Java Core Parctical

1. What is the difference between a constructor and a method?
A constructor is a member function of a class that is used to create objects of that class.
It has the same name as the class itself, has no return type, and is invoked using the
new operator.
A method is an ordinary member function of a class. It has its own name, a return type
(which may be void), and is invoked using the dot operator.
2. What is the purpose of garbage collection in Java, and when is it used?
The purpose of garbage collection is to identify and discard objects that are no longer
needed by a program so that their resources can be reclaimed and reused.
A Java object is subject to garbage collection when it becomes unreachable to the
program in which it is used.
3. Describe synchronization in respect to multithreading.
With respect to multithreading, synchronization is the capability to control the access of
multiple threads to shared resources.
Without synchonization, it is possible for one thread to modify a shared variable while
another thread is in the process of using or updating same shared variable. This usually
leads to significant errors.
4. What is an abstract class?
Abstract class must be extended/subclassed (to be useful). It serves as a template. A
class that is abstract may not be instantiated (ie. you may not call its constructor),
abstract class may contain static data.
Any class with an abstract method is automatically abstract itself, and must be declared
as such. A class may be declared abstract even if it has no abstract methods. This
prevents it from being instantiated.
5. What is the difference between an Interface and an Abstract class?
An abstract class can have instance methods that implement a default behavior. An
Interface can only declare constants and instance methods, but cannot implement
default behavior and all methods are implicitly abstract.
An interface has all public members and no implementation. An abstract class is a class
which may have the usual flavors of class members (private, protected, etc.), but
has some abstract methods.
6. Explain different way of using thread?
The thread could be implemented by using runnable interface or by inheriting from
the Thread class. The former is more advantageous, 'cause when you are going for
multiple inheritance, the only interface can help.
7. What is an Iterator?

Some of the collection classes provide traversal of their contents via
a java.util.Iterator interface. This interface allows you to walk through a collection
of objects, operating on each object in turn.
Remember when using Iterators that they contain a snapshot of the collection at the
time the Iterator was obtained; generally it is not advisable to modify the collection itself
while traversing an Iterator.
8. State the significance of public, private, protected, default modifiers both
singly and in combination and state the effect of package relationships on
declared items qualified by these modifiers.
public: Public class is visible in other packages, field is visible everywhere (class must
be public too)
private : Private variables or methods may be used only by an instance of the same
class that declares the variable or method, A private feature may only be accessed by
the class that owns the feature.
protected : Is available to all classes in the same package and also available to all
subclasses of the class that owns the protected feature. This access is provided even to
subclasses that reside in a different package from the class that owns the protected
feature.
What you get by default ie, without any access modifier (ie, public private or protected).
It means that it is visible to all within a particular package.
9. What is static in java?
Static means one per class, not one for each object no matter how many instance of a
class might exist. This means that you can use them without creating an instance of a
class.Static methods are implicitly final, because overriding is done based on the type of
the object, and static methods are attached to a class, not an object.
A static method in a superclass can be shadowed by another static method in a subclass,
as long as the original method was not declared final. However, you can't override a
static method with a nonstatic method. In other words, you can't change a static method
into an instance method in a subclass.
10. What is final class?
A final class can't be extended ie., final class may not be subclassed. A final method
can't be overridden when its class is inherited. You can't change value of a final variable
(is a constant).
11. What if the main() method is declared as private?
The program compiles properly but at runtime it will give "main() method not public."
message.
12. What if the static modifier is removed from the signature of the main()
method?
Program compiles. But at runtime throws an error "NoSuchMethodError".

13. What if I write static public void instead of public static void?
Program compiles and runs properly.
14. What if I do not provide the String array as the argument to the method?
Program compiles but throws a runtime error "NoSuchMethodError".
15. What is the first argument of the String array in main() method?
The String array is empty. It does not have any element. This is unlike C/C++ where the
first element by default is the program name.
16. If I do not provide any arguments on the command line, then the String
array of main() method will be empty or null?
It is empty. But not null.
17. How can one prove that the array is not null but empty using one line of
code?
Print args.length. It will print 0. That means it is empty. But if it would have been null
then it would have thrown a NullPointerException on attempting to
print args.length.
18. What environment variables do I need to set on my machine in order to be
able to run Java programs?
CLASSPATH and PATH are the two variables.
19. Can an application have multiple classes having main() method?
Yes it is possible. While starting the application we mention the class name to be run.
The JVM will look for the Main method only in the class whose name you have
mentioned.
Hence there is not conflict amongst the multiple classes having main() method.
20. Can I have multiple main() methods in the same class?
No the program fails to compile. The compiler says that the main() method is already
defined in the class.
21. Do I need to import java.lang package any time? Why ?
No. It is by default loaded internally by the JVM.
22. Can I import same package/class twice? Will the JVM load the package
twice at runtime?
One can import the same package or same class multiple times. Neither compiler nor
JVM complains about it. And the JVM will internally load the class only once no matter
how many times you import the same class.

