The document discusses two software development life cycle (SDLC) models: the waterfall model and the spiral model. The waterfall model is a sequential design process where each phase must be completed before the next can begin. It is simple but not suitable for complex or long-term projects where requirements may change. The spiral model is an iterative approach that allows for incremental releases and refinement through each cycle. It focuses on risk evaluation and is well-suited to large, expensive projects with changing needs.
Processes are heavyweight flows of execution that run concurrently in separate address spaces, while threads are lightweight flows that run concurrently within the same process address space. Active classes represent concurrent flows of control and can be stereotyped as <<process>> or <<thread>>. There are four types of communication between active and passive objects: active to active, active to passive, passive to active, and passive to passive. Synchronization coordinates concurrent flows using sequential, guarded, or concurrent approaches.
Amoeba is a distributed operating system that allows multiple machines connected over a network to operate as a single system. It uses a protocol called FLIP to provide transparency across the distributed system. Amoeba implements a client-server model where user processes communicate with specialized servers like file servers. The system consists of workstations, processors, servers, and gateways connected over the network. Amoeba provides capabilities-based security and does not support virtual memory - processes must fit in physical memory for high performance.
NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory Access) refers to computer system architectures where the memory access time depends on the memory location relative to the processor. It improves scalability by giving each processor node its own local memory, while still allowing access to remote memories. Existing simulators aim to model NUMA systems and analyze performance and scalability by tracking remote memory access events and task execution times. The key benefit of NUMA is that it allows memory and processors to scale independently, improving performance by reducing contention on shared memory buses.
This document discusses parallel and distributed computing concepts like multithreading, multitasking, and multiprocessing. It defines processes and threads, with processes being heavier weight and using more resources than threads. While processes are isolated and don't share data, threads within the same process can share data and resources. Multitasking allows running multiple processes concurrently, while multithreading allows a single process to perform multiple tasks simultaneously. The benefits of multithreading include improved responsiveness, faster context switching, and better utilization of multiprocessor systems.
The report discusses heterogeneous database systems. It defines a heterogeneous database as a system that integrates different, disparate database management systems to provide a single interface. It describes the key components of heterogeneous databases including an integration layer that allows transparent access to multiple underlying databases. The report also outlines some of the challenges of heterogeneous databases like schema and data conflicts, and discusses potential solutions like schema mapping. It provides advantages like improved data sharing and disadvantages like increased complexity.
This document provides an overview of different software process models including the waterfall model, V-model, evolutionary development, component-based development, and incremental delivery. It describes the key phases and activities in each model. The V-model is explained in detail with its distinct development and validation phases like requirements, design, coding, unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Pros and cons of each model are also highlighted along with guidance on when each is generally most applicable.
This document discusses different types of parallel computing architectures including vector architectures, SIMD instruction set extensions for multimedia, and graphics processing units (GPUs). It compares vector architectures to GPUs and multimedia SIMD computers to GPUs. It also covers loop level parallelism and techniques for finding data dependencies, such as using the greatest common divisor test.
Unit 5- Architectural Design in software engineering arvind pandey
This document provides an overview of architectural design for software systems. It discusses topics like system organization, decomposition styles, and control styles. The key aspects covered are:
1. Architectural design identifies the subsystems, framework for control/communication, and is described in a software architecture.
2. Common decisions include system structure, distribution, styles, decomposition, and control strategy. Models are used to document the design.
3. Organization styles include repository (shared data), client-server (shared services), and layered (abstract machines). Decomposition can be through objects or pipelines. Control can be centralized or event-based.
This document discusses various software metrics that can be used for software estimation, quality assurance, and maintenance. It describes black box metrics like function points and COCOMO, which focus on program functionality without examining internal structure. It also covers white box metrics, including lines of code, Halstead's software science, and McCabe's cyclomatic complexity, which measure internal program properties. Finally, it discusses using metrics like change rates and effort adjustment factors to estimate software maintenance costs.
IoT & M2M
Differences and Similarities between M2M and
IoT, SDN and NFV for IoT, Difference between SDN and NFV for IoT,
Basics of IoT System Management with
NETCONF, YANG-NETCONF, YANG and SNMP NETOPEER.
The protocol is based on the Routing Information Protocol (RIP).[1] The router generates a routing table with the multicast group of which it has knowledge with corresponding distances (i.e. number of devices/routers between the router and the destination). When a multicast packet is received by a router, it is forwarded by the router's interfaces specified in the routing table.
