Java course in Chandigarh.pdf

Java course in Chandigarh
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Java
Java is a widely used object-oriented programming language and
software platform that runs on billions of devices, including
notebook computers, mobile devices, gaming consoles, medical
devices and many others. The rules and syntax of Java are based on
the C and C++ languages. Java is the official language for Android
mobile app development. In fact, the Android operating system itself
is written in Java. Even though Kotlin has recently become an
alternative to using Java for Android development, Kotlin still uses
the Java Virtual Machine and can interact with Java code.
Java Technology and Its Uses
Java is a programming language and computing
platform first released by Sun Microsystems in 1995. It has
evolved from humble beginnings to power a large share of
today's digital world, by providing the reliable platform upon
which many services and applications are built. While most
modern Java applications combine the Java runtime and
application together, there are still many applications and even
some websites that will not function unless you have a desktop

Java installed. Java.com, this website, is intended for
consumers who may still require Java for their desktop
applications – specifically applications targeting Java 8.
Developers as well as users that would like to learn Java
programming should visit the dev.java website instead and
business users should visit oracle.com/java for more
information.
Programming Languages
There are four platforms of the Java programming
language:
 Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE)
 Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE)
 Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME)
 Java FX.
All Java platforms consist of a Java Virtual Machine (VM) and an
application programming interface (API). The Java Virtual Machine
is a program, for a particular hardware and software platform, that

runs Java applications. An API is a collection of software components
that you can use to create other software components or applications.
Each Java platform provides a virtual machine and an API, and this
allows applications written for that platform to run on any compatible
system with all the advantages of the Java programming language:
platform-independence, power, stability, ease-of-development, and
security.
Java SE
When most people think of the Java programming language, they
think of the Java SE API. Java SE's API provides the core
functionality of the Java programming language. It defines everything
from the basic types and objects of the Java programming language to
high-level classes that are used for networking, security, database
access, graphical user interface (GUI) development, and XML
parsing.
In addition to the core API, the Java SE platform consists of a virtual
machine, development tools, deployment technologies, and other
class libraries and toolkits commonly used in Java applications.
Java EE
The Java EE platform is built on top of the Java SE platform. The
Java EE platform provides an API and runtime environment for
developing and running large-scale, multi-tiered, scalable, reliable,
and secure network applications.
Java ME
The Java ME platform provides an API and a small-footprint virtual
machine for running Java programming language applications on
small devices, like mobile phones. The API is a subset of the Java SE
API, along with special class libraries useful for small device
application development. Java ME applications are often clients of
Java EE application services.

Java Platform and Java Community
Process
Java Standard Edition and Java Enterprise Edition are heavily
used worldwide. Together, they are used in various kinds of
solutions like web applications, applications servers, big data
technologies and so on.
Both editions are composed of a large number of modules and
it wouldn't be possible to provide a thorough explanation of the
whole platform. Therefore, I'm going to briefly address its most
important pieces.
Java Standard Edition (Java SE)
The Java Standard Edition (Java SE) is the minimum
requirement to run a Java application. This edition provides a
solid basis to the Java Enterprise Edition, and as such I will
start by defining some of its components:
 Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
 Java Class Library (JCL)
 Java Runtime Environment (JRE)
 Java Development Kit (JDK)
Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is responsible for supporting
the execution of Java applications. This is the piece of the

platform that makes the statement write once, run
everywhere true for Java. Each particular host operating
system (Windows, Linux, Mac OS, etc) needs its own
implementation of the JVM, otherwise it wouldn't be possible
to run Java applications.
Let's take as an example an arbitrary application that needs to
read files from the hosting system. If this application didn't run
on an engine like the JVM, that abstracts tasks
like IO operations, it would be necessary to write a different
program to every single system targeted. This would make the
release process slower and it would become harder to support
and share this application.
One important concept to bare in mind is that the JVM is,
before everything, a specification. Being a specification allows
different vendors to create their own implementation of
the JVM. Wikipedia has an up to date article that lists open
source and proprietary JVMs, but the most important and used
ones are: Open JDK (which is open source), J9 from
IBM and Oracle JVM (both proprietary).
Java Class Library (JCL)
The Java Class Library is a set of standard libraries that is
available to any application running on the JVM. This set of
libraries is composed of classes that allow programs to handle
commons tasks like: network communication, collection

