Programming with Lambda Expressions in Java

Java 8
Functional Programming
with Lambdas
Angelika Langer
Training/Consulting
http://www.AngelikaLanger.com/

objective

• learn about lambda expressions in Java
• know the syntax elements
• understand typical uses

© Copyright 2003-2013 by Angelika Langer & Klaus Kreft. All Rights Reserved.
last update: 12/6/2013,11:26

Lambda Expressions in Java

(2)

speaker's relationship to topic

• independent trainer / consultant / author
–
–
–
–
–
–

teaching C++ and Java for >15 years
curriculum of a couple of challenging courses
JCP observer and Java champion since 2005
co-author of "Effective Java" column
author of Java Generics FAQ online
author of Lambda Tutorial & Reference

last update: 12/6/2013,11:26


(3)

agenda

• lambda expression
• functional patterns

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lambda expressions in Java

• lambda expressions


formerly known as closures

• concept from functional programming languages
– anonymous method


“ad hoc” implementation of functionality

– code-as-data


pass functionality around (as parameter or return value)

– superior to (anonymous) inner classes


concise syntax + less code + more readable + “more functional”

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(5)

key goal

• build better (JDK) libraries
– e.g. for easy parallelization on multi core platforms

• collections shall have parallel bulk operations
– based on fork-join-framework
– execute functionality on a collection in parallel

• separation between "what to do" & "how to do"
– user
– library

=> what functionality to apply
=> how to apply functionality

(parallel/sequential, lazy/eager, out-of-order)
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today
private static void checkBalance(List<Account> accList) {
for (Account a : accList)
if (a.balance() < threshold) a.alert();
}

• for-loop uses an iterator:
Iterator iter = accList.iterator();
while (iter.hasNext()) {
Account a = iter.next();
if (a.balance() < threshold)
a.alert();
}

• code is inherently serial
– traversal logic is fixed
– iterate from beginning to end
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(7)

Stream.forEach() - definition

public interface Stream<T> ... {
...
void forEach(Consumer<? super T> consumer);
...
}

public interface Consumer<T> {
void accept(T t)
…
}

• forEach()’s iteration not inherently serial
– traversal order defined by forEach()’s implementation
– burden of parallelization put on library developer

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(8)

Stream.forEach() - example
Stream<Account> pAccs = accList.parallelStream();
// with anonymous inner class
pAccs.forEach( new Consumer<Account>() {
void accept(Account a) {
}
} );
// with lambda expression
pAccs.forEach( (Account a) ->
{ if (a.balance() < threshold) a.alert(); } );

– less code (overhead)
– only actual functionality => easier to read

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(9)

agenda

– functional interfaces
– lambda expressions (syntax)
– method references


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(10)

is a lambda an object?

Consumer<Account> block =
(Account a) -> { if (a.balance() < threshold) a.alert(); };

• right side: lambda expression
• intuitively
– a lambda is "something functional"
takes an Account
 returns nothing (void)
 throws no checked exception
 has an implementation {body}
– kind of a function type: (Account)->void


• Java's type system does not have function types
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functional interface = target type of a lambda
interface Consumer<T> { public void accept(T a); }
Consumer<Account> pAccs =

• lambdas are converted to functional interfaces
– function interface := interface with one abstract method

• compiler infers target type
– relevant: parameter type(s), return type, checked exception(s)
– irrelevant: interface name + method name

• lambdas need a type inference context
– e.g. assignment, method/constructor arguments, return statements, cast
expression, …

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lambda expressions & functional interfaces

• functional interfaces
interface Consumer<T> { void accept(T a); }
interface MyInterface { void doWithAccount(Account a); }

• conversions
Consumer<Account> block =
MyInterface mi =
mi = block;

error: types are not compatible

• problems
error: cannot infer target type
Object o1 =

Object o2 = (Consumer<Account>)
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agenda



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formal description

lambda = ArgList "->" Body
ArgList = Identifier
| "(" Identifier [ "," Identifier ]* ")"
| "(" Type Identifier [ "," Type Identifier ]* ")“
Body = Expression
| "{" [ Statement ";" ]+ "}"