DVMRP operates via a reverse path flooding technique, sending a copy of a received packet (specifically IGMP messages for exchanging routing information with other routers) out through each interface except the one at which the packet arrived. If a router (i.e. a LAN which it borders) does not wish to be part of a particular multicast group, it sends a "prune message" along the source path of the multicast.
This document discusses software metrics and measurement. It defines key terms like measure, metric, indicator, and defines different types of metrics like process, project, and product metrics. It explains that metrics are needed for effective management and decision making. Metrics allow managers to assess quality, productivity, and benefits over time. The document also discusses guidelines for using metrics and normalizing metrics to allow comparison across projects.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an exciting and emerging area of technology allowing individuals and businesses to make radical changes to how they live their lives and conduct commerce. The challenge with this trend is that IoT devices are just computers with sensors running applications. Because IoT devices interact with our personal lives, the proliferation of these devices exposes an unprecedented amount of personal sensitive data to significant risk. In addition, IoT security is not only about the code running on the device, these devices are connected to systems that include supporting web services as well as other client applications that allow for management and reporting.
A critical step to understanding the security of any system is building a threat model. This helps to enumerate the components of the system as well as the paths that data takes as it flows through the system. Combining this information with an understanding of trust boundaries helps provide system designers with critical information to mitigate systemic risks to the technology and architecture.
This webinar looks at how Threat Modeling can be applied to IoT systems to help build more security systems during the design process, as well as how to use Threat Modeling when testing the security of IoT systems.
This document discusses block ciphers, including their definition, structure, design principles, and avalanche effect. A block cipher operates on fixed-length blocks of bits and uses a symmetric key. It encrypts bits in blocks rather than one by one. Block ciphers have advantages like high diffusion but are slower than stream ciphers. They are built using the Feistel cipher structure with a number of rounds and keys. Important design principles for block ciphers include the number of rounds, design of the round function, and key schedule algorithm. The avalanche effect causes a small input change to result in a significant output change.
This document provides an overview of the DES and RSA encryption algorithms. DES is a symmetric algorithm that is fast for large data sizes but requires securely exchanging keys, while RSA is an asymmetric algorithm that is slower for large data sizes but uses public/private key pairs to encrypt and decrypt. The document then demonstrates implementing DES and RSA encryption using the OpenSSL tool, including generating keys, encrypting and decrypting files, and best practices for key exchange between two parties.
This document provides an overview of the topics covered in the course CS8792 – Cryptography and Network Security. It discusses the foundations of modern cryptography and how it provides the key to advanced computer and communication security. Modern cryptography is based on ideas from mathematics like number theory and computational complexity theory. It also discusses the differences between traditional and modern encryption techniques. The types of modern cryptography covered are symmetric key encryption and asymmetric key encryption. It defines perfect security as a cryptosystem where the ciphertext conveys no information about the plaintext. Information theory concepts like entropy and conditional probability are also introduced.
Public key cryptography uses two keys: a public key to encrypt messages and a private key to decrypt them. The RSA algorithm is based on the difficulty of factoring large prime numbers. It works by having users generate a public/private key pair and publishing their public key. To encrypt a message, the sender uses the recipient's public key. Only the recipient can decrypt with their private key. The security of RSA relies on the computational difficulty of factoring the modulus used to generate the keys.
This document describes a project that aims to improve mobile banking security using steganography. It discusses the existing mobile banking system and its disadvantages like time constraints, high communication costs, and lack of security. The proposed system would use steganography to hide banking transaction information in images, providing higher security. It presents the system architecture, use case diagram, sequence diagrams, activity diagram, and class diagram to analyze and design the secure mobile banking system using steganography. In conclusion, the project presents a method to increase security of user information by hiding it in images using steganography instead of direct transmission.
This document discusses various architectural styles for information systems. It begins by defining data and information, then describes factors that affect the usefulness of information like quality, timeliness, completeness and relevance. It then presents a taxonomy of architectural styles including data flow, data-centered, virtual machine, independent component, and call-and-return styles. For each style it provides the goals, characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. It also discusses heterogeneous styles and different types of management information systems.
