Lecture-1-Introduction to Computing Research

RESEARCH METHODS
IN COMPUTING
Lecture 1
Introduction to Research
Dr. Syed Saqib Raza Rizvi
PhD Computer Science
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science
Capital University of Science and Technology

Preface
1. Course Methodology
2. Course Objectives
3. Course Learning Outcomes
4. What is Research?
5. Characteristics of Research
6. Objectives of Research
7. Definition of Research?
8. Scientific Methods
9. Research vs Scientific Methods
10. Research in Computing
11. What is Computing?
12. Computing Discipline
13. Characteristics of Good Research
14. Advantages of Research

Course Introduction: Methodology
Activity Minimum Marks
Lectures
(Presentations, Whiteboard, Discussion, and Workshop)
16 None
Assignments 2 * 2 10
Quizzes 2 * 2 10
Research-Project-1
(Research Proposal Before Mid-Term)
1 10
Research-Project-2
(Research Paper Submission in International Journal
Before Final-Term)
1 10
Mid-Term Examinations 1 20
Final-Term Examinations 1 40

Course Introduction:
Text Books
• Text Book
Research Methodology by Ranjit Kumar, 3rd
or Any Latest Edition.
• Reference Books
Research Methodology by G.C. Ramamurthy,
Any Latest Edition.
Research Methodology: Tools and
Techniques by Prabhat Pandey, Any Latest
Edition.

Course Objectives
• This course has the following objectives:
• Develop a Comprehensive Understanding of Research Methodologies:
Equip students with the knowledge to identify, formulate, and analyze
research problems specific to computing, utilizing quantitative research
methods.
• Enhance Skills in Literature Review and Critical Analysis: Enable students
to conduct systematic literature reviews, critically evaluate existing
research, and identify gaps in knowledge within the field of computing.
• Foster Proficiency in Research Ethics and Best Practices: Instill an
understanding of ethical considerations in computing research, including
data privacy, informed consent, and responsible conduct, while preparing
students to navigate potential challenges in their research endeavors.

Course Learning Outcomes
• This course has the following learning outcomes:
CLO-1: Students will demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of
various research methodologies in computing. [C3-KNOWLEDGE]
CLO-2: Students will analyze and synthesize existing literature to
identify gaps and formulate relevant research questions in
computing. [C4-ANALYSIS]
CLO-3: Students will design research processes that incorporate ethical
considerations and appropriate methodologies for addressing
computing problems. [C4-SYNTHESIS]

What is Research?
• The word ‘Research’ comprises two words = Re + Search.
• It means to search again.
• Research simply seeks the answer to certain questions which have not been
answered so far.
• It may be illustrated by taking the example of the moon and outer space.
• So research means a systematic investigation (methodological approach,
predefined method, or plan) to gain or extract new knowledge out of the
already existing facts.
• Research is responsible for correcting the present mistakes, removing existing
misconceptions, and adding new learning to the existing fund of knowledge.

General Characteristics of Research
• The following characteristics may be gathered from the definitions of
‘Research’:
1. It gathers new knowledge or data from primary or first-hand sources.
2. It emphasizes the discovery of general principles.
3. It is an exact systematic and accurate investigation.
4. It is logical and objective.
5. The researcher eliminates personal feelings and preferences. (Bias)
6. The researcher is willing to follow his procedures to the conclusions that may
be unpopular and bring social disapproval.
7. Research is carefully executed, recorded, and reported.

OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
• The research has the following three main objectives of research:
1. Theoretical Objective
2. Factual Objective
3. Application Objective.

1. Theoretical Objective
• Those researchers whose objectives are theoretical formulate new
theories, principles, or laws.
• Such type of research is explanatory because it explains the relationships
of certain variables.
• These researches contribute some basic knowledge to human knowledge.
• The research in different disciplines i.e., Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics,
etc. have a theoretical objective.
• Those researchers whose objectives are theoretical formulate new
theories, principles, or laws.
• A classic example of theoretical research can be found in Newton's Laws of
Motion. Sir Isaac Newton formulated these laws in the 17th century to
explain the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces
acting upon it.

