04 7.89 7.94 7.53 7.56 7.67 7.87 7.64 7.68 7.75 7.94 7.71 7.85 7.69 7.78
Mountain ..................... 9.36 9.96 10.21 9.43 9.52 10.19 10.47 9.67 9.77 10.47 10.77 9.95 9.77 9.99 10.27
Pacific ......................... 12.22 13.31 15.61 13.73 12.64 13.68 16.06 14.10 13.04 14.08 16.40 14.52 13.78 14.17 14.57
U.S. Average ........... 10.47 10.53 10.95 10.52 10.61 10.70 11.15 10.76 10.86 10.93 11.38 11.00 10.63 10.82 11.05
Industrial Sector
New England .............. 13.17 11.83 11.85 11.83 13.67 12.18 12.15 12.15 14.11 12.49 12.44 12.42 12.15 12.52 12.84
Middle Atlantic ............ 7.87 7.20 7.36 7.26 7.88 7.24 7.40 7.45 8.12 7.34 7.44 7.52 7.42 7.49 7.60
E. N. Central ............... 6.87 6.77 7.06 6.88 6.98 6.89 7.18 6.99 7.13 7.03 7.32 7.14 6.90 7.01 7.16
W. N. Central .............. 6.49 6.89 7.51 6.53 6.71 7.04 7.65 6.63 6.86 7.20 7.83 6.77 6.86 7.02 7.17
S. Atlantic ................... 6.55 6.38 6.90 6.33 6.54 6.44 6.97 6.42 6.71 6.51 7.02 6.48 6.55 6.60 6.68
E. S. Central ............... 5.77 5.95 6.58 5.77 5.95 5.96 6.58 5.82 6.02 5.97 6.60 5.87 6.03 6.08 6.12
W. S. Central .............. 5.66 5.50 5.70 5.16 5.08 5.15 5.49 5.15 5.05 5.06 5.44 5.15 5.50 5.22 5.18
Mountain ..................... 6.17 6.65 7.17 5.91 6.01 6.63 7.23 5.99 6.17 6.81 7.41 6.12 6.50 6.50 6.66
Pacific ......................... 7.99 8.95 10.46 9.18 8.28 9.19 10.51 9.27 8.47 9.30 10.65 9.37 9.20 9.37 9.51
U.S. Average ........... 6.78 6.81 7.31 6.66 6.75 6.80 7.33 6.74 6.87 6.88 7.42 6.83 6.90 6.91 7.01
All Sectors (a)
New England .............. 17.89 16.49 15.82 16.08 17.83 16.55 16.49 16.94 18.83 17.51 17.43 17.91 16.58 16.96 17.92
Middle Atlantic ............ 13.21 12.82 13.58 12.92 13.30 13.01 13.84 13.32 13.73 13.34 14.14 13.59 13.16 13.39 13.72
E. N. Central ............... 9.72 9.75 10.13 9.84 9.75 9.87 10.30 10.05 10.01 10.10 10.53 10.31 9.86 10.00 10.24
W. N. Central .............. 8.63 9.49 10.14 8.80 8.78 9.66 10.35 9.00 8.98 9.90 10.61 9.24 9.28 9.47 9.69
S. Atlantic ................... 9.96 9.88 10.32 9.74 9.84 9.81 10.27 9.79 9.96 9.97 10.46 9.98 9.99 9.94 10.11
E. S. Central ............... 8.90 9.05 9.40 8.86 9.13 9.20 9.62 9.15 9.39 9.39 9.82 9.38 9.07 9.29 9.51
W. S. Central .............. 8.41 8.33 8.65 7.82 7.84 8.00 8.47 7.92 8.03 8.23 8.72 8.08 8.33 8.08 8.30
Mountain ..................... 9.03 9.63 10.15 8.99 9.12 9.79 10.37 9.19 9.37 10.05 10.64 9.42 9.49 9.66 9.92
Pacific ......................... 11.85 12.28 14.48 12.86 12.19 12.59 14.55 12.94 12.50 13.06 14.95 13.34 12.93 13.11 13.51
U.S. Average ........... 10.28 10.31 10.88 10.17 10.24 10.33 10.95 10.35 10.50 10.60 11.22 10.61 10.43 10.49 10.75
Table 7c. U.S. Regional Electricity Prices (Cents per Kilowatthour)
2015 2016 2017 Year
Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports: Electric Power Monthly , DOE/EIA-0226; and Electric
Power Annual , DOE/EIA-0348.
(a) Volume-weighted average of retail prices to residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors.