manipulation, file operations, user interface creation, etc. This
standard library is also known as the Java Standard Edition
API.
As of version 8 of Java, there were more than 4 thousand
classes available to the applications running on the JVM. This
makes a typical installation of Java consume a large size on
disk.
Java Runtime Environment (JRE)
The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is a set of tools that
provide an environment where Java applications can run
effectively. Whenever a user wants to run a Java program,
they must choose a vendor and install one of the versions
available for their specific environment architecture (Linux x86,
Linux x64, Mac OS X, Windows x64, etc). Installing it gives
them access to a set of files and programs.
There are two files that are worth noting on a
typical JRE installation. The first one is the java executable
file. This file is responsible for bootstrapping the JVM that will
run the application. The second one is the rt.jar file. This file
contains all the runtime classes that comprises the JCL.

Java Development Kit (JDK)
The Java Development Kit (JDK) is an extension of the JRE.
Alongside with the files and tools provided by the JRE,
the JDK includes compilers and tools (like JavaDoc, and Java
Debugger) to create Java programs. For this reason,
whenever one wants to develop a Java application, they need
to install a JDK.
Nowadays, tools distributed by the JDK, that focus on
compiling and basic source code debugging, are often not
directly used by developers. Usually Java developers rely on
third party tools (like Apache Maven or Gradle) to automate
compile, build, and distribution processes. And they also rely
on their IDEs (Integrated Development Environments) to build
and debug projects on a development environment.
Nevertheless, it is important to note that there are very
important tools that help developers on finding and solving
bugs, in production and on development stages, that are
available on the JDK. JVisualVM is one of these tools.
Developers use it to visually monitor, troubleshoot, and profile
Java applications.
Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE)
The Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE) was created to
extend the Java SE by adding a set of specifications
that define capabilities commonly used by enterprise
applications. The latest version of this edition contains
over 40 specifications that help developers to create
applications that communicate through web
services, convert object-oriented data to entity
relationship model, handle transactional
conversations and so on.

One great advantage of having an enterprise edition
defined as specifications, is that different vendors can
develop their own application servers to support it. This
leads to a richer environment where companies can
choose the best vendor to support their operations (i.e.
they avoid vendor lock-in), and allows open-source and
commercial versions of these specifications to be
developed and used in a highly compatible way.
Java Enterprise Edition Vendors
At the time of writing there are 8 different vendors that certified
their Java EE implementation. Among these vendors, two of
them are free and open-source: GlassFish Server Open
Source Edition and WildFly.
Oracle, the creator of GlassFish, and Red Hat, the creator
of WildFly, also provide proprietary and paid versions of these
application servers. Oracle WebLogic Server is the version
supported by Oracle and JBoss Enterprise Application
Platform is the version supported by Red Hat.
One may wonder why companies like Oracle and Red Hat
make available two versions of their applications servers: one
open-source and free and the other paid and proprietary. The
biggest differences between these versions are that the paid
ones usually have more performance and better support.
Vendors invest a lot to make these versions run smoothly and
to solve any issues that might occur as fast as possible.
Java Enterprise Edition Features
As already stated, Java EE comes with a lot (more than 40)
features based on JSRs. These features help companies to
handle common needs like persistence, security, web
interfaces, state validation and so on. The following list

