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Progressive Education Society's
Modern College of Engineering, Pune-05.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING
Case Study
AIM: Write X86/64 ALP to perform multiplication of two 8-bit hexadecimal numbers. Use
successive addition and add and shift method. (use of 64-bit registers is expected).
Motherboards are complex. Break them down, component by component, and Understand how
they work. Choosing a motherboard is a hugely important part of building a PC. Study- Block
diagram, Processor Socket, Expansion Slots, SATA, RAM, Form Factor, BIOS, Internal
Connectors, External Ports, Peripherals and Data Transfer, Display, Audio, Networking,
Overclocking, and Cooling.
Introduction To Motherboard:
A motherboard is the central circuit board that connects and enables communication between all
components of a computer. It serves as the foundation for the CPU, RAM, storage devices,
expansion cards, and peripherals. The motherboard determines system compatibility,
performance, and upgradeability.
Choosing the right motherboard is crucial for building a stable and efficient PC. Factors such as
processor socket, chipset, RAM compatibility, expansion slots, and connectivity options must be
considered when selecting a motherboard.
In this guide, we will break down the motherboard into its key components, explaining their
functions and how they contribute to overall system performance.
1. Block Diagram
A block diagram of a motherboard illustrates how all the components and subsystems are
Progressive Education Society's
Modern College of Engineering, Pune-05.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING
connected. It includes key parts like the processor, memory, expansion slots, storage interfaces,
and external ports, showing how signals and data flow through the board. The diagram helps
visualize the communication and power distribution between the different components of the
motherboard.
Fig. Block Diagram of Motherboard
2. Processor Socket
The processor socket is where the CPU (Central Processing Unit) is installed. Different
processors require different sockets, so the motherboard must support the specific socket type of
the processor you're using (e.g., Intel LGA1200 or AMD AM4). The socket connects the CPU to
the motherboard's circuitry and provides power and data pathways for processing tasks.
Progressive Education Society's
Modern College of Engineering, Pune-05.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING
fig. Processor Socket
3. Expansion Slots
Expansion slots are used to add additional components like graphics cards, sound cards, network
cards, or storage controllers. The most common expansion slots are:
- PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express):The most common and high-speed
slots used for modern graphics cards (GPU), storage devices (e.g., NVMe SSD), and other
peripherals.
- PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect): Older expansion slots, now being phased out in
favor of PCIe.
- PCIe x1:Primarily used for high-performance graphics cards.
- PCIe x1: Used for low-speed devices like network cards.
fig. Expansion Slots
4. SATA (Serial ATA)
SATA is a standard for connecting storage devices like hard drives (HDDs), solid-state drives
(SSDs), and optical drives (e.g., DVD/Blu-ray). The motherboard provides SATA connectors
that communicate data and power between the motherboard and these devices.
- SATA III is the latest version, supporting speeds up to 6 Gb/s.
- Some motherboards also support M.2 and U.2 interfaces, which are used for faster storage
solutions like NVMe SSDs.
Progressive Education Society's
Modern College of Engineering, Pune-05.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING
fig. SATA
5. RAM (Random Access Memory)
RAM slots on the motherboard are used to install the system's memory modules. RAM is
essential for temporarily storing data that the CPU needs to access quickly. The motherboard
typically supports DDR4 or DDR5 memory, with a specific number of slots available for
installing RAM modules.
- More RAM slots allow for more memory, improving multitasking and overall system
performance.
- Motherboards may also support overclocking of RAM for better performance.
fig. RAM
6. Form Factor
The form factor refers to the physical size and layout of the motherboard. The most common
form factors are:
- ATX:A full-sized motherboard (305mm x 244mm).
- Micro ATX: A smaller version of ATX (244mm x 244mm).
- Mini-ITX: A compact motherboard used in small form-factor builds (170mm x 170mm).
The form factor determines how many components (e.g., RAM slots, expansion slots) the
motherboard can support and how much space is available inside the PC case.
Progressive Education Society's
Modern College of Engineering, Pune-05.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING
7. BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)
BIOS (or UEFI on modern systems) is firmware stored on the motherboard that is responsible
for initializing hardware components and booting the computer. It also provides access to various
system settings like overclocking, fan speed control, and device boot order. UEFI is more
advanced than traditional BIOS, offering a graphical interface, support for larger drives, and
faster boot times.
8. Internal Connectors
Internal connectors are used to connect peripherals and other internal components within the PC
case. These include:
- 24-pin ATX power connector: Provides power to the motherboard.
- 8-pin CPU power connector: Supplies power to the CPU.
- Front panel connectors: Used to connect buttons (power/reset), LEDs, USB, and audio jacks
from the front of the case to the motherboard.
- Fan headers: For connecting cooling fans.