23. What are Checked and UnChecked Exception?
A checked exception is some subclass of Exception (or Exception itself), excluding class
RuntimeException and its subclasses. Making an exception checked forces client
programmers to deal with the possibility that the exception will be thrown.
Example: IOException thrown by java.io.FileInputStream's read() method·
Unchecked exceptions are RuntimeException and any of its subclasses. Class Error and
its subclasses also are unchecked. With an unchecked exception, however, the compiler
doesn't force client programmers either to catch the exception or declare it in a throws
clause. In fact, client programmers may not even know that the exception could be
thrown.
Example: StringIndexOutOfBoundsException thrown by String's charAt() method·
Checked exceptions must be caught at compile time. Runtime exceptions do not need to
be. Errors often cannot be.
24. What is Overriding?
When a class defines a method using the same name, return type, and arguments as a
method in its superclass, the method in the class overrides the method in the superclass.
When the method is invoked for an object of the class, it is the new definition of the
method that is called, and not the method definition from superclass. Methods may be
overridden to be more public, not more private.
25. Are the imports checked for validity at compile time? Example: will the code
containing an import such as java.lang.ABCD compile?
Yes the imports are checked for the semantic validity at compile time. The code
containing above line of import will not compile. It will throw an error saying, can not
resolve symbol
symbol : class ABCD
location: package io
import java.io.ABCD;
26. Does importing a package imports the subpackages as well? Example: Does
importing com.MyTest.* also import com.MyTest.UnitTests.*?
No you will have to import the subpackages explicitly. Importing com.MyTest.* will
import classes in the package MyTest only. It will not import any class in any of it's
subpackage.
27. What is the difference between declaring a variable and defining a variable?
In declaration we just mention the type of the variable and it's name. We do not initialize
it. But defining means declaration + initialization.
Example: String s; is just a declaration while String s = new String
("abcd"); Or String s = "abcd"; are both definitions.

28. What is the default value of an object reference declared as an instance
variable?
The default value will be null unless we define it explicitly.
29. Can a top level class be private or protected?
No. A top level class cannot be private or protected. It can have either "public" or no
modifier. If it does not have a modifier it is supposed to have a default access.
If a top level class is declared as private the compiler will complain that the "modifier
private is not allowed here". This means that a top level class can not be private. Same
is the case with protected.
30. What type of parameter passing does Java support?
In Java the arguments are always passed by value.
31. Primitive data types are passed by reference or pass by value?
Primitive data types are passed by value.
32. Objects are passed by value or by reference?
Java only supports pass by value. With objects, the object reference itself is passed by
value and so both the original reference and parameter copy both refer to the same
object.
33. What is serialization?
Serialization is a mechanism by which you can save the state of an object by converting
it to a byte stream.
34. How do I serialize an object to a file?
The class whose instances are to be serialized should implement an interface
Serializable. Then you pass the instance to the ObjectOutputStream which is connected
to a fileoutputstream. This will save the object to a file.
35. Which methods of Serializable interface should I implement?
The serializable interface is an empty interface, it does not contain any methods. So we
do not implement any methods.
36. How can I customize the seralization process? i.e. how can one have a
control over the serialization process?
Yes it is possible to have control over serialization process. The class should implement
Externalizable interface. This interface contains two methods
namely readExternal and writeExternal.
You should implement these methods and write the logic for customizing the serialization
process.

