Lecture10 Signal and Systems
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The Laplace transform generalizes the Fourier transform by allowing the parameter s to be any complex number rather than purely imaginary. The Laplace transform of a signal x(t) is defined as the integral of x(t) multiplied by e^-st from negative infinity to positive infinity. The region of convergence specifies the values of s for which the Laplace transform converges. Within the region of convergence, the Laplace transform provides information about both the growth and frequency content of a signal, unlike the Fourier transform.
![EE-2027 SaS, 5/13
Laplace and Fourier Transform
The Fourier transform is the Laplace transform when s is
purely imaginary:
An alternative way of expressing this is when s = σ+jω
The Laplace transform is the Fourier transform of the
transformed signal x’(t) = x(t)e-σt
. Depending on whether σ is
positive/negative this represents a growing/negative signal
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![EE-2027 SaS, 11/13
Example 4: Laplace Transform
Consider a signal that is the sum of two real exponentials:
The Laplace transform is then:
Using Example 1, each expression can be evaluated as:
The ROC associated with these terms are Re{s}>-1 and Re{s}>-2.
Therefore, both will converge for Re{s}>-1, and the Laplace
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Lecture10 Signal and Systems
- 1. EE-2027 SaS, 1/13 Lecture 10: Laplace Transform 5 Laplace transform (3 lectures): Laplace transform as Fourier transform with convergence factor. Properties of the Laplace transform Specific objectives for today: • Introduce Laplace transform • Understand the relationship to Fourier transform • Investigate Laplace transform of exponential signals • Derive region of convergence of Laplace transform
- 2. EE-2027 SaS, 2/13 Lecture 10: Resources Core material SaS, O&W, Chapter 9.1&9.2 Recommended material MIT, Lecture 17 Note that in the next 3 lectures, we’re looking at continuous time signals (and systems) only
- 3. EE-2027 SaS, 3/13 Introduction to the Laplace Transform Fourier transforms are extremely useful in the study of many problems of practical importance involving signals and LTI systems. purely imaginary complex exponentials est , s=jω A large class of signals can be represented as a linear combination of complex exponentials and complex exponentials are eigenfunctions of LTI systems. However, the eigenfunction property applies to any complex number s, not just purely imaginary (signals) This leads to the development of the Laplace transform where s is an arbitrary complex number. Laplace and z-transforms can be applied to the analysis of un-stable system (signals with infinite energy) and play a role in the analysis of system stability
- 4. EE-2027 SaS, 4/13 The Laplace Transform The response of an LTI system with impulse response h(t) to a complex exponential input, x(t)=est , is where s is a complex number and when s is purely imaginary, this is the Fourier transform, H(jω) when s is complex, this is the Laplace transform of h(t), H(s) The Laplace transform of a general signal x(t) is: and is usually expressed as: st esHty )()( = ∫ ∞ ∞− − = dtethsH st )()( ∫ ∞ ∞− − = dtetxsX st )()( )()( sXtx L ↔
- 5. EE-2027 SaS, 5/13 Laplace and Fourier Transform The Fourier transform is the Laplace transform when s is purely imaginary: An alternative way of expressing this is when s = σ+jω The Laplace transform is the Fourier transform of the transformed signal x’(t) = x(t)e-σt . Depending on whether σ is positive/negative this represents a growing/negative signal { })()( txFsX js == ω [ ] )}('{ )(' )( )()( )( txF dtetx dteetx dtetxjX tj tjt tj = = = =+ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∞ ∞− − ∞ ∞− −− ∞ ∞− +− ω ωσ ωσ ωσ
