L12 c-language-programming-of-atmega328 p

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This document discusses C programming for the Atmega328P microcontroller. It outlines some merits and demerits of C programming for AVR microcontrollers, including that C programs can be ported between microcontrollers with minor modifications but C compilers do not always produce optimized hex files. It also lists some prominent AVR C compilers and describes common data types for AVR C programming. Finally, it provides examples of delay functions, input/output operations, logic operations, bitwise operations, and switch statements in AVR C programs.

C Programming of Atmega328P
(Lecture-12)
R S Ananda Murthy
Associate Professor and Head
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,
Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering,
Mysore 570 006
R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

Merits and Demerits of C Programming AVR MCU
Merits
Lesser time consuming and easier than ALP.
C programs can be easily ported to some other
microcontroller with minor modiﬁcations.
C programs are less error prone when compared to ALP.
Readiliy available C function libraries can be used to reduce
development time.
Demerits
C compilers do not produce optimized hex ﬁles.
Improper use of data types by the programmer can lead to
larger hex ﬁle size.
The programmer does not have direct access to general
purpose registers in C programs.
R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

Some Prominent AVR C Compilers
AVR-GCC in Atmel Studio on Windows platforms.
AVR-GCC in GNU Linux environment. URL:
http://www.gnu.org/software/gcc/
microC PRO for AVR. URL:
http://www.mikroe.com/mikroc/avr/
CrossWorks for AVR. URL:
http://www.rowley.co.uk/avr/
JumpStart C Tools for AVR. https:
//www.imagecraft.com/devtools_AVR.html
AVR-GCC is the most popular compiler in industry.
R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

C Data Types in AVR-GCC
Data Type Size in Bits Data Range
unsigned char 8-bit 0 to 255
char 8-bit −128 to +127
unsigned int 16-bit 0 to 65,535
int 16-bit −32768 to +32767
unsigned long 32-bit 0 to 4294967295
long 32-bit
−2147483648 to
+2147483648
ﬂoat 32-bit ±1.175e −38 to ±3.402e38
double 32-bit ±1.175e −38 to ±3.402e38
Using improper data type results in larger hex ﬁle.
R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

Most read

Multiple Branching using Switch
R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

License
This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

Data Type for AVR C Programming
Based on the knowledge of range of data, always use the
data type having the smallest range to accommodate the
data.
As far as possible, unsigned char data type should be used
since most of the data handled by the AVR MCU is in the
range 0 to 255 or $00 to $FF.
Using int data type instead of char type can result in larger
hex ﬁles.
R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

AVR C Program Sample-1
All AVR C programs will be inﬁnite loops as shown above.
The above program outputs $00 to $FF to continuously.
R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

AVR C Program Sample-2
Inﬁnite loop is caused by while(1) statement.
The above program outputs 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, A, B, C, and D
to PORTB.
R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

Methods of Realizing Time Delay in C
By using simple for loop.
This method does not give accurate time delays because
the actual delay depends upon the length of the hex ﬁle
generated by the compiler which varies from one compiler
to another and also on the clock frequency of MCU. For
these reasons, we have to measure the actual delay using
an oscilloscope.
By using predeﬁned C functions.
_delay_ms() function can be used to cause several ms
delay and _delay_us() can be used to cause several µs
delay. Both of these functions are deﬁned in avr-libc in
delay.h header ﬁle. See avr-libc documentation available
at http://avr-libc.nongnu.org/user-manual/
group__util__delay.html
By using timers in the MCU.
R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

Delay by FOR Loop
This program toggles bits of PORTB continuously with a delay.
R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

Delay by using _delay_ms() Function
This program blinks LED at PB2 with a delay of 100 ms.
R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

Delay by using _delay_us() Function
This program blinks LED at PB2 with a delay of 100 µs.
R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

Input and Output Operations in C
This program reads a byte from Port C. If it is less than 100, it
will send it to Port B; otherwise it will send it to Port D.
R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

Logic Operations in C
In the program given above ﬁnd the output at each port after
each logical operation.
R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

Bit-wise Shift Operations in C
R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

Bit-wise Operations in C
R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

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1. C Programming of Atmega328P (Lecture-12) R S Ananda Murthy Associate Professor and Head Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysore 570 006 R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

2. Merits and Demerits of C Programming AVR MCU Merits Lesser time consuming and easier than ALP. C programs can be easily ported to some other microcontroller with minor modifications. C programs are less error prone when compared to ALP. Readiliy available C function libraries can be used to reduce development time. Demerits C compilers do not produce optimized hex files. Improper use of data types by the programmer can lead to larger hex file size. The programmer does not have direct access to general purpose registers in C programs. R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

3. Some Prominent AVR C Compilers AVR-GCC in Atmel Studio on Windows platforms. AVR-GCC in GNU Linux environment. URL: http://www.gnu.org/software/gcc/ microC PRO for AVR. URL: http://www.mikroe.com/mikroc/avr/ CrossWorks for AVR. URL: http://www.rowley.co.uk/avr/ JumpStart C Tools for AVR. https: //www.imagecraft.com/devtools_AVR.html AVR-GCC is the most popular compiler in industry. R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

4. C Data Types in AVR-GCC Data Type Size in Bits Data Range unsigned char 8-bit 0 to 255 char 8-bit −128 to +127 unsigned int 16-bit 0 to 65,535 int 16-bit −32768 to +32767 unsigned long 32-bit 0 to 4294967295 long 32-bit −2147483648 to +2147483648 ﬂoat 32-bit ±1.175e −38 to ±3.402e38 double 32-bit ±1.175e −38 to ±3.402e38 Using improper data type results in larger hex ﬁle. R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

5. Data Type for AVR C Programming Based on the knowledge of range of data, always use the data type having the smallest range to accommodate the data. As far as possible, unsigned char data type should be used since most of the data handled by the AVR MCU is in the range 0 to 255 or $00 to $FF. Using int data type instead of char type can result in larger hex ﬁles. R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

6. AVR C Program Sample-1 All AVR C programs will be inﬁnite loops as shown above. The above program outputs $00 to $FF to continuously. R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

7. AVR C Program Sample-2 Inﬁnite loop is caused by while(1) statement. The above program outputs 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, A, B, C, and D to PORTB. R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

8. Methods of Realizing Time Delay in C By using simple for loop. This method does not give accurate time delays because the actual delay depends upon the length of the hex file generated by the compiler which varies from one compiler to another and also on the clock frequency of MCU. For these reasons, we have to measure the actual delay using an oscilloscope. By using predefined C functions. _delay_ms() function can be used to cause several ms delay and _delay_us() can be used to cause several µs delay. Both of these functions are defined in avr-libc in delay.h header file. See avr-libc documentation available at http://avr-libc.nongnu.org/user-manual/ group__util__delay.html By using timers in the MCU. R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

9. Delay by FOR Loop This program toggles bits of PORTB continuously with a delay. R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

10. Delay by using _delay_ms() Function This program blinks LED at PB2 with a delay of 100 ms. R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

11. Delay by using _delay_us() Function This program blinks LED at PB2 with a delay of 100 µs. R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

12. Input and Output Operations in C This program reads a byte from Port C. If it is less than 100, it will send it to Port B; otherwise it will send it to Port D. R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

13. Logic Operations in C In the program given above ﬁnd the output at each port after each logical operation. R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

14. Bit-wise Shift Operations in C R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

15. Bit-wise Operations in C R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

16. Multiple Branching using Switch R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

17. License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. R S Ananda Murthy C Programming of Atmega328P

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