Structured analysis and structured designSudeep Singh
Structured Analysis and Structured Design (SASD) is a software development process that uses graphical tools and techniques to develop system specifications. It was developed in the 1970s and aims to improve quality, establish requirements, and focus on reliability. SASD models a system's essential functions, environment, behavior, and implementation through tools like data flow diagrams and entity relationship diagrams. It provides thorough documentation and is well-suited for real-time systems.
Ensemble methods like bagging, boosting, random forest and AdaBoost combine multiple classifiers to improve performance. Bagging aims to reduce variance by training classifiers on random subsets of data and averaging their predictions. Boosting sequentially trains classifiers to focus on misclassified examples from previous classifiers to reduce bias. Random forest extends bagging by randomly selecting features for training each decision tree. AdaBoost is a boosting algorithm that iteratively adds classifiers and assigns higher weights to misclassified examples.
Virus and its CounterMeasures -- Pruthvi Monarch Pruthvi Monarch
This document discusses viruses and countermeasures against them. It begins by defining viruses and their operation modes and structure. It describes different types of viruses like macro viruses, email viruses, and Trojan horses. It then discusses recent malicious attacks like Code Red and Nimda. The document outlines various virus countermeasures like prevention, detection, and reaction techniques. It describes advanced techniques like digital immune systems, behavioral blocking software, and antivirus software programs. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of installing antivirus applications, regularly scanning for viruses, gaining knowledge about how viruses work, and using basic internet security applications.
This document provides an introduction to mobile computing for a course at the University of Sargodha. It discusses key aspects of mobile computing including location awareness, varying network connectivity, limited device capabilities, user interfaces, platform proliferation, and active transactions. The document also summarizes common mobile application architectures and highlights challenges in designing for mobility.
The document discusses component-based software engineering and defines a software component. A component is a modular building block defined by interfaces that can be independently deployed. Components are standardized, independent, composable, deployable, and documented. They communicate through interfaces and are designed to achieve reusability. The document outlines characteristics of components and discusses different views of components, including object-oriented, conventional, and process-related views. It also covers topics like component-level design principles, packaging, cohesion, and coupling.
KDD is the automatic extraction of hidden knowledge from large volumes of data. KDD in databases is the non-trivial process of identifying valid, potentially useful and ultimately understandable patterns in data. The document then discusses the steps of KDD which include data cleaning, integration, selection, transformation, mining, evaluation and presentation. It also discusses the goals of the knowledge discovery process and how a KDD system can be used in libraries for searching, classification and acquisition by developing domain knowledge, cleaning data, choosing mining tasks and consolidating discovered knowledge.
This document provides an overview of knowledge discovery and data mining in databases. It discusses how knowledge discovery in databases is the process of finding useful knowledge from large datasets, with data mining being the core step that extracts patterns from data. The document outlines the common steps in the knowledge discovery process, including data preparation, data mining algorithm selection and employment, pattern evaluation, and incorporating discovered knowledge. It also describes different data mining techniques such as prediction, classification, and clustering and their goals of extracting meaningful information from data.
This document discusses different types of parallel computing architectures including vector architectures, SIMD instruction set extensions for multimedia, and graphics processing units (GPUs). It compares vector architectures to GPUs and multimedia SIMD computers to GPUs. It also covers loop level parallelism and techniques for finding data dependencies, such as using the greatest common divisor test.
Unit 5- Architectural Design in software engineering arvind pandey
This document provides an overview of architectural design for software systems. It discusses topics like system organization, decomposition styles, and control styles. The key aspects covered are:
1. Architectural design identifies the subsystems, framework for control/communication, and is described in a software architecture.
2. Common decisions include system structure, distribution, styles, decomposition, and control strategy. Models are used to document the design.
3. Organization styles include repository (shared data), client-server (shared services), and layered (abstract machines). Decomposition can be through objects or pipelines. Control can be centralized or event-based.
This document discusses various software metrics that can be used for software estimation, quality assurance, and maintenance. It describes black box metrics like function points and COCOMO, which focus on program functionality without examining internal structure. It also covers white box metrics, including lines of code, Halstead's software science, and McCabe's cyclomatic complexity, which measure internal program properties. Finally, it discusses using metrics like change rates and effort adjustment factors to estimate software maintenance costs.
IoT & M2M
Differences and Similarities between M2M and
IoT, SDN and NFV for IoT, Difference between SDN and NFV for IoT,
Basics of IoT System Management with
NETCONF, YANG-NETCONF, YANG and SNMP NETOPEER.