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(15)

syntax samples
argument list
(int x, int y) -> { return x+y; }
(x, y) -> { return x+y; }
x -> { return x+1; }
() -> { System.out.println(“I am a Runnable”); }

body
// single statement or list of statements
a -> {
}
// single expression
a -> (a.balance() < threshold) ? a.alert() : a.okay()

return type (is always inferred)
(Account a) -> { return a; }
()
->
5
last update: 12/6/2013,11:26

// returns Account
// returns int

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local variable capture

int cnt = 16;
Runnable r = () -> { System.out.println(“count: ” + cnt); };
cnt++;

error: cnt is read-only

• local variable capture
– similar to anonymous inner classes

• no explicit final required
– implicitly final, i.e. read-only

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(17)

reason for "effectively final"
int cnt = 0;
Runnable r =
() -> { for (int j=0; j < 32; j++ ) cnt = j; };

error

// start Runnable r in another thread
threadPool.submit(r);
...
while (cnt <= 16) /* NOP */;
System.out.println(“cnt is now greater than 16”);

problems:
• unsynchronized concurrent access
– lack of memory model guaranties

• lifetime of local objects
– locals are no longer "local"
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the dubious "array boxing" hack
• to work around "effectively final" add another level of indirection
– i.e. use an effectively final reference to a mutable object
File myDir = ....
int[] r_cnt = new int[1];
File[] fs = myDir.listFiles( f -> {
if (f.isFile() {
n = f.getName();
if (n.lastIndexOf(“.exe”) == n.length()-4) r_cnt[0]++;
return true;
}
return false;
};);
System.out.println("contains " + r_cnt[0] + "exe-files");

• no problem, if everything is executed sequentially
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lambda body lexically scoped, pt. 1

• lambda body scoped in enclosing method
• effect on local variables:
– capture works as shown before
– no shadowing of lexical scope

lambda

int i = 16;
Runnable r = () -> { int i = 0;
System.out.println(“i is: ” + i); };

error

• different from inner classes
– inner class body is a scope of its own

inner class

final int i = 16;
Runnable r = new Runnable() {
public void run() { int i = 0;
System.out.println(“i is: ” + i); }
};
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fine


(20)

lambdas vs. inner classes - differences

• local variable capture:
– implicitly final vs. explicitly final

• different scoping:
– this means different things

• verbosity:
– concise lambda syntax vs. inner classes' syntax overhead

• performance:
– lambdas slightly faster (use "invokedynamic" from JSR 292)

• bottom line:
– lambdas better than inner classes for functional types
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agenda



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(23)

idea behind method references

• take an existing method (from some class), and
make it the implementation of a functional interface
– similar to lambda expressions

• need context that allows conversion to a target type
– similar to lambda expressions

• advantages (over lambdas)
– shows: reuse existing implementation
– less code

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(24)

lambda vs. method reference

// package java.util
public interface Stream<T> ... {
...
void forEach(Consumer<? super T> consumer);
...
}
// package java.uti.function
public interface Consumer<T> {
void accept(T t)
…
}
accounts.forEach(a -> a.addInterest());
accounts.forEach(Account::addInterest);

last update: 12/6/2013,11:26


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method references

various forms of method references ...
• static method:

Type::MethodName

– e.g. System::currentTimeMillis

• constructor:

Type::new

– e.g. String::new

• non-static method w/ unbound receiver: Type::MethodName
– e.g. String::length

• non-static method w/ bound receiver:

Expr::Method

– e.g. System.out::println

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agenda

– internal iteration
– execute around

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external vs. internal iteration

• iterator pattern from GOF book
– distinguishes between external and internal iteration
– who controls the iteration?

• in Java, iterators are external
– collection user controls the iteration

• in functional languages, iterators are internal
– the collection itself controls the iteration
– with Java 8 collections will provide internal iteration

GOF (Gang of Four) book:
"Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software", by Gamma, Helm, Johnson, Vlissides, Addison-Wesley 1994
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(28)

various ways of iterating
Collection<String> c = ...

< Java 5

Iterator<String> iter = c.iterator();
while (iter.hasNext())
System.out.println(iter.next() + ' ');

for(String s : c)
System.out.println(s + ' ');

Java 5

c.forEach(s -> System.out.println(s) + ' ');

Java 8

• internal iteration in Java 8
– separates iteration from applied functionality
– Java 5 for-each loop already comes close to it
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Java 8 design (diagram)

Iterable
iterator()
forEach()

Collection

stream()
parallelStream()

Stream
forEach()
filter()
map()
reduce()
...

