JPT : A SIMPLE JAVA-PYTHON TRANSLATOR

Computer Applications: An International Journal (CAIJ), Vol.5, No.2, May 2018
DOI: 10.5121/caij.2018.5201 1
JPT : A SIMPLE JAVA-PYTHON TRANSLATOR
Eman J. Coco, Hadeel A. Osman and Niemah I. Osman
College of Computer Science and Information Technology,
Sudan University of Science and Technology, Sudan
ABSTRACT
Java and Python are two of the most popular and powerful programming languages of present time. Both
of them are Object-Oriented programming languages with unique advantages for developers and end
users. Given the features of Python and how it is related to emerging fields in computer science such as
Internet of Things, Python is considered a strong candidate of becoming the main programming language
for academia and industry in the near future. In this paper, we develop JPT, which is a translator that
converts Java code into Python. Our desktop application takes Java code as an input and translates it to
Python code using XML as an intermediate language. The translator enables this conversion instead of
having to rewrite the whole Python program from start. We address a number of cases where the
translation process is challenging and highlight cases where manual inspection is recommended.
KEYWORDS
Compiler, Interpreter, Document Object Model, Translator
1. INTRODUCTION
Java [1] and Python [2] have recently emerged in the programming world, however, they both
earned their place being among the most popular programming languages today. They both have
many powerful features desired by programmers. Compared to Java, Python is an easier language
for novice programmers to learn. One can progress faster if learning programming in Python as a
first language, because Java is restrictive and more complex compared to Python. Python is more
user-friendly, robust, easier to read and understand, has a more intuitive coding style and is easier
to debug. It is also more productive than Java because it is a dynamically typed programming
language whereas Java is statically typed. Python is stable and used in giant organizations
including Philips, Google, NASA, US Navy and Disney [3].
There is no compelling evidence that Python will definitely replace Java in the near future.
However, given the features of Python above, and how it is related to emerging fields in computer
science such as Internet of Things (IoT), it is a strong candidate to dominate in both academia and
the software market. A shift from one programming language to another is not an overnight
process, and is considered a tedious job for all. If programmers want to translate their software
programs from Java to Python to gain its features, they will have to rewrite the whole program
from start which consumes time and increases cost. Therefore, a mechanism that translates
programs from Java to Python automatically is necessary. Program conversion process has been
placed among the top 10 challenges in the programming world [4]. Achieving the maximum
efficiency of the conversion without compromising the quality of the translated program is the
programmer’s target.
The work in [5] presents an approach for programming language inter-conversion which can be
applied to all types of programming languages. They implement an intermediate language for

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inter-conversion that can be used to store the logic of the program in an algorithmic format
without disturbing the structure of the original program. Separate translators to and from the
intermediate language however have to be created for each language. There is a number of
programming language translators available online [6]-[11], some are web-based such as [7]
while others are desktop applications as [8] and [11]. In addition, several are free, for instance
[6],[9] and [11], but only a few are open source including [6] and [10]. These translators convert
between a number of programming languages including Visual Basic, C, C++, C#, Java, Ruby,
Python, Perl and Boo. Nevertheless, only two of these translators convert Java to Python, these
are [6] which is compatible with older versions of Python, and [7] which is free only to a limited
number of characters.
In this paper, we develop a simple Java-Python translator that takes a Java file code as input and
translates it to Python file code as output. The objective of this work is to analyze the conversion
process considering the similarities and differences between the two languages. Providing an
open source translator which discloses conversion steps from source to intermediate to target
language enables academics and professionals to gain more insight on how to best modify code
such that it is error free after conversion. In addition, this work will contribute in the possible
switch from Java to Python by helping reduce the software evolution cost as well as help Java
programmers to learn Python.
The Simple Java-Python translator covers the basic principles of programming languages. We
consider class and method declaration, comments, declaring and initializing primitive, floating
point and boolean variables and all selection and iteration statements. The translator reads Java
statements from the Java program, converts them to eXtensible Markup Language (XML) tags as
an intermediate code and writes them in a .xml file. It then reads XML tags, converts them to
Python statements and writes them in a Python file.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes Java and Python syntax and
explains language processors (compiler and interpreter). The system design is illustrated in
Section 3. Section 4 demonstrates the implementation of the translator and provides execution
examples. Finally, Section 5 is conclusions.
2. JAVA AND PYTHON SYNTAX AND LANGUAGE PROCESSING
Java is a direct descendant of C, from which it inherits many Object-Oriented features. The
primary motivation to develop Java was the need for a platform-independent language that is used
to create software that can run on various machines. Java gained popularity with the emergence of
the World Wide Web, as the Web required portable programs. Java is robust, multithreaded and
distributed. In addition, it is portable, and was designed such that one can write code once, run it
anywhere, anytime, forever [1].
Python programming language was created in the late 1980s and is a higher-level programming
language. It is considered to be a higher-level language than C, C++, Java, and C#. Python is
considered an easy language for beginning programming because it has clear syntax and it is easy
to write programs using it [2].
Following, we briefly display Java and Python basic syntax that is considered in this work. We
also highlight language processors and their relevance to Java and Python.