The protocol is based on the Routing Information Protocol (RIP).[1] The router generates a routing table with the multicast group of which it has knowledge with corresponding distances (i.e. number of devices/routers between the router and the destination). When a multicast packet is received by a router, it is forwarded by the router's interfaces specified in the routing table.
DVMRP operates via a reverse path flooding technique, sending a copy of a received packet (specifically IGMP messages for exchanging routing information with other routers) out through each interface except the one at which the packet arrived. If a router (i.e. a LAN which it borders) does not wish to be part of a particular multicast group, it sends a "prune message" along the source path of the multicast.
This document discusses software metrics and measurement. It defines key terms like measure, metric, indicator, and defines different types of metrics like process, project, and product metrics. It explains that metrics are needed for effective management and decision making. Metrics allow managers to assess quality, productivity, and benefits over time. The document also discusses guidelines for using metrics and normalizing metrics to allow comparison across projects.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an exciting and emerging area of technology allowing individuals and businesses to make radical changes to how they live their lives and conduct commerce. The challenge with this trend is that IoT devices are just computers with sensors running applications. Because IoT devices interact with our personal lives, the proliferation of these devices exposes an unprecedented amount of personal sensitive data to significant risk. In addition, IoT security is not only about the code running on the device, these devices are connected to systems that include supporting web services as well as other client applications that allow for management and reporting.
A critical step to understanding the security of any system is building a threat model. This helps to enumerate the components of the system as well as the paths that data takes as it flows through the system. Combining this information with an understanding of trust boundaries helps provide system designers with critical information to mitigate systemic risks to the technology and architecture.
This webinar looks at how Threat Modeling can be applied to IoT systems to help build more security systems during the design process, as well as how to use Threat Modeling when testing the security of IoT systems.
This document discusses block ciphers, including their definition, structure, design principles, and avalanche effect. A block cipher operates on fixed-length blocks of bits and uses a symmetric key. It encrypts bits in blocks rather than one by one. Block ciphers have advantages like high diffusion but are slower than stream ciphers. They are built using the Feistel cipher structure with a number of rounds and keys. Important design principles for block ciphers include the number of rounds, design of the round function, and key schedule algorithm. The avalanche effect causes a small input change to result in a significant output change.
This document provides an overview of the DES and RSA encryption algorithms. DES is a symmetric algorithm that is fast for large data sizes but requires securely exchanging keys, while RSA is an asymmetric algorithm that is slower for large data sizes but uses public/private key pairs to encrypt and decrypt. The document then demonstrates implementing DES and RSA encryption using the OpenSSL tool, including generating keys, encrypting and decrypting files, and best practices for key exchange between two parties.
This document provides an overview of the topics covered in the course CS8792 – Cryptography and Network Security. It discusses the foundations of modern cryptography and how it provides the key to advanced computer and communication security. Modern cryptography is based on ideas from mathematics like number theory and computational complexity theory. It also discusses the differences between traditional and modern encryption techniques. The types of modern cryptography covered are symmetric key encryption and asymmetric key encryption. It defines perfect security as a cryptosystem where the ciphertext conveys no information about the plaintext. Information theory concepts like entropy and conditional probability are also introduced.
Public key cryptography uses two keys: a public key to encrypt messages and a private key to decrypt them. The RSA algorithm is based on the difficulty of factoring large prime numbers. It works by having users generate a public/private key pair and publishing their public key. To encrypt a message, the sender uses the recipient's public key. Only the recipient can decrypt with their private key. The security of RSA relies on the computational difficulty of factoring the modulus used to generate the keys.
This document describes a project that aims to improve mobile banking security using steganography. It discusses the existing mobile banking system and its disadvantages like time constraints, high communication costs, and lack of security. The proposed system would use steganography to hide banking transaction information in images, providing higher security. It presents the system architecture, use case diagram, sequence diagrams, activity diagram, and class diagram to analyze and design the secure mobile banking system using steganography. In conclusion, the project presents a method to increase security of user information by hiding it in images using steganography instead of direct transmission.
This document discusses various architectural styles for information systems. It begins by defining data and information, then describes factors that affect the usefulness of information like quality, timeliness, completeness and relevance. It then presents a taxonomy of architectural styles including data flow, data-centered, virtual machine, independent component, and call-and-return styles. For each style it provides the goals, characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. It also discusses heterogeneous styles and different types of management information systems.