United States
Coal ............................................... 4,091 3,512 4,276 3,304 3,825 3,509 4,251 3,575 3,915 3,424 4,193 3,528 3,795 3,791 3,765
Natural Gas ................................... 3,248 3,476 4,378 3,503 3,390 3,497 4,328 3,304 3,156 3,446 4,339 3,368 3,654 3,631 3,580
Petroleum (a) ................................ 123 61 72 61 81 71 78 70 83 71 78 69 79 75 75
Other Gases .................................. 37 33 40 32 35 32 40 32 35 32 40 33 36 35 35
Nuclear .......................................... 2,248 2,133 2,286 2,086 2,140 2,002 2,257 2,126 2,197 2,024 2,266 2,135 2,188 2,132 2,156
Renewable Energy Sources: 1,590 1,525 1,371 1,359 1,534 1,778 1,540 1,522 1,746 1,995 1,689 1,619 1,460 1,593 1,762
Conventional Hydropower .......... 802 690 616 531 647 803 717 594 735 873 761 624 659 690 748
Wind ........................................... 506 532 441 559 611 654 478 622 694 736 534 673 509 591 659
Wood Biomass ........................... 119 112 122 112 116 109 121 115 117 111 124 118 116 115 118
Waste Biomass .......................... 58 59 61 60 59 59 61 60 60 59 61 60 59 60 60
Geothermal ................................ 48 46 45 46 48 47 48 48 49 47 48 48 46 48 48
Solar ........................................... 57 87 86 50 53 106 116 83 92 168 161 96 70 89 129
Pumped Storage Hydropower ....... -15 -10 -18 -15 -14 -12 -16 -14 -13 -12 -16 -14 -15 -14 -14
Other Nonrenewable Fuels (b) ...... 33 37 39 38 34 37 39 38 34 38 39 38 37 37 37
Total Generation ........................... 11,355 10,766 12,444 10,367 11,026 10,914 12,517 10,652 11,153 11,018 12,629 10,775 11,234 11,279 11,396
Northeast Census Region
Coal ............................................... 292 174 203 129 226 141 176 154 250 155 197 153 199 174 188
Natural Gas ................................... 483 534 714 550 547 590 734 552 511 572 715 558 571 606 589
Petroleum (a) ................................ 46 2 5 4 9 4 6 6 10 5 6 5 14 6 7
Other Gases .................................. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Nuclear .......................................... 545 499 542 499 504 470 526 496 497 458 513 483 521 499 488
Hydropower (c) .............................. 93 99 97 81 93 107 100 94 99 115 106 99 92 98 105
Other Renewables (d) ................... 76 65 58 72 73 64 60 73 81 70 65 78 68 68 73
South Census Region
Coal ............................................... 1,715 1,539 1,908 1,288 1,517 1,543 1,883 1,374 1,570 1,517 1,884 1,379 1,612 1,580 1,588
Natural Gas ................................... 1,971 2,074 2,452 1,972 1,960 2,104 2,443 1,844 1,835 2,086 2,458 1,854 2,118 2,088 2,059
Petroleum (a) ................................ 42 24 29 24 34 30 32 25 34 29 32 25 30 30 30
Other Gases .................................. 14 13 15 14 14 13 15 14 14 13 16 15 14 14 14
Nuclear .......................................... 974 956 1,001 879 939 883 1,004 946 985 908 1,016 957 953 943 967
Hydropower (c) .............................. 122 108 94 88 126 123 104 103 134 132 110 108 103 114 121
Midwest Census Region
Coal ............................................... 1,579 1,302 1,578 1,350 1,519 1,337 1,630 1,458 1,523 1,298 1,563 1,401 1,452 1,486 1,446
Natural Gas ................................... 299 257 340 264 307 276 354 268 304 290 384 316 290 301 324
Petroleum (a) ................................ 12 11 13 9 13 12 13 11 13 11 13 11 11 12 12
Other Gases .................................. 15 13 16 9 12 12 16 10 12 12 16 10 13 12 13
Nuclear .......................................... 553 529 570 554 538 502 562 529 553 509 570 537 552 533 542
Hydropower (c) .............................. 44 47 42 30 41 49 42 36 44 52 44 37 41 42 44
West Census Region
Coal ............................................... 505 496 587 537 563 488 562 588 572 454 549 594 532 550 542
Natural Gas ................................... 494 611 873 717 576 527 797 640 507 498 782 640 675 636 608
Petroleum (a) ................................ 23 23 25 23 25 25 26 27 26 26 27 27 23 26 27
Other Gases .................................. 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 7 7
Nuclear .......................................... 176 149 172 153 158 147 165 155 162 149 167 158 163 157 159
Hydropower (c) .............................. 527 425 365 318 373 513 456 348 444 562 485 366 408 422 464
Table 7d. U.S. Regional Electricity Generation, All Sectors (Thousand megawatthours per day)
2015 2016 2017 Year
Historical data: Latest data available from U.S. Energy Information Administration Electric Power Monthly and Electric Power Annual.
(a) Residual fuel oil, distillate fuel oil, petroleum coke, and other petroleum liquids.
(b) Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, nonrenewable waste, and miscellaneous technologies.
(c) Conventional hydroelectric and pumped storage generation.
