Liberation war in Bangladesh
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This document provides historical context about the liberation war in Bangladesh and the discrimination faced by Bangladeshis under Pakistani rule from 1947 to 1971. It summarizes the political, economic, and cultural domination by West Pakistan over East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh) which led to the Bengali calls for independence and ultimately the liberation war. Key events discussed include the language conflict, disparities in development funding and civil service representation, the 1970 elections and crackdown in 1971, and the final liberation of Bangladesh in December 1971 after the Pakistani military surrendered.
Liberation war in Bangladesh
- 1. BANGLADESH POLICE IN WAR OF LIBERATION Mahmud Naser Jhony Addl. SP /Bangladesh Police B.P : 8112147642
- 2. Liberation War : The logo that inspired the freedom fighters
- 3. Liberation War : The Panacea that inspired the freedom fighters
- 4. Liberation War : The Hero who made the dream true o A freedom fighter
- 6. Causes of Bangladesh and Pakistan Discrimination • The Language conflict • The Geographical position • Cultural conflict • Economic activities • Political conflict
- 7. Bangladesh and Pakistan • The creation of Pakistan contained the germs of discord between "West Pakistanis" and Bengalis. • The communal separatists devised the "two-nation theory." This "theory" claimed that the Muslims and the Hindus in the subcontinent constituted two different and irreconcilable nationalities. This "theory" did not explain how in spite of vast class, linguistic, ethnic, social, and cultural differences. • The idea of a distinct state for the Indian Muslims was first proposed by Muhammed Iqbal; his scheme, which did not include Bengal, was confined to setting up a separate state for Indian Muslims in the North-West of the subcontinent. The name Pakistan was coined by Chaudhuri Rahmat Ali along with a group of students in Cambridge. Pakistan was an acronym that stood for Punjab, Afgania (Pathan), Kashmir, Sind, and istan, which is Persian for country. Hence, Rahmat Ali's scheme too failed to include the "lesser breed" of Bangali Muslims.
- 8. Bangladesh and Pakistan • The Pakistani ruling-class, having established the state of Pakistan on the basis of the "two-nation theory," could not find the ideological justification for establishing a secular state. The mullahs and the right-wing elements in the Muslim League wanted Pakistan to be a state with "pan-Islamic ideals" since Pakistan, they claimed, was not merely a state for Indian Muslims but also a "Muslim State." The mullahs and their allies argued that since Pakistani was established to be a state for the Muslims in India, the state structure and its laws should be based upon the precepts laid in the medieval religious laws. Yet, the liberal bourgeois component of the Pakistani ruling class wanted to establish a secular state that functioned on the basis of civic laws.
- 9. THE CRISIS OF THE PAKISTANI RULING ELITE: An Analysis of the of Position of the Bengalis Under Pakistani Rule in the 1950s • The central state apparatus, the military and the civil service, was dominated by the Muslim immigrants from North India and by the Punjabis. The North Indian Muslims were involved in the British administration in Delhi. Hence, they dominated the civilian administration in Pakistan. The Punjab had served as the garrison of the British Indian Army. Hence, the Punjabis dominated the military in Pakistan. • The Muslim League decided to make Urdu the sole state language of Pakistan, although only 3 per cent of the population of Pakistan spoke Urdu and over 56 per cent spoke Bangla. Since Urdu was the language of the dominant class in Pakistan and hence the language of upper echelons of the Muslim League leadership, the ruling party decided that Urdu was to be the sole state language of Pakistan. The explanation provided by the Pakistani ruling elite was that, since Urdu had more similarity with Arabic and Persian, it was a more "Islamic" language and since Bangla was derived from pre-existing Indian languages, primarily Sanskrit, it was a "Hindu" language.
- 10. THE CRISIS OF THE PAKISTANI RULING ELITE: An Analysis of the of Position of the Bengalis Under Pakistani Rule in the 1950s • The Pakistani ruling elite's language proposal did not meet any organized and serious challenge in the Western wing because the languages of West Pakistanis had an affinity in nature, structure, and vocabulary with Urdu. However, for Bangalis, Urdu was an alien and unrelated language. Thus, the Bangali intelligentsia and political leadership proposed that both Urdu and Bangla be declared as the state languages. On March 11, 1948 a province-wide strike was held to protest the central government's chauvinist policy of rejecting the language of the majority of the people as unfit to be a state language. Student demonstrations took place all across East Bengal. In his first trip to East Bengal on March 21, 1948 at Dhaka (then Dacca) the Governor-General "Quaid-I-Azam" (literally, the Great Leader) Jinnah declared (in English!): • "Let me make it clear to you that the State Language of Pakistan is going to be Urdu and no other language. Anyone who tries to mislead you is really the enemy of Pakistan...so far as the State Language is concerned Pakistan's language shall be Urdu."