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2.1 Java and Python Basic Syntax
Here we compare Java and Python in terms of syntax as to gain basic understanding of what the
translator is expected to do. Table 1 compares Java and Python in terms of comments, variables,
data types and statements.
Table 1 Java vs. Python Syntax
Java Python
Print statement System.out.println(“Welcome to
java”);
print(“Welcome to python”)
Comments // line comment
/* paragraph comment */
/** javadoc comment */
#comment
Declaring
Variables
Datatype variable_Name = value; variable_Name = value
Primitive Data
Types
byte, short, int, long, float, double,
char, boolean.
int, long, float, complex, boolean.
If statement if (condition) {
Statement;
}
If condition:
Statements
If else
statement
if (condition)
{ Statement;
} else {
Statement;
}
If condition:
Statements
else:
Statements
Nested if
statement
if (condition)
{ Statement;
}//end outer if
else
{
if{
Statement;
} //end inner if
else{
Statement;
}//end inner else
}//end outer else
If condition:
Statements
else:
if condition:
Statements
else:
Statements
Switch
statement
switch (expression)
{
case value1: statements;
break;
case value2: statements;
break;
default: statements;
}//end switch
Doesn’t have a switch statement
While
statement
while (condition)
{
// body of loop
}
while condition:
# block
for Statement for (initialization; condition; iteration)
{
// body
}
for n in range ( begin, end, step):
# block

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2.2 Compilers and Interpreters
Language processing is achieved by one of two approaches (or both): compiler and interpreter.
2.2.1 Compilers
A compiler is a program that can read a program in one language (the source language) and
translate it into an equivalent program in another language (the target language). The compiler
consists of two parts: analysis and synthesis. The Analysis divides the source code into pieces,
applies the grammatical structure to them and generates an intermediate representation of the
source code. If the syntax of the source code is ill, it generates an informative message to the user.
It also collects information about the source code and stores them on the symbol table. The
synthesis part uses a symbol table and intermediate representation to generate the target program
[12].
2.2.2 Interpreters
An interpreter is another common kind of language processors that directly executes the source
program on user inputs. The task of an interpreter is more or less the same as of a compiler but
the interpreter works in a different fashion. The interpreter takes a single line of code as input at a
time and executes that line. It will terminate the execution of the code as soon as it finds an error.
Memory requirement is less because no object code is created.
The machine language target program produced by a compiler is usually much faster than an
interpreter at mapping inputs to outputs. An interpreter, however, can usually give better error
diagnostics than a compiler, because it executes the source program statement by statement [12].
2.3 Java and Python Languages Processors
2.3.1 Java
Java is both a compiled and interpreted language. When a Java program is written,
the javac compiler converts the program into bytecode. Bytecode compiled by javac, is entered
into the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) memory where it is interpreted by another program
called java. This java program interprets bytecode line-by-line and converts it into machine code
to be run by the JVM [13].
2.3.2 Python
There are four steps that python takes when the return key is pressed: lexing, parsing, compiling,
and interpreting. Lexing is breaking the line of code into tokens. The parser takes those tokens
and generates an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) which is a structure that shows the relationship of
tokens. The compiler then takes the AST and turns it into one (or more) code objects. Finally, the
interpreter takes each code object and executes the code it represents.
3. DESIGNING THE JAVA-PYTHON TRANSLATOR
In computing, a translator (or converter) is a computer program that takes a file written in a
specific language or format and transforms it into another format without losing the functional or
logical structure of the original file [12]. Following, we explain the design of our translator and
the translation process.