(d) Wind, biomass, geothermal, and solar generation.
Notes: Data reflect generation supplied by electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants operated by electric utilities, independent power producers, and
the commercial and industrial sectors. The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.

Fuel Consumption for Electricity Generation, All Sectors
United States
Coal (thousand st/d) ................... 2,187 1,923 2,349 1,824 2,064 1,904 2,321 1,964 2,105 1,851 2,281 1,933 2,071 2,064 2,043
Natural Gas (million cf/d) ........... 24,028 26,271 33,510 26,188 25,166 26,639 33,144 24,526 23,458 26,279 33,275 25,037 27,522 27,377 27,034
Petroleum (thousand b/d) .......... 215 108 126 107 146 126 137 125 150 126 138 123 139 133 134
Residual Fuel Oil ..................... 76 26 33 28 36 31 34 32 38 32 34 31 41 33 34
Distillate Fuel Oil ..................... 66 26 24 21 36 29 30 29 37 28 30 29 34 31 31
Petroleum Coke (a) ................. 61 52 65 53 66 62 68 59 67 62 69 58 58 64 64
Other Petroleum Liquids (b) .... 12 4 4 4 8 5 5 5 8 5 5 5 6 6 6
Northeast Census Region
Coal (thousand st/d) ................... 134 82 100 62 105 66 85 73 116 72 94 72 94 82 89
South Census Region
Coal (thousand st/d) ................... 888 819 1,023 696 789 813 1,000 735 815 797 997 735 856 835 836
Midwest Census Region
West Census Region
End-of-period U.S. Fuel Inventories Held by Electric Power Sector
Coal (million short tons) ................ 154.8 166.8 162.4 178.1 178.9 182.8 166.0 170.7 172.5 176.8 160.2 165.2 178.1 170.7 165.2
Residual Fuel Oil (mmb) ............... 10.2 10.5 10.6 13.0 13.2 12.9 12.4 12.7 12.7 12.4 12.0 12.2 13.0 12.7 12.2
Distillate Fuel Oil (mmb) ............... 16.6 16.7 17.1 17.6 17.7 17.5 17.4 17.7 17.7 17.5 17.4 17.7 17.6 17.7 17.7
Petroleum Coke (mmb) ................. 4.1 5.2 5.5 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.9 5.7 5.3 4.9
Table 7e. U.S. Regional Fuel Consumption for Electricity Generation, All Sectors
2015 2016 2017 Year
Historical data: Latest data available from U.S. Energy Information Administration Electric Power Monthly and Electric Power Annual.
(a) Petroleum coke consumption converted from short tons to barrels by multiplying by five.
(b) Other petroleum liquids include jet fuel, kerosene, and waste oil.
Notes: Data reflect generation supplied by electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants operated by electric utilities, independent power producers, and
the commercial and industrial sectors. Data include fuel consumed only for generation of electricity. Values do not include consumption by CHP plants for useful thermal output.
The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.
Physical Units: st/d = short tons per day; b/d = barrels per day; cf/d = cubic feet per day; mmb = million barrels.

Electric Power Sector
Hydroelectric Power (a) ........................ 0.685 0.596 0.539 0.462 0.557 0.692 0.625 0.517 0.619 0.752 0.663 0.543 2.282 2.391 2.578
Wood Biomass (b) ................................. 0.063 0.058 0.067 0.058 0.060 0.055 0.067 0.061 0.062 0.057 0.070 0.063 0.246 0.243 0.252
Waste Biomass (c) ................................ 0.067 0.066 0.070 0.069 0.067 0.068 0.071 0.069 0.067 0.068 0.071 0.068 0.272 0.275 0.274
Wind ...................................................... 0.433 0.460 0.385 0.489 0.528 0.566 0.418 0.544 0.594 0.637 0.468 0.588 1.768 2.056 2.287
Geothermal .......................................... 0.041 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.042 0.041 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.041 0.042 0.042 0.161 0.167 0.167
Solar ...................................................... 0.047 0.073 0.074 0.043 0.045 0.090 0.100 0.072 0.077 0.144 0.139 0.083 0.238 0.306 0.444
Subtotal .............................................. 1.337 1.293 1.174 1.161 1.299 1.512 1.323 1.304 1.461 1.699 1.453 1.389 4.966 5.438 6.002
Industrial Sector
Wood Biomass (b) ................................. 0.324 0.320 0.324 0.319 0.306 0.302 0.312 0.315 0.307 0.303 0.314 0.316 1.287 1.234 1.240
Waste Biomass (c) ................................ 0.046 0.049 0.050 0.050 0.048 0.048 0.050 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.051 0.050 0.195 0.196 0.199
Geothermal .......................................... 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.004 0.004 0.004
