LESSON 5 Q2 ORGAN SYSTEMS (Animals).pptx
- 1. ORGAN SYSTEMS (Animals) Lesson 5: Quarter 2
- 2. • The human body is made up of several organ systems that work together as one unit. • In the pyramid of life that organizes all the elements of life into categories, organ systems are nested between an organism and its organs.
- 3. Organ systems • are the groups of organs that are within an organism. • consists of related parts that interact with each other to form a whole. • it has different parts, but each plays a significant role for the whole to function as one.
- 4. 12 Systems of the Human Body
- 5. Circulatory System • the main function is to transport nutrients and gasses to cells and tissues throughout the body. • this is accomplished by the circulation of blood.
- 7. Two components of this Circulatory System a. Cardiovascular system • is comprised of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. • The beating of the heart drives the cardiac cycle which pumps blood throughout the body.
- 8. b. Lymphatic system • is a vascular network of tubules and ducts that collect, filter, and return lymph to blood circulation. • As a component of the immune system, the lymphatic system produces and circulates immune cells called lymphocytes. • The lymphatic organs include the lymph vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and tonsils
- 10. Digestive System • breaks down food polymers into smaller molecules to provide energy for the body. • Digestive juices and enzymes are secreted to break down the carbohydrates, fat, and protein in food.
- 11. Digestive System • The primary organs are the mouth, stomach, intestines, and rectum. • Other accessory structures include the teeth, tongue, liver, and pancreas.
- 13. Endocrine System • along with the nervous system, functions in the regulation of body activities. • The nervous system acts through electrical impulses and neurotransmitters to cause muscle contraction and glandular secretion. • The effect is of short duration, measured in seconds, and localized.
- 14. Endocrine System • acts through chemical messengers called hormones that influence growth, development, and metabolic activities. • The action of this system is measured in minutes, hours, or weeks and is more generalized than the action of the nervous system.
- 15. Two major categories of glands in the body a. Exocrine Glands • have ducts that carry their secretory product to a surface. • These glands include the sweat, sebaceous, and mammary glands and, the glands that secrete digestive enzymes.
- 16. b. Endocrine Glands • do not have ducts to carry their product to a surface. They are called ductless glands. • The word endocrine is derived from the Greek terms "endo," meaning within, and "krine," meaning to separate or secrete. • The secretory products of endocrine glands are called hormones and are secreted directly into the blood and then carried throughout the body where they influence only those cells that have receptor sites for that hormone.
- 17. Integumentary System • the set of organs that forms the external covering of the body and protects it from many threats such as infection, desiccation, abrasion, chemical assault, and radiation damage. • in humans the includes the skin – a thickened keratinized epithelium made of multiple layers of cells that is largely impervious to water.
- 18. Integumentary System • It also contains specialized cells that secrete melanin to protect the body from the carcinogenic effects of UV rays and cells that have an immune function. • Sweat glands that excrete wastes and regulate body temperature are also part of the integumentary system. • Somatosensory receptors and nociceptors are important components of this organ system that serve as warning sensors, allowing the body to move away from noxious stimuli.
- 19. Muscular System • enables movement through the contraction of muscles. • Humans have three types of muscles: heart muscle, smooth muscle, and skeletal muscles. Skeletal muscle • is made up of thousands of cylindrical muscle fibers. • The fibers are bound together by connective tissue that is made up of blood vessels and nerves.
- 20. • The most obvious function of the muscular system is movement. • Organisms have adopted a variety of methods to use the contractile function of the muscular system to move through the environment. • The most basic movements of fish include contracting muscles on opposite sides of the body in succession. This action propels them through the water.
- 21. Nervous System • monitors and coordinates internal organ function and responds to changes in the external environment. • The major structures of this system include the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
- 22. The nervous system has two major parts: a. Central nervous system (CNS) • is the primary command center for the body and is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. b. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) • consists of a network of nerves that connects the rest of the body to the CNS.
- 23. • The two systems work together to collect information from inside the body and from the environment outside it. • The systems process the collected information and then dispatch instructions to the rest of the body, facilitating an appropriate response.
- 24. • In most cases, the brain is the destination point for information gathered by the rest of the nervous system. • Once data arrives, the brain sorts and files it before sending out any necessary commands.
- 25. • The brain is divided into many different sections, including the cerebrum and brain stem. • These parts handle pieces of the brain’s overall workload, including storing and retrieving memory and making body movements smooth.
- 26. • Although the brain is the control center, its job would not be possible without the spinal cord, which is the major conduit for information traveling between brain and body. • Peripheral system nerves branch from either the brain stem or the spinal cord. Each nerve is connected to a particular area of the torso or limbs and is responsible for communication to and from those regions.
- 27. The PNS can also be subdivided into smaller components: a. The somatic systems • involves parts of the body a person can command at will, and b. The autonomic systems • helps run involuntary functions such as pumping blood.
- 28. Information conveyed through the nervous system moves along networks of cells called neurons. These neurons can only send information one way. Sensory neurons • those transmitting to the brain. Motor neurons • those that transmit from the brain.
- 29. • The nervous system can suffer from several afflictions, including cancer (e.g., brain tumors). • Other problems include multiple sclerosis, in which damaged nerves prevent signals from traveling along them, and meningitis, which causes an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
- 30. Reproductive System • enables the production of offspring through sexual reproduction between a male and female. • The system is comprised of male and female reproductive organs and structures which produce sex cells and ensure the growth and development of offspring.