3.1 System Description
The Simple Java Python Translator reads Java statements from the Java file, converts them to
XML tags and writes them in a scripting file (.xml). Then it reads XML tags, converts them to
Python statements and writes them in
3.1.1 Reasons for using an intermediate language
The main reason of using an intermediate language is to facilitate the process of conversion by
extracting the basic components of each s
build their own statements. Also it can be used to facilitate the process of translation to other
programming language besides Python without the need to start from the beginning and repeat the
translation process from Java. This can be achieved after some modifications associated with the
structure of the language to which the code is translated.
3.1.2 Selecting XML as an intermediate language
XML was designed to carry data and to be both human
we select XML as an intermediate language are:
• One of the most time-consuming challenges for developers is to exchange data between
incompatible applications. Exchanging data as XML greatly reduces this complexity, since
the data can be read by different incompatible applications.
• XML data is stored in text format. This makes it easier to expand or upgrade to new operating
systems, new applications, or new browsers, without losing data.
• With XML, data can be available to
voice machines, news feeds, etc.).
3.2 Translation Process
The translation process goes through two phases. In the first phase the Java file is converted to an
XML file and in the second phase the XML
Python statements and writes them in a Python file as shown in Figure 1.
Figure. 1. Translation Stages
3.1.1 Reasons for using an intermediate language
extracting the basic components of each statement on which programming languages
n process from Java. This can be achieved after some modifications associated with the
structure of the language to which the code is translated.
3.1.2 Selecting XML as an intermediate language
XML was designed to carry data and to be both human- and machine-readable. The reasons why
we select XML as an intermediate language are:
consuming challenges for developers is to exchange data between
the data can be read by different incompatible applications.
XML data is stored in text format. This makes it easier to expand or upgrade to new operating
systems, new applications, or new browsers, without losing data.
With XML, data can be available to all kinds of "reading machines" (Handheld computers,
voice machines, news feeds, etc.).
XML file and in the second phase the XML file is converted to a Python file.
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tatement on which programming languages depend to
n process from Java. This can be achieved after some modifications associated with the
readable. The reasons why
consuming challenges for developers is to exchange data between
XML data is stored in text format. This makes it easier to expand or upgrade to new operating
all kinds of "reading machines" (Handheld computers,

6
Figure. 2 Java to XML Phase Flowchart
3.2.1 The Java to XML Phase
The translator reads the Java file character by character to extract the type and components of the
Java statements. Each Java statement is converted to an appropriate XML tag; the tag name is

7
determined based on the type of Java statement. The components of the Java statement are stored
in the tag attributes.
When an XML tag is created the translator appends it to the XML Document Object Model
(DOM) tree. The conversion process will continue until the end of the Java file. Then the
translator transforms the DOM tree to an XML file as shown in Figure. 2.
Table. 2 describes XML tags names, attributes assigned to each one and if the tag has a value or
body. The tag name determines the type of the Java statement and the tag attributes determine the
components of the Java statement.
3.2.2 The XML to Python Phase
The translator reads the XML file to extract the DOM tree and then it reads the tree nodes which
are XML tags. Each XML tag is converted to an appropriate Python statement; the type of Python
statement is determined based on the tag name. The components of the Python statement are
extracted from the tag attributes.
The translator writes the Python statement in a Python file. The conversion process will continue
until the end of the DOM tree. The steps of this phase are shown in Figure. 3Figure.
Table. 2 XML Tags Components
Tag
Name
Tag Attributes
Value Bodyaccess identifier static type condition begin end counter
Class
Comment
Method
(method
header)
param
(method
parameter)
call
(method
call)
return
(method
return)
If
Else
For
while (also
do…while)
Continue Doesn’t have tag attributes, value or body
Break Doesn’t have tag attributes, value or body
var
(variables
declaration
and
definition)
Display