Biofuel Losses and Co-products (f) ...... 0.189 0.192 0.195 0.193 0.196 0.194 0.199 0.196 0.194 0.194 0.199 0.195 0.770 0.784 0.782
Subtotal .............................................. 0.569 0.571 0.577 0.571 0.558 0.552 0.570 0.569 0.558 0.554 0.572 0.570 2.287 2.249 2.255
Commercial Sector
Wood Biomass (b) ................................. 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.020 0.020 0.076 0.077 0.078
Waste Biomass (c) ................................ 0.013 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.044 0.043 0.043
Geothermal .......................................... 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.020 0.020 0.020
Subtotal .............................................. 0.038 0.036 0.037 0.036 0.035 0.035 0.036 0.036 0.036 0.035 0.037 0.036 0.148 0.142 0.144
Residential Sector
Wood Biomass (b) ................................. 0.110 0.111 0.113 0.113 0.103 0.104 0.105 0.105 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.447 0.418 0.426
Geothermal .......................................... 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.040 0.044 0.045
Solar (d) ................................................. 0.069 0.070 0.071 0.071 0.077 0.077 0.078 0.078 0.088 0.089 0.090 0.090 0.281 0.311 0.356
Subtotal .............................................. 0.189 0.191 0.194 0.194 0.191 0.193 0.195 0.195 0.206 0.207 0.208 0.208 0.768 0.773 0.827
Transportation Sector
Ethanol (e) ............................................. 0.266 0.284 0.292 0.281 0.275 0.289 0.299 0.290 0.273 0.289 0.298 0.289 1.122 1.153 1.149
Biomass-based Diesel (e) ..................... 0.034 0.058 0.064 0.063 0.068 0.072 0.081 0.081 0.070 0.074 0.084 0.083 0.219 0.302 0.310
Subtotal .............................................. 0.300 0.341 0.356 0.346 0.343 0.361 0.380 0.370 0.343 0.363 0.382 0.372 1.344 1.454 1.459
All Sectors Total
Wood Biomass (b) ................................. 0.517 0.508 0.523 0.508 0.488 0.480 0.504 0.500 0.494 0.486 0.510 0.506 2.056 1.972 1.996
Waste Biomass (c) ................................ 0.126 0.125 0.129 0.129 0.126 0.126 0.132 0.129 0.126 0.127 0.133 0.130 0.510 0.513 0.516
Wind ...................................................... 0.433 0.460 0.385 0.489 0.528 0.566 0.418 0.544 0.594 0.637 0.468 0.588 1.768 2.056 2.287
Geothermal .......................................... 0.057 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.059 0.058 0.059 0.059 0.059 0.058 0.059 0.060 0.225 0.235 0.236
Solar ...................................................... 0.118 0.145 0.146 0.114 0.123 0.169 0.179 0.152 0.167 0.234 0.230 0.174 0.523 0.622 0.806
Ethanol (e) ............................................. 0.271 0.289 0.298 0.289 0.280 0.295 0.305 0.295 0.278 0.294 0.304 0.295 1.146 1.175 1.171
Biomass-based Diesel (e) ..................... 0.034 0.058 0.064 0.063 0.068 0.072 0.081 0.081 0.070 0.074 0.084 0.083 0.219 0.302 0.310
Biofuel Losses and Co-products (f) ...... 0.189 0.192 0.195 0.193 0.196 0.194 0.199 0.196 0.194 0.194 0.199 0.195 0.770 0.784 0.782
Total Consumption ................................. 2.434 2.433 2.338 2.307 2.427 2.652 2.504 2.474 2.603 2.859 2.651 2.575 9.512 10.057 10.688
(e) Fuel ethanol and biomass-based diesel consumption in the transportation sector includes production, stock change, and imports less exports. Some biomass-based diesel may be consumed
in the residential sector in heating oil.
Table 8. U.S. Renewable Energy Consumption (Quadrillion Btu)
2015 2016 2017 Year
(a) Conventional hydroelectric power only. Hydroelectricity generated by pumped storage is not included in renewable energy.
(b) Wood and wood-derived fuels.
(c) Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, and other biomass.
(d) Includes small-scale solar thermal and photovoltaic energy used in the commercial, industrial, and electric power sectors.
(f) Losses and co-products from the production of fuel ethanol and biomass-based diesel
Historical data: Latest data available from EIA databases supporting the following reports: Electric Power Monthly, DOE/EIA-0226 and Renewable Energy Annual, DOE/EIA-0603; Petroleum
Supply Monthly, DOE/EIA-0109.

Macroeconomic
Real Gross Domestic Product
(billion chained 2009 dollars - SAAR) ............. 16,177 16,334 16,418 16,483 16,595 16,707 16,849 17,009 17,141 17,288 17,419 17,521 16,353 16,790 17,342
Real Personal Consumption Expend.