Structured analysis and structured designSudeep Singh
Structured Analysis and Structured Design (SASD) is a software development process that uses graphical tools and techniques to develop system specifications. It was developed in the 1970s and aims to improve quality, establish requirements, and focus on reliability. SASD models a system's essential functions, environment, behavior, and implementation through tools like data flow diagrams and entity relationship diagrams. It provides thorough documentation and is well-suited for real-time systems.
Ensemble methods like bagging, boosting, random forest and AdaBoost combine multiple classifiers to improve performance. Bagging aims to reduce variance by training classifiers on random subsets of data and averaging their predictions. Boosting sequentially trains classifiers to focus on misclassified examples from previous classifiers to reduce bias. Random forest extends bagging by randomly selecting features for training each decision tree. AdaBoost is a boosting algorithm that iteratively adds classifiers and assigns higher weights to misclassified examples.
Virus and its CounterMeasures -- Pruthvi Monarch Pruthvi Monarch
This document discusses viruses and countermeasures against them. It begins by defining viruses and their operation modes and structure. It describes different types of viruses like macro viruses, email viruses, and Trojan horses. It then discusses recent malicious attacks like Code Red and Nimda. The document outlines various virus countermeasures like prevention, detection, and reaction techniques. It describes advanced techniques like digital immune systems, behavioral blocking software, and antivirus software programs. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of installing antivirus applications, regularly scanning for viruses, gaining knowledge about how viruses work, and using basic internet security applications.
This document provides an introduction to mobile computing for a course at the University of Sargodha. It discusses key aspects of mobile computing including location awareness, varying network connectivity, limited device capabilities, user interfaces, platform proliferation, and active transactions. The document also summarizes common mobile application architectures and highlights challenges in designing for mobility.
The document discusses component-based software engineering and defines a software component. A component is a modular building block defined by interfaces that can be independently deployed. Components are standardized, independent, composable, deployable, and documented. They communicate through interfaces and are designed to achieve reusability. The document outlines characteristics of components and discusses different views of components, including object-oriented, conventional, and process-related views. It also covers topics like component-level design principles, packaging, cohesion, and coupling.
KDD is the automatic extraction of hidden knowledge from large volumes of data. KDD in databases is the non-trivial process of identifying valid, potentially useful and ultimately understandable patterns in data. The document then discusses the steps of KDD which include data cleaning, integration, selection, transformation, mining, evaluation and presentation. It also discusses the goals of the knowledge discovery process and how a KDD system can be used in libraries for searching, classification and acquisition by developing domain knowledge, cleaning data, choosing mining tasks and consolidating discovered knowledge.
This document provides an overview of knowledge discovery and data mining in databases. It discusses how knowledge discovery in databases is the process of finding useful knowledge from large datasets, with data mining being the core step that extracts patterns from data. The document outlines the common steps in the knowledge discovery process, including data preparation, data mining algorithm selection and employment, pattern evaluation, and incorporating discovered knowledge. It also describes different data mining techniques such as prediction, classification, and clustering and their goals of extracting meaningful information from data.
Data mining involves sorting through large datasets to identify patterns and relationships. It is used to predict future trends through data analysis. The goal of data mining is extracting patterns from data, not extracting the data itself. It is an interdisciplinary field that uses computer science and statistics to extract useful information from datasets. Data mining is part of the knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) process, which involves data preparation, cleansing, modeling, and interpreting results to extract useful knowledge from data. The difference between data mining and data analysis is that data analysis summarizes past data while data mining focuses on using models to predict the future.
Data Mining
for more slides and videos see this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KmhszSspmEM&list=PLhwDnFslcCOsvlmaxDWRTvQKxEoNw9jnV&ab_channel=RZ
This document provides an overview of artificial neural networks and their application in data mining techniques. It discusses neural networks as a tool that can be used for data mining, though some practitioners are wary of them due to their opaque nature. The document also outlines the data mining process and some common data mining techniques like classification, clustering, regression, and association rule mining. It notes that neural networks, as a predictive modeling technique, can be useful for problems like classification and prediction.