37. What is the common usage of serialization?
Whenever an object is to be sent over the network, objects need to be serialized.
Moreover if the state of an object is to be saved, objects need to be serilazed.
38. What is Externalizable interface?
Externalizable is an interface which contains two
methods readExternal and writeExternal. These methods give you a control over the
serialization mechanism.
Thus if your class implements this interface, you can customize the serialization process
by implementing these methods.
39. When you serialize an object, what happens to the object references
included in the object?
The serialization mechanism generates an object graph for serialization. Thus it
determines whether the included object references are serializable or not. This is a
recursive process.
Thus when an object is serialized, all the included objects are also serialized alongwith
the original obect.
40. What one should take care of while serializing the object?
One should make sure that all the included objects are also serializable. If any of the
objects is not serializable then it throws a NotSerializableException.
41. What happens to the static fields of a class during serialization?
There are three exceptions in which serialization doesnot necessarily read and write to
the stream. These are
1. Serialization ignores static fields, because they are not part of ay particular state
state.
2. Base class fields are only hendled if the base class itself is serializable.
3. Transient fields.
42. Does Java provide any construct to find out the size of an object?
No, there is not sizeof operator in Java. So there is not direct way to determine the size
of an object directly in Java.
43. What are wrapper classes?
Java provides specialized classes corresponding to each of the primitive data types.
These are called wrapper classes.
They are example: Integer, Character, Double etc.
44. Why do we need wrapper classes?

It is sometimes easier to deal with primitives as objects. Moreover most of the collection
classes store objects and not primitive data types. And also the wrapper classes provide
many utility methods also.
Because of these resons we need wrapper classes. And since we create instances of
these classes we can store them in any of the collection classes and pass them around
as a collection. Also we can pass them around as method parameters where a method
expects an object.
45. What are checked exceptions?
Checked exception are those which the Java compiler forces you to catch.
Example: IOException are checked exceptions.
46. What are runtime exceptions?
Runtime exceptions are those exceptions that are thrown at runtime because of either
wrong input data or because of wrong business logic etc. These are not checked by the
compiler at compile time.
47. What is the difference between error and an exception?
An error is an irrecoverable condition occurring at runtime. Such as OutOfMemory error.
These JVM errors and you can not repair them at runtime. While exceptions are
conditions that occur because of bad input etc. Example: FileNotFoundException will
be thrown if the specified file does not exist. Or aNullPointerException will take place
if you try using a null reference.
In most of the cases it is possible to recover from an exception (probably by giving user
a feedback for entering proper values etc.).
48. How to create custom exceptions?
Your class should extend class Exception, or some more specific type thereof.
49. If I want an object of my class to be thrown as an exception object, what
should I do?
The class should extend from Exception class. Or you can extend your class from some
more precise exception type also.
50. If my class already extends from some other class what should I do if I
want an instance of my class to be thrown as an exception object?
One can not do anytihng in this scenarion. Because Java does not allow multiple
inheritance and does not provide any exception interface as well.
51. How does an exception permeate through the code?
An unhandled exception moves up the method stack in search of a matching When an
exception is thrown from a code which is wrapped in a try block followed by one or more
catch blocks, a search is made for matching catch block. If a matching type is found then

that block will be invoked. If a matching type is not found then the exception moves up
the method stack and reaches the caller method.
Same procedure is repeated if the caller method is included in a try catch block. This
process continues until a catch block handling the appropriate type of exception is found.
If it does not find such a block then finally the program terminates.
52. What are the different ways to handle exceptions?
There are two ways to handle exceptions,
1. By wrapping the desired code in a try block followed by a catch block to catch the
exceptions. and
2. List the desired exceptions in the throws clause of the method and let the caller of the
method hadle those exceptions.
53. Is it necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block?
It is not necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block. It should be
followed by either a catch block or a finally block. And whatever exceptions are likely
to be thrown should be declared in the throws clause of the method.
54. If I write return at the end of the try block, will the finally block still
execute?
Yes even if you write return as the last statement in the try block and no exception
occurs, the finally block will execute. The finally block will execute and then the control
return.
55. If I write System.exit(0); at the end of the try block, will the finally block
still execute?
No. In this case the finally block will not execute because when you
say System.exit(0); the control immediately goes out of the program, and thus finally
never executes.
56. How are Observer and Observable used?
Objects that subclass the Observable class maintain a list of observers. When an
Observable object is updated it invokes the update() method of each of its observers to
notify the observers that it has changed state. The Observer interface is implemented by
objects that observe Observable objects.
57. What is synchronization and why is it important?
With respect to multithreading, synchronization is the capability to control the access of
multiple threads to shared resources.
Without synchronization, it is possible for one thread to modify a shared object while
another thread is in the process of using or updating that object's value. This often leads
to significant errors.
58. How does Java handle integer overflows and underflows?