Real Fixed Investment
Business Inventory Change
(billion chained 2009 dollars - SAAR) ............. 127 128 101 49 33 28 39 53 66 78 76 68 101 38 72
Real Government Expenditures
Real Exports of Goods & Services
Real Imports of Goods & Services
Real Disposable Personal Income
Non-Farm Employment
(millions) .......................................................... 141.0 141.6 142.2 142.9 143.4 143.9 144.3 144.8 145.4 145.9 146.5 147.0 141.9 144.1 146.2
Civilian Unemployment Rate
(percent) ........................................................... 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 5.3 4.9 4.7
Housing Starts
(millions - SAAR) .............................................. 0.98 1.16 1.16 1.11 1.14 1.18 1.26 1.33 1.40 1.45 1.48 1.50 1.10 1.23 1.46
Industrial Production Indices (Index, 2012=100)
Total Industrial Production .................................. 107.4 106.8 107.6 106.9 107.0 107.2 108.2 109.7 110.8 111.5 112.6 113.3 107.2 108.0 112.0
Manufacturing .................................................. 105.5 105.8 106.7 107.0 106.9 106.9 107.9 109.8 110.9 111.6 112.7 113.5 106.2 107.9 112.2
Food ............................................................. 104.7 104.7 105.9 106.0 106.6 107.0 107.4 108.1 108.8 109.3 110.0 110.6 105.3 107.3 109.7
Paper ............................................................ 97.2 97.1 95.9 96.2 95.4 95.1 95.0 95.5 95.7 95.6 95.8 96.1 96.6 95.2 95.8
Petroleum and Coal Products ....................... 107.9 108.9 109.3 110.3 109.9 110.1 110.7 111.6 112.2 112.6 113.2 113.5 109.1 110.6 112.9
Chemicals ..................................................... 102.8 103.1 103.4 104.1 104.3 104.6 105.2 106.4 107.5 108.5 110.0 111.7 103.4 105.1 109.4
Nonmetallic Mineral Products ...................... 111.3 111.1 112.2 114.9 113.6 114.5 115.8 117.3 118.9 120.5 122.1 123.6 112.4 115.3 121.3
Primary Metals .............................................. 100.7 100.1 100.0 98.6 97.4 96.4 96.5 98.3 98.9 98.6 99.6 100.0 99.8 97.1 99.3
Coal-weighted Manufacturing (a) .................... 103.6 103.8 104.0 104.3 103.6 103.5 104.0 105.3 106.1 106.5 107.7 108.6 103.9 104.1 107.2
Distillate-weighted Manufacturing (a) .............. 106.6 106.5 107.5 108.3 107.9 108.3 109.2 110.7 111.9 112.8 113.9 114.8 107.2 109.0 113.3
Electricity-weighted Manufacturing (a) ............ 104.7 105.0 105.6 105.6 105.2 105.2 105.9 107.6 108.7 109.3 110.6 111.7 105.2 106.0 110.1
Natural Gas-weighted Manufacturing (a) ........ 104.5 105.4 105.8 105.9 105.5 105.6 106.3 108.0 109.1 109.9 111.5 112.9 105.4 106.4 110.9
Price Indexes
Consumer Price Index (all urban consumers)
(index, 1982-1984=1.00) ................................... 2.35 2.37 2.38 2.38 2.38 2.39 2.41 2.42 2.44 2.45 2.46 2.48 2.37 2.40 2.46
Producer Price Index: All Commodities
(index, 1982=1.00) ............................................ 1.92 1.92 1.91 1.89 1.89 1.90 1.91 1.92 1.94 1.94 1.96 1.98 1.91 1.90 1.96
Producer Price Index: Petroleum
(index, 1982=1.00) ............................................ 1.71 1.95 1.80 1.58 1.40 1.50 1.53 1.46 1.49 1.66 1.75 1.74 1.76 1.47 1.66
GDP Implicit Price Deflator
(index, 2009=100) ............................................. 109.1 109.7 110.0 110.5 111.2 111.7 112.2 112.7 113.4 113.9 114.3 114.9 109.8 111.9 114.1
Miscellaneous
Vehicle Miles Traveled (b)
(million miles/day) ............................................. 7,990 8,982 8,920 8,541 8,213 9,149 9,082 8,693 8,359 9,251 9,168 8,796 8,611 8,785 8,895
Air Travel Capacity
(Available ton-miles/day, thousands) ............... 517 574 584 545 534 567 564 546 537 572 569 549 555 553 557
Aircraft Utilization
(Revenue ton-miles/day, thousands) ................ 322 356 365 338 333 353 357 345 337 359 363 348 345 347 352
Airline Ticket Price Index
(index, 1982-1984=100) .................................... 286.4 313.0 283.3 288.8 287.4 305.4 288.7 295.5 299.4 319.9 303.2 311.7 292.9 294.2 308.5
Raw Steel Production
(million short tons per day) ............................... 0.247 0.242 0.248 0.227 0.235 0.229 0.231 0.207 0.206 0.214 0.194 0.166 0.241 0.225 0.195
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions (million metric tons)
Petroleum ............................................................ 562 568 584 569 562 571 584 579 563 577 590 584 2,282 2,297 2,314
Natural Gas ......................................................... 469 313 327 375 463 322 331 391 457 325 336 399 1,483 1,507 1,516
Coal ..................................................................... 397 354 432 350 381 351 427 367 383 342 420 360 1,532 1,525 1,505
Total Energy (c) .................................................. 1,429 1,236 1,344 1,295 1,407 1,245 1,345 1,339 1,404 1,245 1,347 1,344 5,304 5,336 5,340
SAAR = Seasonally-adjusted annual rate
Table 9a. U.S. Macroeconomic Indicators and CO2 Emissions
2015 2016 2017 Year
and Federal Aviation Administration. Minor discrepancies with published historical data are due to independent rounding.
