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Lesson 1 intro to ai
- 1. Lesson 1 An Introduction to AI and Its History 1
- 2. 2 Legal Disclaimers No license (express or implied, by estoppel or otherwise) to any intellectual property rights is granted by this document. Intel technologies’ features and benefits depend on system configuration and may require enabled hardware, software or service activation. Performance varies depending on system configuration. Check with your system manufacturer or retailer or learn more at intel.com. Intel disclaims all express and implied warranties, including without limitation, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, and non-infringement, as well as any warranty arising from course of performance, course of dealing, or usage in trade. Copies of documents which have an order number and are referenced in this document may be obtained by calling 1-800-548-4725 or by visiting www.intel.com/design/literature.htm. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks of Intel Corporation in the U.S. and/or other countries. *Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others Copyright © 2018 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.
- 3. 3 Learning Objectives ▪ Define “Artificial Intelligence” (AI), “Machine Learning” (ML), and “Deep Learning” (DL) ▪ Explain how DL helps solve classical ML limitations. ▪ Explain key historical developments, and the “hype-AI winter cycle.” ▪ Differentiate modern AI from prior AI. ▪ Relate sample applications of AI. You will be able to:
- 4. 4 AI Breakthroughs Machine translation As of 2016, we have achieved near- human performance using the latest AI techniques. “I am a student” “Je suis étudiant” Image classification “Dog” “Cat” As of 2015, computers can be trained to perform better on this task than humans.
- 5. 5 AI Is The New Electricity “About 100 years ago, electricity transformed every major industry. AI has advanced to the point where it has the power to transform…every major sector in coming years.” -Andrew Ng, Stanford University 0 13 25 38 50 2016 2020 Projected Revenue (in billions USD) Generated from AI, 2016-2020 (IDC)
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- 7. ▪ Artificial Intelligence ▪ Machine Learning ▪ Deep Learning 7 Definitions
- 8. “A branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent behavior in computers.” (Merriam-Webster) “A program that can sense, reason, act, and adapt.” (Intel) “Colloquially, the term ‘artificial intelligence’ is applied when a machine mimics ‘cognitive’ functions that humans associate with other human minds, such as ‘learning' and ‘problem solving’.” (Wikipedia) 8 Artificial Intelligence
- 9. 9 Machine Learning “The study and construction of programs that are not explicitly programmed, but learn patterns as they are exposed to more data over time.” (Intel)
- 10. 10 Machine Learning These programs learn from repeatedly seeing data, rather than being explicitly programmed by humans. NOT SPAM? Machine Learning Program The more emails the program sees… SPAM? …the better it gets at classification Emails are labeled as spam vs. not
- 11. 11 Machine Learning Terminology Target: Column to be predicted. Features: Attributes of the data. This example is learning to classify a species from a set of measurement features.
- 12. 12 Two Main Types of Machine Learning Has a target column Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Dataset Goal Example Does not have a target column Make predictions Find structure in the data Fraud detection Customer segmentation
- 13. 13 Machine Learning Example • Suppose you wanted to identify fraudulent credit card transactions. • You could define features to be: • Transaction time • Transaction amount • Transaction location • Category of purchase • The algorithm could learn what feature combinations suggest unusual activity.
- 14. 14 Machine Learning Limitations • Suppose you wanted to determine if an image is of a cat or a dog. • What features would you use? • This is where Deep Learning can come in. Dog and cat recognition
- 15. 15 Deep Learning “Machine learning that involves using very complicated models called “deep neural networks”." (Intel) Models determine best representation of original data; in classic machine learning, humans must do this.
- 16. 16 Classic Machine Learning Step 1: Determine features. Step 2: Feed them through model. “Arjun" Neural Network “Arjun" Deep Learning Steps 1 and 2 are combined into 1 step. Deep Learning Example Machine Learning Classifier Algorithm Feature Detection
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- 18. 18 History of AI AI has experienced several hype cycles, where it has oscillated between periods of excitement and disappointment. “AI Winter” late 1960s-1970s “AI Winter” late 1980s-1990s Early algorithms Expert system s Neural networks Machine learning Deep learning
- 19. 19 1950s: Early AI • 1950: Alan Turing developed the Turing test to test a machines ability to exhibit intelligent behavior. • 1956: Artificial Intelligence was accepted as a field at the Dartmouth Conference. • 1957: Frank Rosenblatt invented the perceptron algorithm. This was the precursor to modern neural networks. • 1959: Arthur Samuel published an algorithm for a checkers program using machine learning.