The document defines data mining and knowledge discovery in databases (KDD). It states that data mining involves sorting through large datasets to identify patterns and relationships. The goal is extraction of knowledge from data, not just extraction of data itself. Data mining is part of the KDD process. KDD discovers useful knowledge from data through preparation, cleansing, interpretation and prior knowledge. Major KDD areas include marketing, fraud detection and manufacturing. The KDD process has improved over the last 10 years using different discovery approaches like statistics and machine learning. The overall KDD process involves domain understanding, data selection, cleaning, reduction, choosing a task/algorithm, mining patterns, and interpreting results.
1) The document discusses data mining, which is defined as extracting information from large datasets. It can be used for applications like market analysis, fraud detection, and customer retention.
2) It explains the basics of data mining including the KDD (Knowledge Discovery in Databases) process and various data mining tasks and techniques.
3) The KDD process is described as the organized procedure for discovering useful patterns from large, complex datasets through steps like data cleaning, integration, selection, transformation, mining, evaluation and presentation.
KDD refers to the overall process of discovering useful knowledge from data and emphasizes high-level applications of specific data mining techniques. It involves multiple steps including developing an understanding of the domain, cleaning and preprocessing data, reducing dimensions, selecting a data mining technique like classification or clustering, applying algorithms, interpreting and evaluating patterns, and incorporating discovered knowledge. Data mining is a core part of KDD and refers specifically to applying algorithms to extract patterns without additional steps like evaluation. KDD is an iterative process where knowledge discovered can be fed back to enhance the model at each stage.
This document discusses knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) through the LON-CAPA online educational system. [1] It defines KDD and data mining, describing the tasks, methods, and applications of KDD. [2] The goals are to obtain predictive models of students, help students and instructors use resources more effectively, and provide information to increase student learning. [3] It then discusses the KDD process and data mining methods like classification, clustering, and dependency modeling that can be applied to discover knowledge from educational data.
DATA MINING IN EDUCATION : A REVIEW ON THE KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY PERSPECTIVEIJDKP
Knowledge Discovery in Databases is the process of finding knowledge in massive amount of data where
data mining is the core of this process. Data mining can be used to mine understandable meaningful patterns from large databases and these patterns may then be converted into knowledge.Data mining is the process of extracting the information and patterns derived by the KDD process which helps in crucial decision-making.Data mining works with data warehouse and the whole process is divded into action plan to be performed on data: Selection, transformation, mining and results interpretation. In this paper, we have reviewed Knowledge Discovery perspective in Data Mining and consolidated different areas of data
mining, its techniques and methods in it.
Data mining refers to extracting knowledge from large amounts of data and involves techniques from machine learning, statistics, and databases. A typical data mining system includes a database, data mining engine, pattern evaluation module, and graphical user interface. The knowledge discovery in data (KDD) process involves data cleaning, integration, selection, transformation, mining, evaluation, and presentation to extract useful patterns from data. KDD is the overall process while data mining is one step, applying algorithms to extract patterns for analysis.
Data mining techniques are used to analyze large datasets and discover hidden patterns. There are three main types of data mining techniques: supervised, unsupervised, and semi-supervised learning. Supervised learning uses labeled training data to learn relationships between inputs and outputs. Unsupervised learning looks for patterns in unlabeled data. Semi-supervised learning uses some labeled and mostly unlabeled data. The knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) process is a nine step method for applying data mining techniques which includes data selection, preprocessing, transformation, mining, and interpretation.
Simplify Data Mining Methods and Benefits Unveiled.pptxAgile dock
Explore the realm of data mining, its methods, and the benefits it offers. Convert raw data into valuable insights. Dive into our presentation for further information. Source: https://bit.ly/42BI17Y
KDD is the process of automatically extracting hidden patterns from large datasets. It involves data cleaning, reduction, exploration, modeling, and interpretation to discover useful knowledge. The goal is to gain a competitive advantage by providing improved services through understanding of the data.
This document provides an introduction to data mining. It discusses that data mining is the process of discovering patterns and insights from large amounts of data. It involves techniques from statistics, computer science, and management. The document outlines the steps in data mining including gathering and preparing data, applying algorithms to extract patterns, and evaluating the results. Finally, it discusses best practices, tools used, and common myths and mistakes in data mining.
The ever evoilving world of science /7th class science curiosity /samyans aca...Sandeep Swamy
The Ever-Evolving World of
Science
Welcome to Grade 7 Science4not just a textbook with facts, but an invitation to
question, experiment, and explore the beautiful world we live in. From tiny cells
inside a leaf to the movement of celestial bodies, from household materials to
underground water flows, this journey will challenge your thinking and expand
your knowledge.