Projections: EIA Regional Short-Term Energy Model. Macroeconomic projections are based on Global Insight Model of the U.S. Economy.
(a) Fuel share weights of individual sector indices based on EIAManufacturing Energy Consumption Survey.
(b) Total highway travel includes gasoline and diesel fuel vehicles.
(c) Includes electric power sector use of geothermal energy and non-biomass waste.
Historical data: Latest data available from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis; Federal Reserve System, Statistical release G17; Federal Highway Administration;

Real Gross State Product (Billion $2009)
New England ................ 863 871 875 877 883 888 895 903 909 915 921 925 872 893 918
Middle Atlantic .............. 2,417 2,445 2,456 2,469 2,482 2,497 2,514 2,534 2,549 2,567 2,581 2,592 2,447 2,507 2,572
E. N. Central ................. 2,219 2,240 2,249 2,257 2,268 2,280 2,296 2,316 2,332 2,349 2,363 2,373 2,241 2,290 2,354
W. N. Central ................ 1,048 1,056 1,061 1,065 1,072 1,079 1,088 1,098 1,105 1,114 1,122 1,128 1,058 1,084 1,117
S. Atlantic ...................... 2,851 2,884 2,901 2,915 2,940 2,962 2,989 3,019 3,043 3,070 3,093 3,112 2,888 2,977 3,080
E. S. Central ................. 735 741 745 749 754 758 764 771 776 783 788 792 742 762 785
W. S. Central ................ 2,025 2,036 2,047 2,051 2,064 2,077 2,098 2,120 2,140 2,163 2,185 2,205 2,040 2,090 2,173
Mountain ....................... 1,033 1,042 1,048 1,053 1,062 1,072 1,082 1,094 1,105 1,117 1,128 1,137 1,044 1,078 1,121
Pacific ........................... 2,897 2,926 2,943 2,954 2,978 3,001 3,028 3,059 3,086 3,114 3,139 3,159 2,930 3,016 3,125
Industrial Output, Manufacturing (Index, Year 2012=100)
New England ................ 101.7 102.4 103.8 103.9 103.8 103.9 104.8 106.5 107.6 108.1 109.1 109.7 102.9 104.8 108.6
Middle Atlantic .............. 102.1 102.7 103.3 103.4 103.2 103.1 103.9 105.6 106.5 107.0 108.1 108.8 102.9 104.0 107.6
E. N. Central ................. 107.7 108.5 109.5 109.7 109.5 109.3 110.2 112.2 113.3 113.8 115.0 115.9 108.9 110.3 114.5
W. N. Central ................ 105.6 105.7 106.5 106.8 106.8 106.8 107.9 109.8 110.9 111.5 112.6 113.4 106.2 107.8 112.1
S. Atlantic ...................... 106.3 106.8 108.0 108.5 108.5 108.5 109.5 111.3 112.3 112.9 113.9 114.6 107.4 109.4 113.4
E. S. Central ................. 108.0 108.2 109.5 109.9 109.9 109.9 110.8 112.5 113.6 114.2 115.3 116.0 108.9 110.8 114.8
W. S. Central ................ 104.7 103.6 103.2 103.0 102.7 102.5 103.4 105.1 106.3 107.0 108.3 109.3 103.6 103.4 107.7
Mountain ....................... 107.2 107.9 109.2 109.8 110.0 110.5 111.8 113.9 115.4 116.3 117.7 118.5 108.5 111.6 117.0
Pacific ........................... 105.3 106.0 106.6 107.0 106.9 107.1 108.3 110.3 111.5 112.2 113.4 114.3 106.2 108.2 112.9
Real Personal Income (Billion $2009)
New England ................ 740 746 752 758 765 769 775 781 787 795 801 806 749 772 797
Middle Atlantic .............. 1,896 1,912 1,925 1,943 1,954 1,964 1,979 1,993 2,007 2,024 2,039 2,050 1,919 1,972 2,030
E. N. Central ................. 2,010 2,023 2,043 2,061 2,077 2,088 2,103 2,117 2,135 2,154 2,171 2,183 2,034 2,096 2,161
W. N. Central ................ 970 976 987 996 1,004 1,011 1,017 1,025 1,034 1,043 1,051 1,059 982 1,014 1,047