- 6. EE-2027 SaS, 6/13 Example 1: Laplace Transform Consider the signal The Fourier transform X(jω) converges for a>0: The Laplace transform is: which is the Fourier Transform of e-(σ+a)t u(t) Or If a is negative or zero, the Laplace Transform still exists )()( tuetx at− = 0, 1 )()( 0 > + === ∫∫ ∞ −− ∞ ∞− −− a aj dteedtetuejX tjattjat ω ω ωω ∫ ∫∫ ∞ −+− ∞ +− ∞ ∞− −− = == 0 )( 0 )( )()( dtee dtedtetuesX tjta tasstat ωσ 0, )( 1 )( >+ ++ =+ a ja jX σ ωσ ωσ as as sXtue L at −> + =↔− }Re{, 1 )()(
- 7. EE-2027 SaS, 7/13 Example 2: Laplace Transform Consider the signal The Laplace transform is: Convergence requires that Re{s+a}<0 or Re{s}<-a. The Laplace transform expression is identical to Example 1 (similar but different signals), however the regions of convergence of s are mutually exclusive (non- intersecting). For a Laplace transform, we need both the expression and the Region Of Convergence (ROC). )()( tuetx at −−= − as dte dttueesX tas stat + = −= −−= ∫ ∫ ∞− +− ∞ ∞− −− 1 )()( 0 )(
- 8. EE-2027 SaS, 8/13 Example 3: sin(ωt)u(t) The Laplace transform of the signal x(t) = sin(ωt)u(t) is: ( ) 22 222 1 2 1 0 )( 0 )( 2 1 0 )( 2 1 0 )( 2 1 2 1 2 )( 1 )( 1 )()( )()( ω ω ω ω ωω ωω ωω ωω ωω + = + = + − − = + + −− = −= −= ∞+−∞−− ∞ +− ∞ −− ∞ ∞− −− ∫∫ ∫ s s j jsjs js e js e dtedte dtetueesX j j tjstjs j tjs j tjs j sttjtj j 0}Re{ >s 0}Re{ >s
- 9. EE-2027 SaS, 9/13 It is worthwhile reflecting that the Fourier transform does not exist for a fairly wide class of signals, such as the response of an unstable, first order system, the Fourier transform does not exist/converge E.g. x(t) = eat u(t), a>0 does not exist (is infinite) because the signal’s energy is infinite This is because we multiply x(t) by a complex sinusoidal signal which has unit magnitude for all t and integrate for all time. Therefore, as the Dirichlet convergence conditions say, the Fourier transform exists for most signals with finite energy Fourier Transform does not Converge … ∫ ∞ − = 0 ) (dt e e j Xt j atω ω
- 10. EE-2027 SaS, 10/13 The Region Of Convergence (ROC) of the Laplace transform is the set of values for s (=σ+jω) for which the Fourier transform of x(t)e-σt converges (exists). The ROC is generally displayed by drawing separating line/curve in the complex plane, as illustrated below for Examples 1 and 2, respectively. The shaded regions denote the ROC for the Laplace transform Region of Convergence Re Im -a Re Im -a as −>}Re{ as −<}Re{
- 11. EE-2027 SaS, 11/13 Example 4: Laplace Transform Consider a signal that is the sum of two real exponentials: The Laplace transform is then: Using Example 1, each expression can be evaluated as: The ROC associated with these terms are Re{s}>-1 and Re{s}>-2. Therefore, both will converge for Re{s}>-1, and the Laplace transform: )(2)(3)( 2 tuetuetx tt −− −= [ ] ∫∫ ∫ ∞ ∞− −− ∞ ∞− −− ∞ ∞− −−− −= −= dtetuedtetue dtetuetuesX sttstt sttt )(2)(3 )(2)(3)( 2 2 1 2 2 3 )( + − + = ss sX 23 1 )( 2 ++ − = ss s sX
- 12. EE-2027 SaS, 12/13 Lecture 10: Summary The Laplace transform is a superset of the Fourier transform – it is equal to it when s=jω i.e. F{x(t)} = X(jω) Laplace transform of a continuous time signal is defined by: And can be imagined as being the Fourier transform of the signal x’(t) = x(t)eσt , when s=σ+jω The region of convergence (ROC) associated with the Laplace transform defines the region in s (complex) space for which the Laplace transform converges. In simple cases it corresponds to the values for s (σ) for which the transformed signal has finite energy ∫ ∞ ∞− − = dtetxsX st )()(
- 13. EE-2027 SaS, 13/13 Questions Theory SaS, O&W, Q9.1-9.4, 9.13 Matlab There are laplace() and ilaplace() functions in the Matlab symbolic toolbox >> syms a w t s >> laplace(exp(a*t)) >> laplace(sin(w*t)) >> ilaplace(1/(s-1)) Try these functions to evaluate the signals of interest These use the symbolic integration function int()