- 31. Reproductive System • The major male structures include the testes, scrotum, penis, vas deferens, and prostate. • The major female structures include the ovaries, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands.
- 32. Respiratory System • provides the body with oxygen via a gas exchange between air from the outside environment and gases in the blood. • The major respiratory structures include the lungs, nose, trachea, and bronchi.
- 33. Respiratory System • Every breath taken is supplying life-giving oxygen to the cells in the body and every breath exhaled is removing carbon dioxide gas (Co2) from the body. Carbon dioxide • is the waste product of cellular metabolism (normal cellular function). Blood containing oxygen is circulated throughout the body for cellular function and the removal of carbon dioxide is transported back to the lungs through the blood.
- 34. Skeletal System • Human skeleton, the internal skeleton that serves as a framework for the body. • This framework consists of many individual bones and cartilages. • There also are bands of fibrous connective tissue —the ligaments and the tendons—in intimate relationship with the parts of the skeleton.
- 35. Two principal subdivisions of human skeleton 1. The axial • comprising the vertebral column—the spine— and much of the skull. The visceral • a third subdivision under the axial, comprising the lower jaw, some elements of the upper jaw, and the branchial arches, including the hyoid bone.
- 36. 2. The appendicular • composed of the pelvic (hip) and pectoral (shoulder) girdles and the bones and cartilages of the limbs.
- 38. Urinary Excretory System • removes wastes and maintains water balance in the body. • Other aspects of its function include regulating electrolytes in body fluids and maintaining normal pH of the blood. • The major structures of this system include the kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters.
- 39. Urinary Excretory System • consists of organs which remove metabolic wastes and toxins from the body. • In humans, this includes the removal of urea from the bloodstream and other wastes produced by the body. • The removal of urea happens in the kidneys, while solid wastes are expelled from the large intestine.
- 40. • The excretory system in humans consists mainly of the kidneys and bladder. • The kidneys filter urea and other waste products from the blood, which are then added to the urine within the bladder. • Other organs, such as the liver, process toxins but put their wastes back into the blood. • It is up to the kidneys to filter the blood so that toxic substances do not accumulate.
- 42. Overview of Body Organization • All living organisms are made up of one or more cells. Unicellular organisms • like amoebas, consist of only a single cell. Multicellular organisms • like people, are made up of many cells. Cells • are considered the fundamental units of life.
- 43. The cells in complex multicellular organisms like people are organized into tissues, groups of similar cells that work together on a specific task. Organs are structures made up of two or more tissues organized to carry out a function, and groups of organs with related functions make up the different organ systems.
- 44. Animal System Interactions If you can remember, there are 11 organ systems of the human body which performs and serve different purposes, at the same time, works in collaboration with every other organ system in the body to ensure the survival of a living organism.
- 45. Body systems do not function in isolation. All systems must work together to carry out life functions. For example, let us say you are feeling hungry. The feeling of hunger is caused when the brain (nervous system) detects changes in the levels of nutrients (digestive system) and hormones (endocrine system) in the blood (circulatory system). If you respond to this feeling by choosing to get a snack, many other systems will be recruited. These systems will work collaboratively to help you eat and digest your food, distribute the nutrients to your body cells, and generate cellular energy from the nutrients.
- 46. Connecting Body Systems to Life Functions Critical life functions include processes like regulation of internal environment (homeostasis), nutrient absorption, reproduction, and defense against injury or illness.
- 47. Nutrient Absorption Circulatory • transports nutrients and oxygen to body cells, which enables cells to generate ATP via cellular respiration and transports cellular waste (carbon dioxide) away from cells.
- 48. Digestive • breaks down food ingested into smaller particles so it can be absorbed and used by cells. Endocrine • controls the rate at which body cells utilize nutrients for energy through hormones (e.g., insulin, glucagon). Excretory • eliminates waste.
- 49. Muscular • moves food through the digestive tract. Nervous • controls eating and drinking behavior and the muscles used for eating and elimination of wastes. Respiratory • exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the external environment. Skeletal • stores mineral reserves.
- 50. Defense against Injuries or Illnesses Circulatory • transports white blood cells to fight infection. Integumentary • acts as a barrier to prevent pathogens from entering the body. Immune/Lymphatic • fights disease and infection. Nervous • stimulates defense mechanisms against infection, like increasing body temperature (e.g., fever). Skeletal • produces white blood cells.
- 51. Regulation of Internal Environment (Homeostasis) Circulatory • regulates body temperature (e.g., an increase in body temperature causes blood vessels near the skin surface to dilate and release heat). Endocrine • regulates concentration of sugar in the blood (e.g., a high concentration of sugar in the blood triggers release of the hormone insulin which causes cells to take in sugar).
- 52. Excretory • regulates level of water in the blood (e.g., a low level of water in the blood triggers retention of water by the kidneys). Integumentary • regulates body temperature (e.g., an increase in body temperature causes the skin to make and release sweat to cool the body).
- 53. Nervous • regulates body responses (e.g., processes internal and external stimuli and sends signals throughout the body to coordinate and execute both the voluntary and involuntary processes that maintain homeostasis). Respiratory • regulates level of carbon dioxide in the blood (e.g., a high concentration of carbon dioxide triggers faster breathing).
Editor's Notes
- #35: The human skeleton, like that of other vertebrates, consists of two principal subdivisions, each with origins distinct from the others and each presenting certain individual features.