S. Atlantic ...................... 2,622 2,644 2,670 2,696 2,722 2,742 2,769 2,794 2,824 2,855 2,882 2,904 2,658 2,757 2,866
E. S. Central ................. 760 764 769 776 782 787 793 799 806 814 820 825 767 790 816
W. S. Central ................ 1,710 1,717 1,732 1,745 1,758 1,769 1,785 1,801 1,821 1,844 1,863 1,879 1,726 1,778 1,852
Mountain ....................... 922 930 940 950 959 966 976 985 997 1,009 1,019 1,028 935 972 1,013
Pacific ........................... 2,218 2,241 2,265 2,288 2,312 2,327 2,348 2,369 2,393 2,418 2,441 2,461 2,253 2,339 2,428
Households (Thousands)
New England ................ 5,834 5,843 5,849 5,855 5,865 5,871 5,876 5,882 5,889 5,898 5,906 5,916 5,855 5,882 5,916
Middle Atlantic .............. 15,991 16,011 16,022 16,036 16,058 16,073 16,084 16,093 16,106 16,122 16,140 16,157 16,036 16,093 16,157
E. N. Central ................. 18,625 18,639 18,655 18,679 18,709 18,732 18,754 18,777 18,803 18,829 18,858 18,886 18,679 18,777 18,886
W. N. Central ................ 8,451 8,469 8,483 8,499 8,521 8,539 8,557 8,576 8,598 8,619 8,640 8,662 8,499 8,576 8,662
S. Atlantic ...................... 24,593 24,675 24,756 24,843 24,947 25,037 25,124 25,211 25,301 25,395 25,489 25,585 24,843 25,211 25,585
E. S. Central ................. 7,522 7,532 7,541 7,555 7,572 7,587 7,602 7,617 7,633 7,650 7,667 7,684 7,555 7,617 7,684
W. S. Central ................ 14,309 14,360 14,405 14,451 14,508 14,561 14,613 14,664 14,715 14,769 14,823 14,878 14,451 14,664 14,878
Mountain ....................... 8,778 8,810 8,841 8,874 8,914 8,948 8,986 9,023 9,061 9,101 9,142 9,184 8,874 9,023 9,184
Pacific ........................... 18,400 18,456 18,503 18,553 18,616 18,672 18,724 18,779 18,835 18,892 18,949 19,006 18,553 18,779 19,006
Total Non-farm Employment (Millions)
New England ................ 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.2 7.3 7.4
Middle Atlantic .............. 18.9 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.3 19.3 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.5 19.1 19.3 19.4
E. N. Central ................. 21.4 21.5 21.5 21.6 21.6 21.7 21.7 21.8 21.9 21.9 22.0 22.0 21.5 21.7 22.0
W. N. Central ................ 10.4 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.8 10.5 10.6 10.7
S. Atlantic ...................... 26.7 26.9 27.0 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.6 27.7 27.8 27.9 28.1 28.2 27.0 27.5 28.0
E. S. Central ................. 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.9 7.9 7.9 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.1 8.1 7.8 7.9 8.1
W. S. Central ................ 16.6 16.6 16.7 16.7 16.8 16.8 16.9 17.0 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 16.6 16.9 17.2
Mountain ....................... 9.9 10.0 10.0 10.1 10.1 10.2 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.4 10.5 10.5 10.0 10.2 10.4
Pacific ........................... 21.8 21.9 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.7 22.8 22.9 22.0 22.4 22.8
Table 9b. U.S. Regional Macroeconomic Data
2015 2016 2017 Year
Projections: Macroeconomic projections are based on the Global Insight Model of the U.S. Economy.
Historical data: Latest data available from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis; Federal Reserve System, Statistical release G17.