2. Factual Objective
• Those researchers whose objective is factual find out new facts.
• This objective is by nature descriptive.
• These researches describe facts or events that happened previously.
Such type of research has been done in history.
• A straightforward example of factual research can be found in the
study of historical events.
• World War II Events
• Signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1947.

3. Application Objective
• The research having an application objective does not contribute new
knowledge in the fund of human knowledge but suggests new
applications.
• By application I mean improvement and modification in practice.
• For example if anyone gives a new application of electricity then such
type of research has an application objective.
• A clear example of research with an application objective is the
development of Fuzzy Logic based Smart thermostats.
• Robotics
• Machine Learning-based Heart Disease Prediction System.
• Etc.

Definition of Research
The following are the important definitions of research:
• “Research is a systematic effort to gain new knowledge”.
• “Research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating
hypothesis or suggested solutions, collecting, organizing and evaluating
data, making deductions and reaching conclusions and at last careful
testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulated
hypothesis.”
• “Research is an honest, exhaustive, intelligent search for facts and their
meanings or implications concerning a given problem. The product or
findings of a given piece of research should be an authentic, verifiable
contribution to knowledge in the field studied.”
• “Research may be defined as a method of studying problems whose
solutions are to be derived partly or wholly from existing facts.”

Definition of Research
• “Research is a human activity aimed at discovering, interpreting, and
revising human knowledge on different aspects of the universe.”
• “Research in science is a systematic process of inquiry aimed at
discovering, interpreting, and revising facts about the natural world.”
• “Research involves formulating hypotheses, conducting experiments, and
analyzing data to increase our understanding of various phenomena
based on scientific evidence”.
• “Intellectual investigation (pursuing knowledge through questioning and
analysis) aimed at discovering, interpreting, and revising human
knowledge on different aspects of the world using the “scientific
methods”.

What is Science?
• From Latin – Scientia, means "knowledge“.
• “The systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical
and natural world through observation, experimentation, and the
testing of theories against the evidence obtained”.
• “Science is a systematic discipline that builds and organizes
knowledge through testable hypotheses and predictions about the
universe”.
• Science is a way of discovering what's in the universe and how those
things work today, how they worked in the past, and how they are
likely to work in the future based on evidence.

What is the Scientific Method?
• A method is a systematic procedure or approach used to achieve a specific
goal or solve a problem, often characterized by a series of steps or
techniques that guide the process.
• “The scientific method is a systematic process of acquiring knowledge
through observation, experimentation, and analysis”.
• It involves recognizing and formulating a problem, developing a
hypothesis, conducting experiments to test that hypothesis, and
analyzing the results to conclude.
• The scientific method is fundamental to scientific inquiry, ensuring that
research is conducted rigorously (carefully) and that conclusions are based
on empirical evidence.
• This method is fundamental to scientific inquiry, ensuring that findings
are based on empirical evidence and can be replicated by others.

Lecture-1-Introduction to Computing Research

• It involves several key steps that guide researchers in their investigations:
1. Observation: The process begins with observing phenomena and identifying
questions or problems that need to be addressed.
2. Hypothesis Formation: Researchers formulate a hypothesis, which is a testable and
falsifiable statement that provides a potential explanation for the observed
phenomena.
3. Experimentation: Experiments are designed to test the hypothesis. This involves
creating controlled conditions to isolate variables and gather data.
4. Data Analysis: After conducting experiments, researchers analyze the collected
data to determine whether it supports or refutes the hypothesis.
5. Conclusion: Based on the analysis, researchers conclude the validity of the
hypothesis. If the hypothesis is supported, it may lead to further research or the
development of theories. If not, researchers may revise the hypothesis and retest.
6. Communication: Finally, researchers share their findings with the scientific
community through publications, presentations, or discussions, allowing others to
review and build upon their work.

Research vs Scientific Method
• Research is a broad term that encompasses the overall process of
gathering data, analyzing information, and drawing conclusions to answer
questions or solve problems. It can utilize various methods and
approaches, including qualitative and quantitative techniques.
• Personal Experience, Intuition, traditions, logic, other qualitative
approaches, etc.
• Scientific method is a specific, systematic approach within research that
focuses on formulating hypotheses, conducting controlled experiments,
and analyzing results to validate or refute those hypotheses. Essentially,
the scientific method is a structured subset of the broader research
process.