- 20. 20 The First “AI Winter” • 1966: ALPAC committee evaluated AI techniques for machine translation and determined there was little yield from the investment. • 1969: Marvin Minsky published a book on the limitations of the Perceptron algorithm which slowed research in neural networks. • 1973: The Lighthill report highlights AI’s failure to live up to promises. • The two reports led to cuts in government funding for AI research leading to the first “AI Winter.” John R. Pierce, head of ALPAC
- 21. 1980’s AI Boom • Expert Systems - systems with programmed rules designed to mimic human experts. • Ran on mainframe computers with specialized programming languages (e.g. LISP). • Were the first widely-used AI technology, with two-thirds of "Fortune 500" companies using them at their peak. • 1986: The “Backpropogation” algorithm is able to train multi-layer perceptrons leading to new successes and interest in neural network research. Early expert systems machine 21
- 22. Another AI Winter (late 1980’s – early 1990s) • Expert systems’ progress on solving business problems slowed. • Expert systems began to be melded into software suites of general business applications (e.g. SAP, Oracle) that could run on PCs instead of mainframes. • Neural networks didn’t scale to large problems. • Interest in AI in business declined. 22
- 23. 23 Late 1990’s to early 2000’s: Classical Machine Learning • Advancements in the SVM algorithm led to it becoming the machine learning method of choice. • AI solutions had successes in speech recognition, medical diagnosis, robotics, and many other areas. • AI algorithms were integrated into larger systems and became useful throughout industry. • The Deep Blue chess system beat world chess champion Garry Kasparov. • Google search engine launched using artificial intelligence technology. IBM supercomputer
- 24. 24 2006: Rise of Deep Learning • 2006: Geoffrey Hinton publishes a paper on unsupervised pre-training that allowed deeper neural networks to be trained. • Neural networks are rebranded to deep learning. • 2009: The ImageNet database of human-tagged images is presented at the CVPR conference. • 2010: Algorithms compete on several visual recognition tasks at the first ImageNet competition.
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- 26. 26 Deep Learning Breakthroughs (2012 – Present) • In 2012, deep learning beats previous benchmark on the ImageNet competition. • In 2013, deep learning is used to understand “conceptual meaning” of words. • In 2014, similar breakthroughs appeared in language translation. • These have led to advancements in Web Search, Document Search, Document Summarization, and Machine Translation. “Hello” “你好” Google Translate *Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.
- 27. 27 Deep Learning Breakthroughs (2012 – Present) • In 2014, computer vision algorithm can describe photos. • In 2015, Deep learning platform TensorFlow* is developed. • In 2016, DeepMind* AlphaGo, developed by Aja Huang, beats Go master Lee Se-dol. *Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.
- 28. 28 Modern AI (2012 – Present): Deep Learning Impact Computer vision Self-driving cars: object detection Healthcare: improved diagnosis Natural language Communication: language translation
- 29. 29 How Is This Era of AI Different? Cutting Edge Results in a Variety of Fields Bigger Datasets Faster Computers Neural Nets
- 30. 30 Other Modern AI Factors • Continued expansion of open source AI, especially in Python*, aiding machine learning and big data ecosystems. • Leading deep learning libraries open sourced, allowing further adoption by industry. • Open sourcing of large datasets of millions of labeled images, text datasets such as Wikipedia has also driven breakthroughs. *Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.
- 31. Health Industrial Enhanced Diagnostics Drug Discovery Patient Care Research Sensory Aids Factory Automation Predictive Maintenance Precision Agriculture Field Automation 31 Source: Intel forecast Transformative Changes
- 32. Finance Energy Algorithmic Trading Fraud Detection Research Personal Finance Risk Mitigation Oil & Gas Exploration Smart Grid Operational Improvement Conservation 32 Source: Intel forecast Transformative Changes
- 33. Government Transport Defense Data Insights Safety & Security Engagement Smarter Cities Autonomous Cars Automated Trucking Aerospace Shipping Search & Rescue 33 Source: Intel forecast Transformative Changes
- 34. Other Transport Advertising Education Gaming Professional & IT Services Telco/Media Sports Autonomous Cars Automated Trucking Aerospace Shipping Search & Rescue 34 Source: Intel forecast Transformative Changes
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- 36. 36 AI Omnipresence In Transportation Navigation Google & Waze find the fastest route, by processing traffic data. Ride sharing Uber & Lyft predict real-time demand using AI techniques, machine learning, deep learning.