Heating Degree Days
New England ................. 3,854 819 58 1,793 3,093 818 130 2,204 3,065 810 131 2,150 6,523 6,246 6,155
Middle Atlantic ............... 3,580 612 41 1,547 2,808 636 80 1,990 2,850 648 90 1,989 5,780 5,515 5,578
E. N. Central .................. 3,693 660 75 1,745 3,007 687 114 2,234 3,104 721 129 2,268 6,174 6,041 6,222
W. N. Central ................. 3,375 653 95 1,960 3,119 659 141 2,414 3,224 688 155 2,462 6,083 6,332 6,529
South Atlantic ................ 1,676 156 8 657 1,454 201 13 975 1,443 208 16 981 2,498 2,643 2,648
E. S. Central .................. 2,147 184 14 886 1,860 258 18 1,293 1,846 263 22 1,312 3,231 3,429 3,443
W. S. Central ................. 1,397 69 2 613 1,266 98 4 776 1,200 101 5 748 2,081 2,144 2,054
Mountain ........................ 1,901 704 122 1,863 2,191 658 132 1,805 2,248 677 134 1,850 4,590 4,786 4,909
Pacific ............................ 1,085 526 77 1,162 1,271 462 83 1,113 1,497 534 87 1,265 2,850 2,929 3,383
U.S. Average ............. 2,343 443 49 1,247 2,063 453 69 1,516 2,121 477 76 1,550 4,082 4,101 4,223
Heating Degree Days, Prior 10-year Average
New England ................. 3,166 838 134 2,147 3,212 824 132 2,104 3,226 822 127 2,133 6,285 6,273 6,309
Middle Atlantic ............... 2,935 666 90 1,976 2,982 651 90 1,927 2,996 649 85 1,950 5,667 5,650 5,680
E. N. Central .................. 3,192 694 123 2,262 3,247 689 125 2,206 3,268 694 121 2,217 6,272 6,267 6,301
W. N. Central ................. 3,273 691 150 2,433 3,298 693 150 2,392 3,325 707 146 2,407 6,546 6,533 6,584
South Atlantic ................ 1,481 196 14 1,013 1,502 185 14 975 1,512 188 13 980 2,704 2,676 2,693
E. S. Central .................. 1,853 236 19 1,358 1,898 225 19 1,308 1,916 233 17 1,306 3,466 3,451 3,472
W. S. Central ................. 1,188 86 5 834 1,221 83 5 814 1,248 90 4 814 2,113 2,123 2,157
Mountain ........................ 2,258 730 150 1,873 2,231 724 147 1,879 2,227 731 139 1,871 5,011 4,980 4,968
Pacific ............................ 1,534 621 92 1,205 1,495 610 88 1,208 1,458 596 87 1,196 3,453 3,400 3,337
U.S. Average ............. 2,182 493 77 1,567 2,199 483 76 1,534 2,204 484 73 1,538 4,319 4,293 4,299
Cooling Degree Days
New England ................. 0 72 489 0 0 96 429 0 0 99 444 0 561 525 543
Middle Atlantic ............... 0 185 612 1 0 177 578 6 0 176 576 5 798 761 758
E. N. Central .................. 0 221 499 7 0 231 574 9 0 221 553 8 727 814 782
W. N. Central ................. 3 266 659 13 3 283 711 12 3 275 688 11 941 1,008 977
South Atlantic ................ 136 762 1,157 320 114 630 1,160 233 114 632 1,167 234 2,375 2,137 2,147
E. S. Central .................. 23 578 1,018 89 27 506 1,072 72 27 508 1,070 69 1,708 1,678 1,673
W. S. Central ................. 51 858 1,572 272 69 819 1,498 212 72 863 1,609 227 2,754 2,599 2,770
Mountain ........................ 45 432 923 86 19 442 971 88 19 439 973 88 1,487 1,521 1,520
Pacific ............................ 52 229 687 123 31 204 586 75 32 211 613 77 1,091 897 933
U.S. Average ............. 46 434 876 130 39 399 866 98 40 404 882 100 1,486 1,402 1,426
Cooling Degree Days, Prior 10-year Average
New England ................. 0 85 420 1 0 81 420 1 0 82 422 1 506 502 506
Middle Atlantic ............... 0 168 557 5 0 168 548 5 0 172 550 6 731 721 728
E. N. Central .................. 3 234 545 6 3 229 528 6 3 234 530 7 787 765 773
W. N. Central ................. 7 282 683 9 7 279 674 9 7 277 672 10 981 969 966
South Atlantic ................ 110 635 1,154 210 113 659 1,144 220 114 662 1,145 223 2,108 2,136 2,144
E. S. Central .................. 33 526 1,053 52 32 541 1,038 55 31 541 1,038 59 1,664 1,667 1,670
W. S. Central ................. 94 883 1,519 184 90 890 1,518 192 84 875 1,518 194 2,679 2,690 2,671
Mountain ........................ 17 424 930 75 21 429 931 76 22 423 940 78 1,445 1,457 1,462
Pacific ............................ 26 170 602 65 29 180 613 72 30 178 609 74 863 894 892
U.S. Average ............. 40 396 849 83 42 404 845 88 41 404 847 90 1,369 1,378 1,383
Table 9c. U.S. Regional Weather Data
2015 2016 2017 Year
Historical data: Latest data available from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA).
Projections: Based on forecasts by the NOAA Climate Prediction Center (http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/pacdir/DDdir/NHOME3.shtml).
Notes: Regional degree days for each period are calculated by EIA as contemporaneous period population-weighted averages of
state degree day data published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
See Change in Regional and U.S. Degree-Day Calculations (http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/steo/special/pdf/2012_sp_04.pdf) for more information.
The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.
Regions refer to U.S. Census divisions. See "Census division" in EIA’s Energy Glossary (http://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/) for a list of states in each region.

January 2016 U.S. EIA Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO)

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