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Figure. 3 XML to Python Phase Flowchart

3.3 Translation Example
Figure. 4 (a) is an input Java code to the translator, Figure. 4 (b) illustrates intermediate XML
code and Figure. 4 (c) is the output Python code from the translator.
(a)
Figure. 4 Sample Input & Output From the
and (c) the Python Output
4. RUNNING THE TRANSLATOR
The Java Python Translator is a desktop application that is developed using Java. It has been
tested on Windows and Linux Operating Systems. This section demonstrates examples of input
and output of the translator. It also discusses the challenges facing t
output.
code and Figure. 4 (c) is the output Python code from the translator.
(c)
(b)
Figure. 4 Sample Input & Output From the Translator: (a) the Java Input, (b) the Intermediate XML Code
RANSLATOR
and output of the translator. It also discusses the challenges facing the translator to attain accurate
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Translator: (a) the Java Input, (b) the Intermediate XML Code
he translator to attain accurate

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4.1 Simple Program
Figure. 5 (a) is an input Java code to the translator and Figure. 5 (b) is the output Python code
from the translator.
This code covers comments, variables declaration and definition, type casting and displays on the
screen. We make the following notes:
• A Javadoc comment is converted to a multiple line comment because Python doesn’t
have doc comments.
• Reserved words in Python should not be used as variable names in the Java code because
this causes a problem with the Python code.
• Python does not allow the declaration of variables without assigning values to them. So if
a variable is declared in Java with no initial value, the translator assigns zero to the
variable in Python.
• In the case of declaration or definition of more than one variable in the same statement in
Java, the translator processes each variable separately and each variable has its own line
in Python because it is not possible to define more than one variable in the same
statement.
• When concatenating a string with another data type, by default Java considers it as a
string, but Python produces an error, so the translator casts the other data type to string.
• Casting String to integer or string to float is out of the scope of the translator because
Java uses specific classes for casting: Integer.parseInt("string") or
Double.parseDouble("string").
• When casting to short or long the translator converts to integer and also converts double
to float; because Python does not contain the data types short, long and double. A more
complex solution would be to store a larger variable in two smaller ones as not to lose the
value of the large variable.
• Python print() statement prints a new line by default at the end of the statement, so when
System.out.print() is used in the Java code, the converter adds(end="") to the end of the
print() Python statement.
4.2 Methods
Figure. 6 shows an example of method conversion where Figure. 6 (a) is an input Java code to the
translator and Figure. 6 (b) is the output Python code from the translator.
By default, the execution of the program in Java starts from the main method. Therefore, the
translator invokes the main method in the Python code if found in the Java code, because Python
does not require the existence of the main method for execution.
Unlike Java, Python doesn’t accept an empty block. So in case of an empty method body the
converter writes print(end="") to act as the method body.

(a)
Figure. 5 Simple Example: (a) Java
(a)
Figure. 6 Method Example: (a) Java Input Code and (b) Python Output Code
(b)
Figure. 5 Simple Example: (a) Java Input Code and (b) Python Output Code
(b)
Figure. 6 Method Example: (a) Java Input Code and (b) Python Output Code
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4.3 Selection statements
Selection statements include the if statement, the if..else statement and the nested if.
4.3.1 The if statement
Figure. 7 is an example of if statement where Figure. 7 (a) is an input Java code to the translator
and Figure.7 (b) is the output Python code from the translator.
When the translator finds if or else statements without a body it wri
act as the body.
(a)
Figure. 7 if Example: (a) Java Input Code and (b) Python Output Code
4.3.2 The if...else statement
Figure. 8 shows the if...else statement where Figure. 8 (a) is an input Java code to
and Figure. 8 (b) is the output Python code from the translator.
(a)
Figure. 8 if...else Example: (a) Java Input Code and (b) Python Output Code
Selection statements include the if statement, the if..else statement and the nested if.
and Figure.7 (b) is the output Python code from the translator.
When the translator finds if or else statements without a body it writes print(end="") in Python to
(b)
Figure. 7 if Example: (a) Java Input Code and (b) Python Output Code
Figure. 8 shows the if...else statement where Figure. 8 (a) is an input Java code to
and Figure. 8 (b) is the output Python code from the translator.
(b)
Figure. 8 if...else Example: (a) Java Input Code and (b) Python Output Code
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tes print(end="") in Python to
the translator