Notice something special about this book? The page numbers follow the playful
flight of a butterfly and a soaring paper plane! Just as these objects take flight,
learning soars when curiosity leads the way. Simple observations, like paper
planes, have inspired scientific explorations throughout history.
As of Mid to April Ending, I am building a new Reiki-Yoga Series. No worries, they are free workshops. So far, I have 3 presentations so its a gradual process. If interested visit: https://www.slideshare.net/YogaPrincess
https://ldmchapels.weebly.com
Blessings and Happy Spring. We are hitting Mid Season.
GDGLSPGCOER - Git and GitHub Workshop.pptxazeenhodekar
This presentation covers the fundamentals of Git and version control in a practical, beginner-friendly way. Learn key commands, the Git data model, commit workflows, and how to collaborate effectively using Git — all explained with visuals, examples, and relatable humor.
Social Problem-Unemployment .pptx notes for Physiotherapy StudentsDrNidhiAgarwal
Unemployment is a major social problem, by which not only rural population have suffered but also urban population are suffered while they are literate having good qualification.The evil consequences like poverty, frustration, revolution
result in crimes and social disorganization. Therefore, it is
necessary that all efforts be made to have maximum.
employment facilities. The Government of India has already
announced that the question of payment of unemployment
allowance cannot be considered in India
pulse ppt.pptx Types of pulse , characteristics of pulse , Alteration of pulsesushreesangita003
what is pulse ?
Purpose
physiology and Regulation of pulse
Characteristics of pulse
factors affecting pulse
Sites of pulse
Alteration of pulse
for BSC Nursing 1st semester
for Gnm Nursing 1st year
Students .
vitalsign
Ultimate VMware 2V0-11.25 Exam Dumps for Exam SuccessMark Soia
Boost your chances of passing the 2V0-11.25 exam with CertsExpert reliable exam dumps. Prepare effectively and ace the VMware certification on your first try
Quality dumps. Trusted results. — Visit CertsExpert Now: https://www.certsexpert.com/2V0-11.25-pdf-questions.html
K12 Tableau Tuesday - Algebra Equity and Access in Atlanta Public Schoolsdogden2
Algebra 1 is often described as a “gateway” class, a pivotal moment that can shape the rest of a student’s K–12 education. Early access is key: successfully completing Algebra 1 in middle school allows students to complete advanced math and science coursework in high school, which research shows lead to higher wages and lower rates of unemployment in adulthood.
Learn how The Atlanta Public Schools is using their data to create a more equitable enrollment in middle school Algebra classes.
How to Customize Your Financial Reports & Tax Reports With Odoo 17 AccountingCeline George
The Accounting module in Odoo 17 is a complete tool designed to manage all financial aspects of a business. Odoo offers a comprehensive set of tools for generating financial and tax reports, which are crucial for managing a company's finances and ensuring compliance with tax regulations.
Odoo Inventory Rules and Routes v17 - Odoo SlidesCeline George
Odoo's inventory management system is highly flexible and powerful, allowing businesses to efficiently manage their stock operations through the use of Rules and Routes.
INTRO TO STATISTICS
INTRO TO SPSS INTERFACE
CLEANING MULTIPLE CHOICE RESPONSE DATA WITH EXCEL
ANALYZING MULTIPLE CHOICE RESPONSE DATA
INTERPRETATION
Q & A SESSION
PRACTICAL HANDS-ON ACTIVITY
The *nervous system of insects* is a complex network of nerve cells (neurons) and supporting cells that process and transmit information. Here's an overview:
Structure
1. *Brain*: The insect brain is a complex structure that processes sensory information, controls behavior, and integrates information.
2. *Ventral nerve cord*: A chain of ganglia (nerve clusters) that runs along the insect's body, controlling movement and sensory processing.
3. *Peripheral nervous system*: Nerves that connect the central nervous system to sensory organs and muscles.
Functions
1. *Sensory processing*: Insects can detect and respond to various stimuli, such as light, sound, touch, taste, and smell.
2. *Motor control*: The nervous system controls movement, including walking, flying, and feeding.