It uses those low order bytes of the result that can fit into the size of the type allowed by
the operation.
59. Does garbage collection guarantee that a program will not run out of
memory?
Garbage collection does not guarantee that a program will not run out of memory. It is
possible for programs to use up memory resources faster than they are garbage
collected. It is also possible for programs to create objects that are not subject to
garbage collection.
60. What is the difference between preemptive scheduling and time slicing?
Under preemptive scheduling, the highest priority task executes until it enters the
waiting or dead states or a higher priority task comes into existence.
Under time slicing, a task executes for a predefined slice of time and then reenters the
pool of ready tasks. The scheduler then determines which task should execute next,
based on priority and other factors.
61. When a thread is created and started, what is its initial state?
A thread is in the ready state after it has been created and started.
62. What is the purpose of finalization?
The purpose of finalization is to give an unreachable object the opportunity to perform
any cleanup processing before the object is garbage collected.
63. What is the Locale class?
The Locale class is used to tailor program output to the conventions of a particular
geographic, political, or cultural region.
64. What is the difference between a while statement and a do statement?
A while statement checks at the beginning of a loop to see whether the next loop
iteration should occur.
A do statement checks at the end of a loop to see whether the next iteration of a loop
should occur. The do statement will always execute the body of a loop at least once.
65. What is the difference between static and non-static variables?
A static variable is associated with the class as a whole rather than with specific
instances of a class. Non-static variables take on unique values with each object
instance.
66. How are this() and super() used with constructors?
this() is used to invoke a constructor of the same class. super() is used to invoke a
superclass constructor.

67. What is daemon thread and which method is used to create the daemon
thread?
Daemon thread is a low priority thread which runs intermittently in the back ground
doing the garbage collection operation for the java runtime system.setDaemon method
is used to create a daemon thread.
68. Can applets communicate with each other?
At this point in time applets may communicate with other applets running in the same
virtual machine. If the applets are of the same class, they can communicate via shared
static variables. If the applets are of different classes, then each will need a reference to
the same class with static variables. In any case the basic idea is to pass the information
back and forth through a static variable.
An applet can also get references to all other applets on the same page using
the getApplets() method ofjava.applet.AppletContext. Once you get the reference
to an applet, you can communicate with it by using its public members.
It is conceivable to have applets in different virtual machines that talk to a server
somewhere on the Internet and store any data that needs to be serialized there. Then,
when another applet needs this data, it could connect to this same server. Implementing
this is non-trivial.
69. What are the steps in the JDBC connection?
While making a JDBC connection we go through the following steps :
Step 1 : Register the database driver by using :
Class.forName(" driver classs for that specific database" );
Step 2 : Now create a database connection using :
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url,username,password);
Step 3: Now Create a query using :
Statement stmt = Connection.Statement("select * from TABLE NAME");
Step 4 : Exceute the query :
stmt.exceuteUpdate();
70. How does a try statement determine which catch clause should be used to
handle an exception?
When an exception is thrown within the body of a try statement, the catch clauses of
the try statement are examined in the order in which they appear. The first catch clause
that is capable of handling the exceptionis executed. The remaining catch clauses are
ignored.
71. Can an unreachable object become reachable again?

An unreachable object may become reachable again. This can happen when the
object's finalize() method is invoked and the object performs an operation which
causes it to become accessible to reachable objects.
72. What method must be implemented by all threads?
All tasks must implement the run() method, whether they are a subclass of Thread or
implement the Runnable interface.
73. What are synchronized methods and synchronized statements?
Synchronized methods are methods that are used to control access to an object. A
thread only executes a synchronized method after it has acquired the lock for the
method's object or class.
Synchronized statements are similar to synchronized methods. A synchronized
statement can only be executed after a thread has acquired the lock for the object or
class referenced in the synchronized statement.
74. What is Externalizable?
Externalizable is an Interface that extends Serializable Interface. And sends data into
Streams in Compressed Format. It has two methods, writeExternal(ObjectOuput
out) and readExternal(ObjectInput in).
75. What modifiers are allowed for methods in an Interface?
Only public and abstract modifiers are allowed for methods in interfaces.
76. What are some alternatives to inheritance?
Delegation is an alternative to inheritance.
Delegation means that you include an instance of another class as an instance variable,
and forward messages to the instance. It is often safer than inheritance because it forces
you to think about each message you forward, because the instance is of a known class,
rather than a new class, and because it doesn't force you to accept all the methods of
the super class: you can provide only the methods that really make sense. On the other
hand, it makes you write more code, and it is harder to re-use (because it is not a
subclass).
77. What does it mean that a method or field is "static"?
Static variables and methods are instantiated only once per class. In other words they
are class variables, not instance variables. If you change the value of a static variable in
a particular object, the value of that variable changes for all instances of that class.
Static methods can be referenced with the name of the class rather than the name of a
particular object of the class (though that works too). That's how library methods
like System.out.println() work out is a static field in the java.lang.System class.
78. What is the difference between preemptive scheduling and time slicing?