4.3.3 Nested if statement
Figure 9 (a) is an input Java code to the translator and Figure. 9 (b) is the output Python code
from the translator. This code illustrates nested if statements in Java and Python.
(a)
Figure. 9 Nested if Example: (a) Java Input Code and (b) Python Output Code
(a)
Figure. 10 Switch Example: (a) Java Input Code and (b) Python Output Code
(a) is an input Java code to the translator and Figure. 9 (b) is the output Python code
from the translator. This code illustrates nested if statements in Java and Python.
(b)
(b)
Figure. 10 Switch Example: (a) Java Input Code and (b) Python Output Code
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(a) is an input Java code to the translator and Figure. 9 (b) is the output Python code

4.4 The switch statement
It is known that Python does not
there are many ways to represent the Java switch statement in Python code, it does not cover all
cases. The translator converts the Java switch statement to nested…if statements in Python,
because it is clear, simple and easy to understand. It is worth noting that even with no break
statement found in the switch statement the conversion process is done assuming its existence.
Figure. 10 (a) is an input Java code to the translator illustrati
(b) is the corresponding nested..if statements Python code.
4.5 Iteration statements
The iteration statements are the while, the do..while and the for loop.
4.5.1 The while statement
When the converter finds a while st
as a body. This is shown in Figure. 11 (a) and (b).
(a)
Figure. 11 while Example: (a) Java Input Code and (b) Python Output Code
4.5.2 The do…while statement
Python does not have a do…while loop, therefore the converter converts it to a while loop with
the following steps:
• The translator sets the condition of the while loop to True.
• It then appends an if…else statement to the body of the do…while loop with a continue
statement in the if body and a break statement in the else body. If condition represents a
do…while condition.
The do..while Java input and Python output are shown in Figure. 12 (a) and Figure. 12 (b),
respectively.
contain the switch statement in its structure as Java. Even though
Figure. 10 (a) is an input Java code to the translator illustrating the switch statement in Java and
(b) is the corresponding nested..if statements Python code.
The iteration statements are the while, the do..while and the for loop.
When the converter finds a while statements without a body it writes a continue statement to act
as a body. This is shown in Figure. 11 (a) and (b).
(b)
Figure. 11 while Example: (a) Java Input Code and (b) Python Output Code
not have a do…while loop, therefore the converter converts it to a while loop with
The translator sets the condition of the while loop to True.
It then appends an if…else statement to the body of the do…while loop with a continue
ement in the if body and a break statement in the else body. If condition represents a
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contain the switch statement in its structure as Java. Even though
ng the switch statement in Java and
atements without a body it writes a continue statement to act
not have a do…while loop, therefore the converter converts it to a while loop with
It then appends an if…else statement to the body of the do…while loop with a continue
ement in the if body and a break statement in the else body. If condition represents a

