Learning C++ - Introduction to c++ programming 1

Introduction To C++ Programming
Ali Aminian & Bardia Nezamzadeh
1

Section Outline
• Workspace
• Basics of C++ Environment
• Definition of Types
• Operations in C++
2

Section Outline
• Workspace
3

Workspace
• One of the most famous workspaces is
“Microsoft Visual Studio”
• Creating a project :
lets follow these pictures :
4

Section Outline
• Workspace
6

• Comments
-Single-line comment
• Begin with : // this is comment (Fortran : !)
-Multiple-line comment
• Begin with : /* … /* this is a multiple line
• End with : …*/ comment. We still have
this line!*/
• Preprocessor directives
-Processed by preprocessor before compiling
-Begin with # include <math>
Basics of C++ Environment
7
Adding math library to the project.

• Different type of files in C++
– Header files (.h)
– cpp files (.cpp)
– Most important headers:
 iostream.h
 iomanip.h
 math.h
 cstdlib.h
Basics of C++ Environment(cont.)
Standard input/output
Manipulate stream format
Math library function
Conversion function for
text to number , number to
text, memory allocation,
random numbers and various
other utility functions
8

• Program Framework
int main()
{
………………..
………………..
………………..
return 0;
}
(Frotran Framework:)
PROGRAM name
………………..
………………..
………………..
END
9

• Some important Syntaxes
– include<>
– main()
– cin>> , cout<<
• These are like READ , PRINT
– ; (Semicolon)
• Shows the end of line . (works the same as in Fortran)
In next slides we introduce the other syntax symbols, these are most
familiar for any program which we could see in any code
10

Phases of C++ Programs:
1. Edit
2. Preprocess
3. Compile
4. Link
5. Load
6. Execute Loader
Primary
Memory
Program is created in
the editor and stored
on disk.
Preprocessor program
processes the code.
Loader puts program
in memory.
CPU takes each
instruction and
executes it, possibly
storing new data
values as the program
executes.
Compiler
Compiler creates
object code and stores
it on disk.
Linker links the object
code with the libraries,
creates a.out and
stores it on disk
Editor
Preprocessor
Linker
CPU
Primary
Memory
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
11

1 // Printing multiple lines with a single statement
2 #include <iostream>
3
4 // function main begins program execution
5 int main()
6 {
7 std::cout << "Welcome to C++!n";
8
9 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
10
11 } // end function main
Comments
Preprocessor directive to include
input/output stream header file
<iostream>
We include this library to use the
std::cout command for printing.
Function main appears
exactly once in every
C++ program..
Special Characters
We use these characters
to write some characters
that can not be written in
normal way:
n Enter
t Tab
backslash itself!
Keyword return is
one of several means to
exit function; value 0
indicates program
terminated successfully.
Welcome to C++!
Output:
12

Section Outline
• Workspace
13

Definition of Types
• Floating point variables
– float : 6 digits after floating point
– double : 12 digits after floating point (more
precision)
All of above types are useful to store real values such as:
0.12E5 Or 2.3212
14

Definition of Types(cont.)
• Integer variables
We can use following words to do some alternative
with int type:
– short – unsigned int
– unsigned short – long
– int – unsigned long
These words change range and starting point of
integer variables :
e.g. short int a; //range -32768 to 32767
15

Type Min. range Max. range
short -32768 32767
unsigned short 0 65535
int -2147483648 2147483647
unsigned int 0 4294967295
long -9223372036854775808 9223372036854775807
unsigned long 0 18446744073709551615
16

• bool
– This type has just two values: (true, false)
– Note : in Fortran we use LOGICAL and .true. And .false.
combination Instead.
• char
– This type is used to store ASCII characters
– e.g. char a =‘Q’;
• enum
– It creates a list, in witch every elements has a number
and we can use the elements instead of numbers
(notice to example in next slide)
17

E.G. :
If we define such an enum :
enum Day{SAT,SUN,MON,TUE,WED,THU,FRI}
Now if we define a variable from Day type then
this variable can accept the values that define
Inside the Day type such as SAT, SUN, MON,…
e.g. Day mybirthday = MON;
18

NOTES:
variable precision:
1.2 / 2 returns integer or double?
Casting:
e.g. : a = (int) c; //a is int and c is double (c was 12.63)
If we didn’t use cast in this example, C++ would
store 12 inside a.
19

• We can have our own types with typedef keyword.
e.g. typedef long double real;
real a; //a is a long double variable now
20
Exactly the same type in C++Type in Fortran
shortINTEGER *2
intINTEGER *4
long intINTEGER *8
floatREAL*4
doubleREAL*8
long doubleREAL*16
charCHARACTER
boolLOGICAL

• MORE NOTES!
 we use const command to define constant
variables ( Fortran : PARAMETER )
e.g. const int a = 12;
 there is no need to write & when we want to
write multiple line commands
 C++ is a case sensitive language ( vs. Fortran )
21

Section Outline
• Workspace
22

Operations in C++
• Conditional operands
other operands : < , <= , => , >
23
FortranC++
.AND.&&And
.OR.||Or
.NEQV.!=Not equivalent
.EQV.==Equivalent

Operations in C++
• If (condition) {statement }
• If , else
if (a==true)
{
b=b+1;
}
else
{
b=b-1;
}
It is important that how compiler ,
compile these operations
24

Operations in C++
• for(init;condition;command) {statement}
for(i=0; i<10; i++)
{
b--; // b=b-1
}
variable i will advance from 0 itself to 9 itself
during the loop
25

Operations in C++
• while(condition) {statement}
while(a)//if a is true
{
b++; // b=b+1
if(b==100)
{
break;
}
}
 notes :
break: breaks the loop and steps out
Ctrl+C: manually breaking the loop!
26

Operations in C++(cont.)
• Variable++ / ++Variable
x=y++ is different from x=++y
• > , < , => , != , == (Comparisons operand) , =
• ||, && (Logical operand)
• condition ? expression1 : expression2
– if(condition) {expression1 } else {expression2}
• goto : label
you must know what want to do
exactly otherwise this is very dangerous !
27

In future :
i. Pointers and related argues
ii. Functions
iii.Class and related concepts
iv.ERRORS
28

Learning C++ - Introduction to c++ programming 1

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