3. *Behavioral responThe *nervous system of insects* is a complex network of nerve cells (neurons) and supporting cells that process and transmit information. Here's an overview:
Structure
1. *Brain*: The insect brain is a complex structure that processes sensory information, controls behavior, and integrates information.
2. *Ventral nerve cord*: A chain of ganglia (nerve clusters) that runs along the insect's body, controlling movement and sensory processing.
3. *Peripheral nervous system*: Nerves that connect the central nervous system to sensory organs and muscles.
Functions
1. *Sensory processing*: Insects can detect and respond to various stimuli, such as light, sound, touch, taste, and smell.
2. *Motor control*: The nervous system controls movement, including walking, flying, and feeding.
3. *Behavioral responses*: Insects can exhibit complex behaviors, such as mating, foraging, and social interactions.
Characteristics
1. *Decentralized*: Insect nervous systems have some autonomy in different body parts.
2. *Specialized*: Different parts of the nervous system are specialized for specific functions.
3. *Efficient*: Insect nervous systems are highly efficient, allowing for rapid processing and response to stimuli.
The insect nervous system is a remarkable example of evolutionary adaptation, enabling insects to thrive in diverse environments.
The insect nervous system is a remarkable example of evolutionary adaptation, enabling insects to thrive
2. KDD PROCESS
KDD (Knowledge Discovery in Databases) is a process that
involves the extraction of useful, previously unknown, and
potentially valuable information from large datasets. The
KDD process is an iterative process and it requires multiple
iterations of the above steps to extract accurate knowledge
from the data.
3. November 12, 2024
Knowledge Discovery (KDD) Process
Data mining—core of knowledge
discovery process
Data Cleaning
Data Integration
Databases
Data Warehouse
Task-relevant Data
Selection
Data Mining
Pattern Evaluation
6. DATA SELECTION
Where data relevant to the analysis task are retrieved from the data
base
7. DATA TRANSFORMATION
Where data are transformed and consolidated into forms
appropriate for mining by performing summary or aggregation
operation
8. Data Mining
An essential Process where intelligent methods are applied to
extract data patterns
9. PATTERN EVALUATION
To identify the truly interesting patterns representing knowledge
based on interestingness measures
10. KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION
Where visualization and knowledge representation techniques are
used to present mined knowledge to users
11. Note: KDD is an iterative process where evaluation
measures can be enhanced, mining can be refined, new
data can be integrated and transformed in order to get
different and more appropriate results.Preprocessing of
databases consists of Data cleaning and Data
Integration.
12. WHAT KINDS OF DATA CAN BE MINED
DATABASE DATA
Data warehouses
Transactional data
Other Kinds of Data
17. Other Kinds of Data
Time Related Data
Sequence Data(Historical Records,Stock Exchange)
Data streams( Video Surveillance, Sensor Data)
Spatial Data(maps)
Hyper Text and Multimedia Data(Text,Video,Audio)
Graph and Networked Data
Engineering Design Data(auto CAD)
Web
18. Advantages of KDD Process
1. Improves decision-making: KDD provides valuable insights and
knowledge that can help organizations make better decisions.
2. Increased efficiency: KDD automates repetitive and time-consuming
tasks and makes the data ready for analysis, which saves time and
money.
3. Better customer service: KDD helps organizations gain a better
understanding of their customers’ needs and preferences, which can
help them provide better customer service.
4. Fraud detection: KDD can be used to detect fraudulent activities by
identifying patterns and anomalies in the data that may indicate fraud.
5. Predictive modeling: KDD can be used to build predictive models that
can forecast future trends and patterns.
19. Disadvantages of KDD Process
1. Privacy concerns: KDD can raise privacy concerns as it involves collecting
and analyzing large amounts of data, which can include sensitive
information about individuals.
2. Complexity: KDD can be a complex process that requires specialized skills
and knowledge to implement and interpret the results.
3. Unintended consequences: KDD can lead to unintended consequences,
such as bias or discrimination, if the data or models are not properly
understood or used.
4. Data Quality: KDD process heavily depends on the quality of data, if data is
not accurate or consistent, the results can be misleading
5. High cost: KDD can be an expensive process, requiring significant
investments in hardware, software, and personnel.
6. Overfitting: KDD process can lead to overfitting, which is a common
problem in machine learning where a model learns the detail and noise in
the training data to the extent that it negatively impacts the performance of
the model on new unseen data.