9. External Ports
External ports are located on the back I/O panel of the motherboard and provide connections for
external devices. Common external ports include:
- USB ports (USB 3.0, USB-C, USB 2.0)
- Ethernet port (for networking)
- Audio jacks (for headphones, microphones, speakers)
- HDMI, DisplayPort, VGA (for connecting displays)
- PS/2 ports (older mouse/keyboard connections)
Progressive Education Society's
Modern College of Engineering, Pune-05.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING
Fig. Different Types Of Connectors
10. Peripherals and Data Transfer
Peripherals are devices connected to the computer that provide input, output, or additional
functionality. Key areas of data transfer between peripherals and the motherboard include:
- USB: Used for a wide range of peripherals like mice, keyboards, external storage, and printers.
- Thunderbolt: A high-speed data transfer port used for external storage, monitors, and docking
stations.
- Audio: Integrated sound chips or external sound cards for high-quality audio output/input.
11. Display
The motherboard provides connectors for display output. Integrated graphics (iGPU) within the
CPU often rely on the motherboard's display output options, including HDMI, DisplayPort, and
VGA. A discrete GPU, if installed, will handle display output, and the motherboard’s ports might
not be used for video output in such cases.
12. Audio
Most modern motherboards come with integrated audio. The quality of integrated sound varies,
but it typically supports surround sound, microphone input, and audio output through jacks.
High-end motherboards may include premium audio chips for improved sound quality.
Progressive Education Society's
Modern College of Engineering, Pune-05.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING
13. Networking
Modern motherboards have built-in networking capabilities ,typically including:
- Ethernet (LAN): Used for wired internet connections. Motherboards often come with Gigabit
Ethernet (1 Gbps), while high-end ones might support 10 Gigabit Ethernet for faster
networking.
- Wi-Fi: Some motherboards come with integrated wireless networking for connecting to Wi-Fi
networks.
- Bluetooth: Provides wireless connectivity to peripherals like keyboards, mice, or headsets.
14. Overclocking
Overclocking is the process of increasing the clock speed of components like the CPU and
RAM beyond their rated speeds to improve performance. Many motherboards come with
overclocking support, particularly for Intel "K" and AMD Ryzen processors. Overclocking can
be done through the BIOS/UEFI interface, but it requires proper cooling and power delivery to
avoid damage to components.
15. Cooling
Motherboards provide various cooling solutions to maintain optimal temperatures for
components. Key cooling elements include:
- CPU cooler connectors: To connect a fan or AIO (all-in-one) liquid cooler to the motherboard.
- Case fan headers: For controlling the airflow within the case.
- Thermal sensors: For monitoring the temperature of the CPU, GPU, and other components.
- Heat sinks: These are often attached to the motherboard's voltage regulators and chipset to
dissipate heat.

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LA11-Case study of motherboard and internal components of motheroard.docx

  • 1. Progressive Education Society's Modern College of Engineering, Pune-05. DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING Case Study AIM: Write X86/64 ALP to perform multiplication of two 8-bit hexadecimal numbers. Use successive addition and add and shift method. (use of 64-bit registers is expected). Motherboards are complex. Break them down, component by component, and Understand how they work. Choosing a motherboard is a hugely important part of building a PC. Study- Block diagram, Processor Socket, Expansion Slots, SATA, RAM, Form Factor, BIOS, Internal Connectors, External Ports, Peripherals and Data Transfer, Display, Audio, Networking, Overclocking, and Cooling. Introduction To Motherboard: A motherboard is the central circuit board that connects and enables communication between all components of a computer. It serves as the foundation for the CPU, RAM, storage devices, expansion cards, and peripherals. The motherboard determines system compatibility, performance, and upgradeability. Choosing the right motherboard is crucial for building a stable and efficient PC. Factors such as processor socket, chipset, RAM compatibility, expansion slots, and connectivity options must be considered when selecting a motherboard. In this guide, we will break down the motherboard into its key components, explaining their functions and how they contribute to overall system performance. 1. Block Diagram A block diagram of a motherboard illustrates how all the components and subsystems are
  • 2. Progressive Education Society's Modern College of Engineering, Pune-05. DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING connected. It includes key parts like the processor, memory, expansion slots, storage interfaces, and external ports, showing how signals and data flow through the board. The diagram helps visualize the communication and power distribution between the different components of the motherboard. Fig. Block Diagram of Motherboard 2. Processor Socket The processor socket is where the CPU (Central Processing Unit) is installed. Different processors require different sockets, so the motherboard must support the specific socket type of the processor you're using (e.g., Intel LGA1200 or AMD AM4). The socket connects the CPU to the motherboard's circuitry and provides power and data pathways for processing tasks.