Under preemptive scheduling, the highest priority task executes until it enters the
waiting or dead states or a higher priority task comes into existence. Under time slicing,
a task executes for a predefined slice of time and then reenters the pool of ready tasks.
The scheduler then determines which task should execute next, based on priority and
other factors.
79. What is the catch or declare rule for method declarations?
If a checked exception may be thrown within the body of a method, the method must
either catch the exception or declare it in its throws clause.
80. Is Empty .java file a valid source file?
Yes. An empty .java file is a perfectly valid source file.
81. Can a .java file contain more than one java classes?
Yes. A .java file contain more than one java classes, provided at the most one of them
is a public class.
82. Is String a primitive data type in Java?
No. String is not a primitive data type in Java, even though it is one of the most
extensively used object. Strings in Java are instances of String class defined
in java.lang package.
83. Is main a keyword in Java?
No. main is not a keyword in Java.
84. Is next a keyword in Java?
No. next is not a keyword.
85. Is delete a keyword in Java?
No. delete is not a keyword in Java. Java does not make use of explicit destructors the
way C++ does.
86. Is exit a keyword in Java?
No. To exit a program explicitly you use exit method in System object.
87. What happens if you dont initialize an instance variable of any of the
primitive types in Java?
Java by default initializes it to the default value for that primitive type. Thus an int will
be initialized to 0(zero), a boolean will be initialized to false.
88. What will be the initial value of an object reference which is defined as an
instance variable?

The object references are all initialized to null in Java. However in order to do anything
useful with these references, you must set them to a valid object, else you will
get NullPointerExceptions everywhere you try to use such default initialized
references.
89. What are the different scopes for Java variables?
The scope of a Java variable is determined by the context in which the variable is
declared. Thus a java variable can have one of the three scopes at any given point in
time.
1. Instance : - These are typical object level variables, they are initialized to default
values at the time of creation of object, and remain accessible as long as the object
accessible.
2. Local : - These are the variables that are defined within a method. They remain
accessbile only during the course of method excecution. When the method finishes
execution, these variables fall out of scope.
3. Static: - These are the class level variables. They are initialized when the class is
loaded in JVM for the first time and remain there as long as the class remains loaded.
They are not tied to any particular object instance.
90. What is the default value of the local variables?
The local variables are not initialized to any default value, neither primitives nor object
references. If you try to use these variables without initializing them explicitly, the java
compiler will not compile the code. It will complain abt the local varaible not being
initilized.
91. How many objects are created in the following piece of code?
MyClass c1, c2, c3;
c1 = new MyClass ();
c3 = new MyClass ();
Only 2 objects are created, c1 and c3. The reference c2 is only declared and not
initialized.
92. Can a public class MyClass be defined in a source file named
YourClass.java?
No. The source file name, if it contains a public class, must be the same as the public
class name itself with a.java extension.
93. Can main() method be declared final?
Yes, the main() method can be declared final, in addition to being public static.
94. What is HashMap and Map?
Map is an Interface and Hashmap is the class that implements Map.
95. Difference between HashMap and HashTable?

The HashMap class is roughly equivalent to Hashtable, except that it is unsynchronized
and permits nulls. (HashMap allows null values as key and value whereas Hashtable
doesnt allow).
HashMap does not guarantee that the order of the map will remain constant over time.
HashMap is unsynchronized and Hashtable is synchronized.
96. Difference between Vector and ArrayList?
Vector is synchronized whereas arraylist is not.
97. Difference between Swing and Awt?
AWT are heavy-weight componenets. Swings are light-weight components. Hence swing
works faster than AWT.
98. What will be the default values of all the elements of an array defined as an
instance variable?
If the array is an array of primitive types, then all the elements of the array will be
initialized to the default value corresponding to that primitive type.
Example: All the elements of an array of int will be initialized to 0(zero), while that of
boolean type will be initialized to false. Whereas if the array is an array of references
(of any type), all the elements will be initialized to null.

Java Core Parctical

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