(a)
Figure. 12 The do...while Example: (a) Java Input Code and (b) Python Output Code
4.5.3 The for statement
There are many differences in syntax and logic between Java and Python with respect to the for
statement. Therefore, the translator makes important changes to elimi
These differences include:
• Python does not allow defining variables in the header of the for statement as Java.
• The index of the for statement in Java holds the start value, while in Python a variable
separate from the index variabl
• Start and end values should be explicitly mentioned in the Python for statement.
• The for loop in Java repeats until the end value but in Python until the end value minus
one. For example: if a for loop starts at 0 and ends at 5, in
times (0,1,2,3,4,5) while in Python it repeats 5 times (0,1,2,3,4). Therefore, when the start
value is assigned to the index of the Java for statement in the header, the translator
defines it before the Python for statement.
• The translator adds a public variable to reserve the index space and uses the variable
which holds the start value as an index. It increases (or decreases) the index at the end of
the for statement body and adds an if…else statement to break the loop if the
false. The body of the for statement becomes the body of the if statement.
The code shown in Figure. 13 covers the for statement, where Figure. 13 (a) is the Java input code
and Figure. 13 (b) is the Python output code.
(b)
do...while Example: (a) Java Input Code and (b) Python Output Code
statement. Therefore, the translator makes important changes to eliminate these differences.
Python does not allow defining variables in the header of the for statement as Java.
The index of the for statement in Java holds the start value, while in Python a variable
separate from the index variable holds the start value.
Start and end values should be explicitly mentioned in the Python for statement.
The for loop in Java repeats until the end value but in Python until the end value minus
one. For example: if a for loop starts at 0 and ends at 5, in Java this for loop repeats 6
defines it before the Python for statement.
he translator adds a public variable to reserve the index space and uses the variable
the for statement body and adds an if…else statement to break the loop if the
false. The body of the for statement becomes the body of the if statement.
and Figure. 13 (b) is the Python output code.
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do...while Example: (a) Java Input Code and (b) Python Output Code
nate these differences.
Python does not allow defining variables in the header of the for statement as Java.
The index of the for statement in Java holds the start value, while in Python a variable
Start and end values should be explicitly mentioned in the Python for statement.
The for loop in Java repeats until the end value but in Python until the end value minus
Java this for loop repeats 6
he translator adds a public variable to reserve the index space and uses the variable
the for statement body and adds an if…else statement to break the loop if the condition is

(a)
Figure. 13 The for loop Example: (a) Java Input Code and (b) Python Output Code
• When the repetition condition is not clarified in the Java for statement, the translator
considers the condition to be True and the end value of the Python for loop is
maximum value of the integer type to prevent errors. Figure. 14 (a) and Figure. 14 (b)
show this conversion.
• When the header of the Java for loop is empty the translator represents it as a while True
statement. This is also shown in Figure. 14.
(a)
Figure. 14 Empty for Example: (a) Java Input Code and (b) Python Output Code
5. CONCLUSIONS
This paper has presented a simple Java Python translator that converts Java code to Python code
using XML as an intermediate language. The translator covers class and method declaration,
(b)
When the repetition condition is not clarified in the Java for statement, the translator
considers the condition to be True and the end value of the Python for loop is
When the header of the Java for loop is empty the translator represents it as a while True
statement. This is also shown in Figure. 14.
(b)
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When the repetition condition is not clarified in the Java for statement, the translator
considers the condition to be True and the end value of the Python for loop is set to the
When the header of the Java for loop is empty the translator represents it as a while True

17
comments, declaring and initializing primitive, floating points and boolean variables, selection
statements, switch statement and iteration Statements.
After designing, implementing and testing the translator, we found that it successfully converts
the syntax of Java programs to Python without having to rewrite Python programs from start. We
recommend checking the Python program to make sure that the logic is correct. As future work,
we would like to extend the translator to include Object Oriented Programming (OOP) principles,
arrays and data structures.
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AUTHORS
Eman Jammaa Coco received the B.Sc. degree (first class honours) in Computer Systems and Networks
from Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan, in 2017. She is currently a Computer
Programmer at Nile Technical Research Center. Her current interests include ERP using Odoo and Linux
administration.
Hadeel Ali Osman received the B.Sc. degree (first class honours) in Computer Systems and Networks
from Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan, in 2017. She is currently a Teaching
Assistant in Sudan University of Science and Technology. Her current interests include Odoo and design of
Web applications.

18
Niemah Izzeldin Osman received the B.Sc. degree (first class honours) in Computer Science from Sudan
University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan, in 2002, the M.Sc. degree (with distinction) in
Mobile Computing from the University of Bradford, U.K., in 2006 and the Ph.D. degree in Communication
Networks from the University of Leeds, U.K in 2015. She is currently an Assistant Professor at the
Department of Computer Systems and Networks, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Sudan. Her
current research interests include performance evaluation of 4G LTE networks, Internet of Things and QoE
of mobile video.

JPT : A SIMPLE JAVA-PYTHON TRANSLATOR

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