Research in Computing
• “Intellectual investigation of aspects of the world related to the
disciplines of Computing to discover new knowledge, interpret
existing knowledge, or revise erroneous or incomplete knowledge”.

What is Computing?
• “Any goal-oriented activity that requires, benefits, or creates computer
systems”.
• The systematic study of computing systems and computation.
• Computing involves the design and building of computer components
including hardware and software for processing, structuring, and
management of different types of information.
• Computing is not a single discipline but a combination or family of
different disciplines with a different focus.
• Each discipline in computing has its focus based on the problems and
issues addressed by the discipline.
• Before start learning the Research Methods in Computing, we have to
contrast different disciplines in computing according to the Association for
Computing Machinery (ACM).

Why Study Different Computing Disciplines
in Research?
• Each discipline in computing has unique research issues, which shape the
focus and direction of studies.
• Research objectives vary across disciplines, guiding the goals and
outcomes of studies in computing.
• Different disciplines employ distinct methodologies tailored to their
specific needs and contexts.
• Each area has its criteria for evaluating research, influencing how findings
are assessed and validated.
• For example, in data science, researchers may focus on data analysis
techniques and statistical models, while in cybersecurity, the emphasis
might be on threat assessment and risk mitigation strategies.

Computing Disciplines
Currently, the eight disciplines in the computing ecosystem are as follows:
• Computer Science,
• Computer Engineering,
• Software Engineering,
• Data Science,
• Cyber Security,
• Information Systems,
• Information Technology, and
• Artificial Intelligence.

1. Computer Science
• Definition: Computer science is the study of computers and computational
systems, focusing on both theoretical foundations and practical applications.
• Core Areas: It encompasses various domains, including algorithms, data
structures, programming, human-computer interaction, etc.
• Problem Solving: Computer science emphasizes problem-solving skills, enabling
individuals to develop solutions for complex challenges.
• Interdisciplinary Nature: The field intersects with other disciplines such as
mathematics, engineering, and social sciences, enhancing its applicability and
relevance.
• Innovation and Development: Computer science drives technological
innovation, leading to the creation of new computing technologies that impact
everyday life.

2. Computer Engineering
• Definition: Computer engineering is a discipline that combines principles of
electrical engineering and computer science to design and develop computer
systems and hardware.
• Core Areas: It encompasses the design of computer hardware, embedded systems,
and the integration of software and hardware components.
• Problem Solving: Computer engineers work on solving complex problems related to
computing systems, including performance optimization and system reliability.
• Interdisciplinary Nature: The field integrates knowledge from various areas,
including electronics, software development, and systems architecture, making it
highly versatile.
• Innovation and Development: Computer science drives technological innovation,
leading to the creation of new computing methodologies that impact everyday life.

3. Software Engineering
• Definition: Software engineering is the systematic application of engineering principles to the
design, development, testing, and maintenance of software systems.
• Core Processes: It involves various processes, including requirements analysis, software design,
coding, testing, and deployment, ensuring that software meets user needs and quality
standards.
• Methodologies: Software engineers utilize various methodologies, such as Agile, Scrum, and
Waterfall, to manage projects and enhance collaboration among team members.
• Problem Solving: The discipline emphasizes problem-solving skills, enabling engineers to address
complex challenges and create efficient, reliable software solutions.
• Interdisciplinary Nature: Software engineering intersects with fields like computer science,
project management, and user experience design, making it essential for developing comprehensive
software applications.

4. Data Science
• Definition: Data science is a multidisciplinary field that combines statistical analysis,
programming, and domain expertise to extract insights and knowledge from structured and
unstructured data.
• Core Components: It involves three main areas: Expertise (knowledge of the domain),
skills (programming and data manipulation), and mathematics/statistics (analytical techniques).
• Data-driven decision-making: Data science enables organizations to make informed
decisions by analyzing data trends, patterns, and correlations, ultimately driving strategic
initiatives.
• Tools and Techniques: Data scientists utilize various tools and techniques, including machine
learning, data visualization, and big data technologies, to process and analyze large datasets.
• Interdisciplinary Nature: The field overlaps with areas such as artificial intelligence and
machine learning, but it remains a distinct discipline focused on deriving actionable insights from
data.