- 37. 37 AI Omnipresence In Social Media Audience Facebook & Twitter use AI to decide what content to present in their feeds to different audiences. Content Image recognition and sentiment analysis to ensure that content of the appropriate “mood” is being served.
- 38. 38 AI Omnipresence In Daily Life Natural language We carry around powerful natural language processing algorithms in our phones/computers. Object detection Cameras like Amazon DeepLens* or Google Clips* use object detection to determine when to take a photo. *Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.
- 39. 39 Latest Developments: Computer Vision 2012 Deep Learning “proven” to work for image classification. 2015 Models outperform humans on image classification. 2016 Object detection models beat previous benchmarks.
- 40. 40 Application Area: Abandoned Baggage Detection • We can automatically detect when baggage has been left unattended, potentially saving lives. • This system relies on the breakthroughs we discussed: • Cutting edge object detection. • Fast hardware on which to train the model (Intel® Xeon® processors in this case). Abandoned baggage
- 41. 41 Learning Objectives Recap ▪ Define “Artificial Intelligence” (AI), “Machine Learning” (ML), and “Deep Learning” (DL). ▪ Explain how DL helps solve classical ML limitations. ▪ Explain key historical developments, and the “hype-AI winter cycle.” ▪ Differentiate modern AI from prior AI. ▪ Relate sample applications of AI. In this session, we worked to:
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- 43. Sources for information and images used in this presentation Ai face image: √ https://pixabay.com/en/girl-woman-face-eyes-close-up-320262/ Dog image: √ https://www.pexels.com/photo/adorable-animal-breed-canine-356378/ Cat image: √ https://www.pexels.com/photo/adorable-animal-baby-blur-177809/ Brain image: √ http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view- image.php?image=130359&picture=human-brain Email icon: √ https://pixabay.com/en/mail-message-email-send-message-1454731/ Credit card: √ https://www.pexels.com/photo/atm-atm-card-card-credit-card-371066/ Dog and cat image: √ https://pixabay.com/en/cat-dog-animals-pets-garden-71494/ John Pierce: √ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Robinson_Pierce.jpg 43
- 44. Sources for information and images used in this presentation Mainframe Computer: √ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360_Model_40#/media/File:IBM_System_360_at_USDA.j pg Car: √ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Stanley2.JPG/1200px- Stanley2.JPG Spotify/netflix: √ https://www.pexels.com/photo/spotify-netflix-mockup-364676/ Googlecar: √ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_Kerry_Views_the_Computers_Inside_One_of_G oogle%27s_Self- Driving_Cars_at_the_2016_Global_Entrepreneurship_Summit%27s_Innovation_Marketplace_at_St anford_University_(27786624121).jpg Emoji: √ https://pixabay.com/en/emoji-emoticon-smilies-icon-faces-2074153/ 44
- 45. Sources for information and images used in this presentation Stethoscope: √ https://pixnio.com/science/medical-science/stethoscope-mobile-phone-diagnosis-pulse- cardiology-medicine-healthcare Translation keys: √ https://www.pexels.com/photo/interpretation-transcription-translation-569313/ Googletranslate: √ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Google_Translate_logo.svg Big data: √ https://pixabay.com/en/big-data-data-world-cloud-1667184/ Google pin: √ https://pixabay.com/en/navigation-gps-location-google-2049643/ Suv: √ http://maxpixel.freegreatpicture.com/Land-Truck-Range-Vehicle-Range-Rover-Car-4-Rover- 2015663 Social media: √ https://pixabay.com/en/social-media-manager-online-woman-1966010/ Girlphone: √ https://pixnio.com/people/female-women/digital-camera-mobile-phone-fashion-girl- smartphone-woman Phonehand: √ https://www.pexels.com/photo/internet-mobile-phone-phone-screen-270661/ 45
Editor's Notes
- #15: Image Source: https://static.parade.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/main-dogs-vs-cats.jpg https://parade.com/118414/kaleethompson/31-battle-of-cats-vs-dogs/