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filter/map/reduce in Java 8
• for-each
apply a certain functionality to each element of the collection
accounts.forEach(a -> a.addInterest());

• filter
build a new collection that is the result of a filter applied to each
element in the original collection
Stream<Account> result =
accounts.filter(a -> a.balance()>1000000?true:false);

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(31)

filter/map/reduce (cont.)
• map
build a new collection, where each element is the result of a
mapping from an element of the original collection
IntStream result = accounts.map(a -> a.balance());

• reduce
produce a single result from all elements of the collection
int sum = accounts.map(a -> a.balance())
.reduce(0, (b1, b2) -> b1 + b2);

• and many more:

sorted(), anyMatch(), flatMap(), …

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what is a stream?

• view/adaptor of a data source (collection, array, …)
– class java.util.stream.Stream<T>
– class java.util.stream.IntStream

• a stream has no storage => a stream is not a collection
– supports forEach/filter/map/reduce functionality as shown before

• stream operations are "functional"
– produce a result
– do not alter the underlying collection

last update: 12/6/2013,11:26


(33)

fluent programming

• streams support fluent programming
– operations return objects on which further operations are invoked
– e.g. stream operations return a stream

interface Stream<T> {
Stream<T> filter (Predicate<? super T> predicate);
<R> Stream<R> map
(Function<? super T,? extends R> mapper);
...
}

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(34)

intermediate result / lazy operation

• bulk operations that return a stream are
intermediate / lazy
Stream<Integer> ints5Added
= ints.stream().filter(i -> i > 0).map(i -> i + 5);

• resulting Stream contains references to
– original List ints, and
– a MapOp operation object


together with its parameter (the lambda expression)

• the operation is applied later
– when a terminal operation occurs
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terminal operation

• a terminal operation does not return a stream
– triggers evaluation of the intermediate stream
= ints.stream().filter(i->i>0).map(i->i+5);
List<Integer> result = ints5Added.collect(Collectors.toList());

– or in fluent programming notation:
List<Integer> result = ints.stream()
.filter(i->i>0)
.map(i->i+5)
.collect(Collectors.toList());

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(36)

more pitfalls - one-pass

No!

= ints.stream().filter(i->i>0).map(i->i+5);
ints5Added.forEach(i -> System.out.print(i + " "));
System.out.println("sum is: " +
ints5Added.reduce(0, (i, j) -> i+j));

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Exception in thread "main"
java.lang.IllegalStateException: Stream source is already consumed

• stream elements can only be consumed once
– like bytes from an input stream
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(37)

fluent approach

Yes!

System.out.println("sum is: " +
ints.stream()
.map(i -> i + 5);
.peek(i -> System.out.print(i + " "))
.reduce(0, (i, j) -> i+j)
);
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 sum is: 76

• use intermediate peek operation
– instead of a terminal forEach operation

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(38)

agenda

– internal iteration
– execute around

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(39)

execute-around (method) pattern/idiom

• situation
public void handleInput(String fileName) throws IOException {
InputStream is = new FileInputStream(fileName);
try {
... use file stream ...
} finally {
is.close();
}
}

• factor the code into two parts
– the general "around" part
– the specific functionality


passed in as lambda parameter

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(40)

execute-around pattern (cont.)

• clumsy to achieve with procedural programming
– maybe with reflection, but feels awkward

• typical examples
– acquisition + release
– using the methods of an API/service (+error handling)
– …

• blends into: user defined control structures

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(41)

object monitor lock vs. explicit lock

implicit lock

Object lock = new Object();
synchronized (lock) {
... critical region ...
}

explicit lock

Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
lock.lock();
try {
... critical region ...
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}

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(42)

helper class Utils

• split into a functional type and a helper method
public class Utils {
@FunctionalInterface
public interface CriticalRegion {
void apply();
}
public static void withLock(Lock lock, CriticalRegion cr) {
lock.lock();
try {
cr.apply();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
}

last update: 12/6/2013,11:26


(43)

example: thread-safe MyIntStack

• user code
private class MyIntStack {
private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
private int[] array = new int[16];
private int sp = -1;
public void push(int e) {
withLock(lock, () -> {
if (++sp >= array.length)
resize();
array[sp] = e;
});
}

lambda converted
to functional type
CriticalRegion

...

last update: 12/6/2013,11:26


(44)

example : thread-safe MyIntStack (cont.)