5. Cyber Security
• Definition: Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting systems, networks, and
programs from digital attacks, which are aimed at accessing, changing, or
destroying sensitive information.
• Core Objectives: It involves three main areas: substantive expertise (knowledge of the
domain), hacking skills (programming and data manipulation),
and mathematics/statistics (analytical techniques).
• Threat Landscape: Cybersecurity addresses a wide range of threats, including
malware, phishing, ransomware, and insider threats, which can compromise the
integrity, confidentiality, and availability of information.
• Technological Measures: It involves implementing various technologies and strategies,
such as firewalls, encryption, intrusion detection systems, and security protocols, to
safeguard digital assets.
• Interdisciplinary Approach: Cybersecurity requires collaboration across multiple
fields, including information technology, law, policy, and risk management, to create a
comprehensive defense against cyber threats.

6. Information Systems
• Definition: An information system (IS) is a formal, sociotechnical, organizational system
designed to collect, process, store, and distribute information, facilitating decision-making
and coordination within an organization.
• Core Components: Five key components: hardware, software, data, procedures,
and people, all working together to manage and analyze information.
• Purpose and Functionality: The primary purpose of information systems is to support
operations, management, and decision-making in organizations by providing timely and
relevant information.
• Types of Information Systems: Various types of information systems exist, including
transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support
systems, and executive information systems, each serving different organizational needs.
• Interdisciplinary Nature: The field of information systems integrates concepts from
computer science, business, and social sciences, making it essential for solving complex
problems and enhancing organizational efficiency.

7. Information Technology
• Definition: Information technology (IT) refers to the use of computers, software,
networking, and other physical devices to manage, process, and communicate information
effectively within organizations.
• Core Components: IT encompasses a wide range of fields, including computer systems,
software development, data management, and information processing, all aimed at supporting
business operations and decision-making.
• Functions and Applications: The primary functions of information technology include data
storage, retrieval, transmission, and security, enabling organizations to operate efficiently and
respond to changing market demands.
• Interconnected Systems: IT systems are composed of interconnected hardware, software,
people, and processes, which work together to facilitate the flow of information and enhance
productivity.
• Impact on Business: Information technology plays a crucial role in modern businesses by
improving communication, streamlining processes, and enabling data-driven decision-making,
ultimately contributing to competitive advantage.

8. Artificial Intelligence
• Definition: Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science focused on
creating systems that can perform tasks typically requiring human intelligence,
such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and understanding natural
language.
• Core Technologies: AI encompasses a variety of technologies, including machine
learning, natural language processing, computer vision, and robotics, enabling
machines to perceive their environment and make decisions based on data.
• Simulation of Human Intelligence: AI systems simulate human cognitive
processes, allowing them to learn from experience, adapt to new inputs, and
perform complex tasks autonomously.
• Applications: AI is applied across numerous fields, including healthcare (for
diagnostics), finance (for fraud detection), customer service (through chatbots),
and autonomous vehicles, enhancing efficiency and decision-making
• Impact on Society: The advancement of AI technology is transforming industries
and society, raising important ethical considerations regarding its use, including
issues of bias, privacy, and the future of work.

Attributes or Characteristics of Good Research
• Clear Research Question: Good research starts with a well-defined,
focused research question. This question guides the entire study and
helps ensure the research remains relevant and targeted.
• Systematic Approach: Effective research follows a structured and
organized methodology. This systematic approach ensures that the
investigation is thorough and that the findings are reliable.
• Originality: Good research contributes new knowledge or insights to the
field. It should be original and not merely a repetition of existing
studies.
• Use of Evidence: High-quality research relies on solid evidence, whether
through quantitative data, qualitative insights, or a combination of
both. This evidence supports the conclusions drawn from the study.