  • 3. Progressive Education Society's Modern College of Engineering, Pune-05. DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING fig. Processor Socket 3. Expansion Slots Expansion slots are used to add additional components like graphics cards, sound cards, network cards, or storage controllers. The most common expansion slots are: - PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express):The most common and high-speed slots used for modern graphics cards (GPU), storage devices (e.g., NVMe SSD), and other peripherals. - PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect): Older expansion slots, now being phased out in favor of PCIe. - PCIe x1:Primarily used for high-performance graphics cards. - PCIe x1: Used for low-speed devices like network cards. fig. Expansion Slots 4. SATA (Serial ATA) SATA is a standard for connecting storage devices like hard drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), and optical drives (e.g., DVD/Blu-ray). The motherboard provides SATA connectors that communicate data and power between the motherboard and these devices. - SATA III is the latest version, supporting speeds up to 6 Gb/s. - Some motherboards also support M.2 and U.2 interfaces, which are used for faster storage solutions like NVMe SSDs.
  • 4. Progressive Education Society's Modern College of Engineering, Pune-05. DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING fig. SATA 5. RAM (Random Access Memory) RAM slots on the motherboard are used to install the system's memory modules. RAM is essential for temporarily storing data that the CPU needs to access quickly. The motherboard typically supports DDR4 or DDR5 memory, with a specific number of slots available for installing RAM modules. - More RAM slots allow for more memory, improving multitasking and overall system performance. - Motherboards may also support overclocking of RAM for better performance. fig. RAM 6. Form Factor The form factor refers to the physical size and layout of the motherboard. The most common form factors are: - ATX:A full-sized motherboard (305mm x 244mm). - Micro ATX: A smaller version of ATX (244mm x 244mm). - Mini-ITX: A compact motherboard used in small form-factor builds (170mm x 170mm). The form factor determines how many components (e.g., RAM slots, expansion slots) the motherboard can support and how much space is available inside the PC case.
  • 5. Progressive Education Society's Modern College of Engineering, Pune-05. DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING 7. BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) BIOS (or UEFI on modern systems) is firmware stored on the motherboard that is responsible for initializing hardware components and booting the computer. It also provides access to various system settings like overclocking, fan speed control, and device boot order. UEFI is more advanced than traditional BIOS, offering a graphical interface, support for larger drives, and faster boot times. 8. Internal Connectors Internal connectors are used to connect peripherals and other internal components within the PC case. These include: - 24-pin ATX power connector: Provides power to the motherboard. - 8-pin CPU power connector: Supplies power to the CPU. - Front panel connectors: Used to connect buttons (power/reset), LEDs, USB, and audio jacks from the front of the case to the motherboard. - Fan headers: For connecting cooling fans. 9. External Ports External ports are located on the back I/O panel of the motherboard and provide connections for external devices. Common external ports include: - USB ports (USB 3.0, USB-C, USB 2.0) - Ethernet port (for networking) - Audio jacks (for headphones, microphones, speakers) - HDMI, DisplayPort, VGA (for connecting displays) - PS/2 ports (older mouse/keyboard connections)
  • 6. Progressive Education Society's Modern College of Engineering, Pune-05. DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING Fig. Different Types Of Connectors 10. Peripherals and Data Transfer Peripherals are devices connected to the computer that provide input, output, or additional functionality. Key areas of data transfer between peripherals and the motherboard include: - USB: Used for a wide range of peripherals like mice, keyboards, external storage, and printers. - Thunderbolt: A high-speed data transfer port used for external storage, monitors, and docking stations. - Audio: Integrated sound chips or external sound cards for high-quality audio output/input. 11. Display The motherboard provides connectors for display output. Integrated graphics (iGPU) within the CPU often rely on the motherboard's display output options, including HDMI, DisplayPort, and VGA. A discrete GPU, if installed, will handle display output, and the motherboard’s ports might not be used for video output in such cases. 12. Audio Most modern motherboards come with integrated audio. The quality of integrated sound varies, but it typically supports surround sound, microphone input, and audio output through jacks. High-end motherboards may include premium audio chips for improved sound quality.
  • 7. Progressive Education Society's Modern College of Engineering, Pune-05. DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING 13. Networking Modern motherboards have built-in networking capabilities ,typically including: - Ethernet (LAN): Used for wired internet connections. Motherboards often come with Gigabit Ethernet (1 Gbps), while high-end ones might support 10 Gigabit Ethernet for faster networking. - Wi-Fi: Some motherboards come with integrated wireless networking for connecting to Wi-Fi networks. - Bluetooth: Provides wireless connectivity to peripherals like keyboards, mice, or headsets. 14. Overclocking Overclocking is the process of increasing the clock speed of components like the CPU and RAM beyond their rated speeds to improve performance. Many motherboards come with overclocking support, particularly for Intel "K" and AMD Ryzen processors. Overclocking can be done through the BIOS/UEFI interface, but it requires proper cooling and power delivery to avoid damage to components. 15. Cooling Motherboards provide various cooling solutions to maintain optimal temperatures for components. Key cooling elements include: - CPU cooler connectors: To connect a fan or AIO (all-in-one) liquid cooler to the motherboard. - Case fan headers: For controlling the airflow within the case. - Thermal sensors: For monitoring the temperature of the CPU, GPU, and other components. - Heat sinks: These are often attached to the motherboard's voltage regulators and chipset to dissipate heat.