enumerates some of the most important and used features
of Java EE:
 Java Persistence API (JPA)—a specification for
accessing, persisting and managing data between Java
objects and a relational database
 Java Server Faces (JSF)—a specification for building
component-based user interfaces for web applications
 Java Server Pages (JSP)—a technology that helps
software developers create dynamically generated web
pages based on HTML
 Java API for RESTful Web Services (JAX-RS)—a spec
that provides support in creating RESTful web services
 Enterprise Java Beans (EJB)—a specification for
developing components that encapsulates business logic
of an application
 Context and Dependency Inject (CDI)—a technology that
allows developers to apply inversion of control on Java
applications
Java Community Process (JCP)
The Java Community Process (JCP) is the process that
formalizes and standardizes Java technologies. Interested
parties, like developers and companies, cooperate in this
process to evolve the platform. Enhancements to any Java
technology or introduction of new ones occur through Java
Specification Requests (JSRs).
 A description of the proposed specification
 The target platform
 Why the need for a new specification
 And technologies that the specification relied on
After submitting this specification request, members of
the Executive Committee (EC) analyzed it to decide if the
request deserved attention or not. Since it was approved by
the EC, Mark Hadley and Paul Sandoz—former employees of
Sun Microsystems—were assigned as Specification Leads and

kept working on it with the help of Expert Group members
and Contributors.
All the different roles and the workflow involved to release
any JSR, like the example above, are defined in
the JCP program and are governed by the EC.
Java Community Process Membership
To officially participate in any stage of a JSR or process in
the JCP, an organization or individual has to sign a Java
Specification Participation Agreement (JSPA), a Associate
Membership Agreement (AMA) or a Partner Membership
Agreement (PMA).
Any entity (human or organization) that signs one of these
agreements gets categorized as one of the three types of JCP
Membership available: Associate Member, Partner Member or
Full Member. Each of these types qualify members to act on
different roles in the process.
The JCP provides a very detailed explanation of how different
kind of subjects (individuals, non-profit organizations or
commercial organizations) become members and how they
can contribute. But basically, the following rules apply:
 Associate Members can be Contributors to JSRs' Expert
Groups, attend JCP Member events and vote in the
annual Executive Committee elections for two Associate
seats.
 Partner Members can serve on the Executive Committee,
attend to JCP Member events and vote in the
annual Executive Committee elections.
 Full Members can work on the Executive Committee, vote
in the annual Executive Committee elections, work
as Contributors to JSRs and lead these specifications.
Java Specification Requests (JSR)

A Java Specification Request is the document that starts an
enhancement on the Java platform. Whenever a member of
the JCP program sees an opportunity to improve the platform,
they create a JSR describing the opportunity and submit it for
revision. The JSR then passes through a series of stages until
it gets released or discarded. The following list enumerates the
stages from the creation of a JSR to its release:
 Write a JSR
 Submit a JSR
 JSR Review
 EG formation
 Early Draft Review
 Public Review
 Proposed Final Draft
 Final Ballot
Advantages of Java Language-
 Java is easy to learn. Java was designed to be easy
to use and is therefore easy to write, compile,
debug, and learn than other programming
languages.
 Java is object-oriented. This allows you to create
modular programs and reusable code.
 Java is platform-independent. One of the most
significant advantages of Java is its ability to move
easily from one computer system to another.
 The ability to run the same program on many
different systems is crucial to World Wide Web
software.

 Java succeeds at this by being platform-
independent at both the source and binary levels.
Disadvantages of Java Language-
Performance
Java programs take much longer time to run compared
to C/C++.
Memory
Since Java Programs run on top of Java Virtual Machine, it
consumes more memory.
Cost
Since memory and processing requirements higher, hardware
cost increases.
Low level programming
There is no support for low level programming in Java, like
pointers are missing.
Garbage collection
There is no control over garbage collection in Java. That is
programmer does not have any right to control the garbage
collection. Java does not provide functions like delete(),free().
No Unsigned Types
Unlike C/C++, Java does not support unsigned int, unsigned
char etc.
Beside all above disadvantages, Java is one of the
most used language in the software industry.

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