• Critical Thinking: Researchers must apply critical thinking skills to
analyze data, interpret results, and evaluate the implications of their
findings.
• Reproducibility: Good research should be reproducible, meaning that
other researchers can replicate the study and achieve similar results.
This characteristic enhances the credibility of the research.
• Ethical Considerations: Ethical standards must be upheld throughout
the research process, including obtaining informed consent from
participants and ensuring the integrity of the data collected.
• Clarity and Precision: The research’s findings and conclusions should be
presented clearly and precisely, making it easy for others to understand
and apply the results.

• Rigorous: Good research is thorough and meticulous, employing a detailed
methodology that minimizes bias and ensures comprehensive analysis.
• Valid and Verifiable: The research must produce valid results that
accurately reflect the reality being studied. The methods and findings
should be verifiable, allowing others to confirm the results through
repeated tests.
• Empirical: Good research is based on observable and measurable evidence
rather than theories or assumptions. It relies on data collected through
experiments, surveys, or observations.
• Critical: Researchers should critically engage with their work and the work
of others, assessing the strengths and weaknesses of methodologies,
findings, and interpretations to improve the quality of research overall.

• Innovative Solutions: Effective research often seeks to address existing problems
or challenges in novel ways. It should contribute original ideas, algorithms, or
technologies that advance the field of computer science.
• Interdisciplinary Approach: Good computer science research often incorporates
knowledge and techniques from other disciplines, such as mathematics,
engineering, or social sciences. This interdisciplinary perspective can lead to
more comprehensive solutions and insights.
• Scalability and Practicality: Research should consider the scalability of its
solutions and their practical applications in real-world scenarios. This
characteristic ensures that the research has relevance beyond theoretical
frameworks.

Advantages of Research on Individual Level
• Skill Development: Engaging in research allows researchers to develop a wide range of skills,
including critical thinking, analytical reasoning, problem-solving, and technical expertise in their
specific field. These skills are valuable not only in academia but also in various professional settings.
• Networking Opportunities: Research often involves collaboration with other professionals,
institutions, and organizations. This networking can lead to valuable connections, partnerships, and
future projects or employment opportunities.
• Contribution to Knowledge: Researchers have the opportunity to contribute to the body of
knowledge in their field, which can be personally fulfilling and enhance their reputation within the
academic community.
• Funding and Resources: Successful research projects can attract funding from grants, institutions, or
private organizations, providing researchers with the resources needed to conduct their work and
further their studies.
• Career Advancement: Publishing research findings in reputable journals can enhance a researcher's
credentials, leading to career advancement opportunities, promotions, and recognition in their
field.

Advantages of Research on a Scientific Level
• Advancement of Knowledge: Scientific research expands our understanding of
the natural world, leading to new theories and discoveries that enhance our
overall knowledge base.
• Innovation and Technological Progress: Research drives innovation by developing
new technologies and methodologies that can improve various aspects of life,
from healthcare to engineering.
• Evidence-Based Solutions: Scientific research provides the evidence needed to
create effective solutions to complex problems, ensuring that practices in
medicine, policy, and education are grounded in reliable data.
• Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Engaging in scientific research often involves
collaboration across different fields, fostering a multidisciplinary approach that can
lead to more comprehensive solutions and insights.
• Informed Decision-Making: Scientific findings inform policymakers and
stakeholders, enabling them to make decisions that are beneficial for society and
the environment.

Advantages of Research on a Social Level
• Enhanced Understanding of Social Dynamics: Research helps to uncover the
complexities of social relationships and interactions, providing insights into how
these dynamics affect individual and community well-being.
• Informed Policy Development: Social research provides valuable data that can
inform policies aimed at addressing social issues, such as poverty, education, and
healthcare, leading to more effective interventions.
• Empowerment of Communities: By identifying the needs and strengths of
communities, research can empower local populations to advocate for their rights
and improve their circumstances.
• Improvement of Educational Outcomes: Research in social and emotional learning
has demonstrated that fostering these skills in educational settings leads to better
academic performance and social skills among students.
• Addressing Social Inequalities: Research can highlight disparities in social class,
health, and access to resources, guiding efforts to create more equitable societies.

Lecture-1-Introduction to Computing Research

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