Lesson 3 - Quantitative Research - Deepening.pdf
- 1. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH M S . T I N
- 2. S C H O O L S U P P L I E S S H O P P I N G : SCENARIO: YOU HAVE PHP 2,000 TO SPEND ON SCHOOL SUPPLIES FOR THIS SEMESTER.
- 3. S C H O O L S U P P L I E S S H O P P I N G : TASK: ALLOCATE YOUR PHP 2,000 BUDGET TO THESE SCHOOL SUPPLIES, BALANCING BETWEEN ESSENTIALS AND A NEW BACKPACK.
- 4. RESEARCH METHODS Two main types: 1.Quantitative Research 2.Qualitative Research
- 5. RESEARCH METHODS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- 6. The following definition, taken from Aliaga and Gunderson (2000), describes what we mean by quantitative research methods very well: “Quantitative research is ‘Explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analysed using mathematically based methods (in particular statistics)”. DEFINITION
- 7. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH “Quantitative methods emphasize objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data using computational techniques. Quantitative research focuses on gathering numerical data and generalizing it across groups of people or to explain a particular phenomenon”.
- 8. GOAL OR AIM OF THE RESEARCH:
- 9. QUANTITATIVE Data Gathering Instrument Quantitative Research makes use of tools such as questionnaires, surveys, measurements and other equipment to collect numerical or measurable data.
- 10. Type of Data –if you are conducting a Quantitative Research, what will most likely appear in your discussion are tables containing data in the form of numbers and statistics. QUANTITATIVE
- 11. Approach –In Quantitative Research, researchers tend to remain objectively separated from the subject matter. This is because Quantitative Research is objective in approach in the sense that it only seeks precise measurements and analysis of target concepts to answer his inquiry. QUANTITATIVE
- 12. WHY DO QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH?
- 13. WHEN DO QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH? IF YOUR STUDY AIMS TO FIND OUT THE ANSWER TO AN INQUIRY THROUGH NUMERICAL EVIDENCE, THEN YOU SHOULD MAKE USE OF THE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH.
- 14. QUANTITATIVE DATA Q U A N T I T A T I V E D A T A I S I N F O R M A T I O N A B O U T Q U A N T I T I E S ; T H A T I S , I N F O R M A T I O N T H A T C A N B E M E A S U R E D A N D W R I T T E N D O W N W I T H N U M B E R S . S O M E E X A M P L E S O F Q U A N T I T A T I V E D A T A A R E Y O U R H E I G H T , Y O U R S H O E S I Z E , A N D T H E L E N G T H O F Y O U R F I N G E R N A I L S . Q U A N T I T A T I V E D A T A D E F I N E S W H E R E A S Q U A L I T A T I V E D A T A D E S C R I B E S .
- 15. When we collect data in quantitative educational research, we have to collect them from someone or something. The people or things (e.g. schools) we collect data on or from are known as units or cases.
- 16. The data that we are collecting from these units are known as variables. Variables are any characteristic of the unit we are interested in and want to collect (e.g. gender, age, self-esteem). VARIABLES
- 17. THERE ARE FOUR MAIN TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: 1. Descriptive 2. Co-relational 3. Causal- Comparative/Quasi- Experimental 4. Experimental Research
- 18. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH This type of research describes what exists and may help to uncover new facts and meaning. The purpose of descriptive research is to observe, describe, document aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs. This involves the collection of data that will provide an account or description of individuals, groups or situations. Instruments we use to obtain data in descriptive studies include questionnaires, interviews (closed questions), observation (checklists, etc.)
- 19. Quantitative correlational research aims to systematically investigate and explain the nature of the relationship between variables in the real world. Often the quantifiable data (i.e. data that we can quantify or count) from descriptive studies are frequently analysed in this way. Correlational research studies go beyond simply describing what exists and are concerned with systematically investigating relationships between two or more variables of interest (Porter & Carter 2000). Such studies only describe and attempt to explain the nature of relationships that exist, and do not examine causality (i.e. whether one variable causes the other). CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
- 20. Quantitative correlational research aims to systematically investigate and explain the nature of the relationship between variables in the real world. Often the quantifiable data (i.e. data that we can quantify or count) from descriptive studies are frequently analysed in this way. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
- 21. This research attempts to establish cause-effect relationships among the variables. These types of design are very similar to true experiments, but with some key differences. An independent variable is identified but not manipulated by the experimenter, and effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable are measured. It is not the same as true experimental research because quasi-experimental research studies lack one or both of the essential properties of randomisation and a control group. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
- 22. The major drawback with quasi-experimental research is that, compared to experimental research, it has a weakness in that is not possible to deliver 'cause and effect' results. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL In other words, we cannot infer from quasi-experimental research that, for example, doing one thing causes a particular phenomenon (e.g. smoking cigarettes causes cancer). Identified control groups exposed to the treatment variable are studied and compared to groups who are not.
- 23. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH often called true experimentation, uses the scientific method to establish the cause- effect relationship among a group of variables that make up a study.
- 24. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH The true experiment is often thought of as a laboratory study, but this is not always the case; a laboratory setting has nothing to do with it. A true experiment is any study where an effort is made to identify and impose control over all other variables except one.
- 25. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH An independent variable is manipulated to determine the effects on the dependent variables. Subjects are randomly assigned to experimental treatments rather than identified in naturally occurring groups.
- 28. W H A T I S T H E B A S I C M E T H O D O L O G Y F O R A Q U A N T I T A T I V E R E S E A R C H D E S I G N ?
- 29. The overall structure for a quantitative design is based in the scientific method. It uses deductive reasoning, where the researcher forms an hypothesis, collects data in an investigation of the problem, and then uses the data from the investigation, after analysis is made and conclusions are shared, to prove the hypotheses not false or false. The basic procedure of a quantitative design is:
- 30. 1.Make your observations about something that is unknown, unexplained, or new. Investigate current theory surrounding your problem or issue.
- 31. 2. Hypothesize an explanation for those observations.
- 32. 3. Make a prediction of outcomes based on your hypotheses. Formulate a plan to test your prediction.
- 33. 3. Make a prediction of outcomes based on your hypotheses. Formulate a plan to test your prediction.
- 34. 4. Collect and process your data. If your prediction was correct, go to step 5. If not, the hypothesis has been proven false. Return to step 2 to form a new hypothesis based on your new knowledge.
- 35. 5. Verify your findings. Make your final conclusions. Present your findings in an appropriate form for your audience.
- 36. Its main characteristics are: The data is usually gathered using structured research instruments. The results are based on larger sample sizes that are representative of the population. The research study can usually be replicated or repeated, given its high reliability. Researcher has a clearly defined research question to which objective answers are sought.
- 37. Its main characteristics are: All aspects of the study are carefully designed before data is collected. Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often arranged in tables, charts, figures, or other non-textual forms. Project can be used to generalize concepts more widely, predict future results, or investigate causal relationships. Researcher uses tools, such as questionnaires or computer software, to collect numerical data. The overarching aim of a quantitative research study is to classify features, count them, and construct statistical models in an attempt to explain what is observed.
- 38. Quantitative Research: Has its main purpose in quantification of data (to describe variables). To examine relationships among variables. To determine cause-and- effect interactions between variables. Allows generalizations of results from a sample to an entire population of interest. Measurement of the incidence of various views and opinions in a given sample.
- 39. THANK YOU F O R Y O U R A T T E N T I O N