• more user code
...
public int pop() {
if (sp < 0)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
else
return array[sp--];
local return from lambda
});
}
}

• error:
– CriticalRegion::apply does

not permit return value
– return in lambda is local, i.e., returns from lambda, not from pop

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(45)

signature of CriticalRegion
• CriticalRegion has signature:
public interface CriticalRegion {
void apply();
}

• but we also need this signature
– in order to avoid array boxing hack
public interface CriticalRegion<T> {
T apply();
}

last update: 12/6/2013,11:26


(46)

signature of CriticalRegion (cont.)

• which requires an corresponding withLock() helper
public static <T> T withLock(Lock lock,
CriticalRegion<? extends T> cr) {
lock.lock();
try {
return cr.apply();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
} }

• which simplifies the pop() method
public int pop() {
return withLock(lock, () -> {
if (sp < 0)

}

return (array[sp--]);
});

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(47)

signature of CriticalRegion (cont.)

• but creates problems for the push() method
– which originally returns void
– and now must return a ‘fake’ value from it’s critical region

• best solution (for the user code):
– two interfaces:

VoidRegion,
GenericRegion<T>

– plus two overloaded methods:
void

withLock(Lock l, VoidRegion

cr)

<T> T withLock(Lock l, GenericRegion<? extends T> cr)

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(48)

arguments are no problem

• input data can be captured
– independent of number and type
– reason: read-only
public void push(final int e) {
if (++sp >= array.length)
resize();
array[sp] = e;
});

method argument
is captured

}

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(49)

coping with exceptions

• only runtime exceptions are fine
public int pop() {
return withLock(lock, () -> {
if (sp < 0)
return (array[sp--]);
});
}

– exactly what we want:
pop() throws NoSuchElementException when stack is empty

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(50)

checked exception problem

• checked exceptions cause trouble
– CriticalRegion's method must not throw
void myMethod() throws IOException {
withLock(lock, () ->
{
... throws IOException ...
}

error

});

– how can we propagate checked exception thrown by lambda
back to surrounding user code ?

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(51)

tunnelling vs. transparency

• two options for propagation:
– wrap it in a RuntimeException (a kind of "tunnelling"), or
– transparently pass it back as is => exception transparency

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(52)

"tunnelling"

• wrap checked exception into unchecked exception
– messes up the user code
try { withLock(lock, () ->
{ try {
}
catch (IOException ioe) {
throw new RuntimeException(ioe);
}
});
} catch (RuntimeException re) {
Throwable cause = re.getCause();
if (cause instanceof IOException)
throw ((IOException) cause);
else
throw re;
}
}
last update: 12/6/2013,11:26

wrap

unwrap


(53)

self-made exception transparency

• declare functional interfaces with checked exceptions
– reduces user-side effort significantly
– functional type declares the checked exception(s):
public interface VoidIOERegion {
void apply() throws IOException;
}

– helper method declares the checked exception(s):
public static void withLockAndIOException
(Lock lock, VoidIOERegion cr) throws IOException {
lock.lock();
try {
cr.apply();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
} }
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(54)

self-made exception transparency (cont.)
– user code simply throws checked exception
withLockAndIOException(lock, () -> {
});
}

caveat:
– only reasonable, when exception closely related to functional type
closely related = is typically thrown from the code block
not true in our example
just for illustration of the principle


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(55)

wrap-up execute around / control structures

• factor code into
– the general around part, and
– the specific functionality


passed in as lambda parameter

• limitations
– regarding checked exceptions & return type


due to strong typing in Java

– is not the primary goal for lambdas in Java 8
– nonetheless quite useful in certain situations

last update: 12/6/2013,11:26


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authors

Angelika Langer & Klaus Kreft
http://www.AngelikaLanger.com
twitter: @AngelikaLanger

related reading:
Lambda & Streams Tutorial/Reference
AngelikaLanger.comLambdasLambdas.html

related seminar:
Programming with Lambdas & Streams in Java 8
Angelikalanger.comCoursesLambdasStreams.html
last update: 12/6/2013,11:26


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stream workshop

Q&A

last update: 12/6/2013,11:26


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Programming with Lambda Expressions in Java

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