- 11. THE CRISIS OF THE PAKISTANI RULING ELITE: An Analysis of the of Position of the Bengalis Under Pakistani Rule in the 1950s Meanwhile, the economic colonization and the expropriation of wealth of East Bengal by the West Pakistani ruling elite had already begun. East Bengal was the world's largest producer of raw jute (a fiber), which was Pakistan's main foreign exchange earner. The foreign trade statistics in its first decade for Pakistan were as follows: Foreign Trade Figures (millions of rupees) 5 Year Period East Bengal West Pakistan Exports Imports Exports Imports 1947-52 4582 2129 3786 4769 1952-57 3969 2159 3440 5105
- 12. THE CRISIS OF THE PAKISTANI RULING ELITE: An Analysis of the of Position of the Bengalis Under Pakistani Rule in the 1950s • In financial year 1948-49, the allocation for provincial development expenditure was as the following table indicates: Province Amount Allocated (millions rupees) East Bengal 40 Punjab 50 Sind 25 NWFP 5
- 13. The Marginalization of the Bangalis under Pakistani Rule • From 1947 to 1971, when East Bengal was a part of Pakistan, the Bangali bourgeoisie was the smaller shareholder of the Pakistani ruling structure. Its role was much weaker than the West Pakistani sections of the industrial, mercantile, military, and civilian bourgeoisie. As a result, East Bengal was exploited and colonized by the dominant elite of Pakistan. • The Bangalis as a nationality were not adequately represented in the civilian administration and military high command of the state. These posts were predominantly held by West Pakistanis. The following tables reveal the distribution of civilian and military posts on the basis of nationalities.
- 14. Central government Civil Services(1955) Position East Bengal West Pakistan Secretary 0 19 Joint secretary 3 38 Deputy secretary 10 123 Asst. Secretary 38 510
- 15. Development Outlay for Pakistan from 1947- 48 to 1960-61 Category East Bengal West Pakistan In Million Rupees Government investment 1720 4300 Government loan 184 2240 Aid 76 1010
- 16. The Per Capita Income Distribution in Pakistan (In M Rupees) Year East Bangal West Pakistan Difference 1959-60 269 355 32% 1964-65 285.5 410 46.7% 1968-69 291 473.4 62.6%
- 17. Foreign Trade Figures 1947-67 (In M Rupees) Position East Bangal West Pakistan Export 20,982,391 15,704,714 Import 15,183,796 34,388,211 Balance 5,798,595 -18,683,497
- 18. THE YAYHA KHAN REGIME • In November 1970, a devastating cyclone struck the coastal areas of East Bengal, killing thousands of people. However, the central government failed to aid the cyclone-strieken people. The government was severely criticized for treating the Bangalis in a callous manner. Mujib and other Awami League leaders toured the ravaged areas, including the off-shore islands. The political leadership urged the people to use the ballot-box to express their indignation at the treatment they received from the central government. • In the election that followed, the Awami League won a triumphant victory. At the East Bengal Assembly elections, the results were as follows: Parties Seats Awami League 298 Other Parties 5 Independents 7 TOTAL 310
- 19. At the National Assembly elections, the Awami emerged as the majority party, as the table shows: Parties Seats Awami League 167 Pakistan People's Party 88 Other Parties 44 Independents 14 TOTAL 313
- 20. March 7, 1971 and Bangabandu • On March 7, 1971 Sheik Mujib, in an articulate and carefully phrased speech, asked the Bangalis to prepare for a resistance to the regime but stopped just short of declaring independence. The people of East- Pakistan under the leadership of The Awami League set up a non-violent and non-cooperation movement, which proved quite successful. The program adopted measures such as (i) refusal to pay tax, (ii) stoppage of the flight of capital from East wing to the West wing, (iii) observation of hartals (strikes), (iv) hoisting of black flags, (v) access to state- controlled media for the opposition, and (vi) setting up council of action under Awami League leadership. The directives were extremely successful, and the administrative control of East Bengal effectively passed from the Pakistani authorities to the Awami League.
- 21. March 25, 1971 and Bangabandu and Major Ziaur Rahman • The military dictator and the central government officials left Dhaka without prior notice. Immediately, at 11:00 p.m. on March 25, 1971, troop movements started. In Dhaka and elsewhere in East Bengal, the Pakistan army began an orgy of killings, rape, violence, and looting. • Mujib declared Independence before he was arrested by the military. Later on Major Ziaur Rahman declare the independence on behalf of Bangabandu. Other Political leaders( Mr. Hannan, did the same job. Other political leaders of the Awami League managed to escape to India, where they set up a provisional government and organized the armed resistance to the Pakistani army. The Bangali troops, although Pakistani authorities ordered to disarm, resisted the Pakistan army and fought back. Thus, the Bangali National Liberation began its phase of armed struggle.
- 22. THE BIRTH OF BANGLADESH • The Pakistan army surrendered to the joint command of Bangladesh and Indian forces on December 16, 1971. With the unconditional surrender of the Pakistani army, Bangladesh was finally liberated. • The National Liberation of Bangladesh was the result of the transformation of the political struggle of the Bangali bourgeoisie to attain power into the national struggle of the Bangalis to resist the genocidal actions of the Pakistani army
- 23. • TOTAL NO OF POLICE: 33995 25/3/71 • EPR, PRP & SAF: 23606 • ORDINARY RESERVE: 10389 • IG: TASLIM UDDIN AHMED BEFORE CRACKDOWN • MOZAFFOR AHMED CHOWDHURY MADE IG AFTER THE CRACKDOWN • 15000 OFFICERS WERE APPOINTED IN MID-71 • 5000 POLICE OFFICERS WERE TRANSFERRED TO EAST PAKISTAN
- 24. • I, SYED NAZRUL ISLAM, THE VICE PRESIDENT & ACTING PRESIDENT OF BANGLADESH……… DO HEREBY ORDER THAT ALL GOVT. OFFICIALS- CIVIL, MILITARY, JUDICIAL, DIPLOMATIC, WHO TAKE THE OATH OF ALLEGIANCE TO BANGLADESH SHALL CONTINUE IN THEIR OFFICES ON TERMS & CONDITIONS OF SERVICE SO LONG ENJOYED BY THEM. • THE ORDER SHALL BE DEEMED TO HAVE COME INTO EFFECT FROM 26 MARCH, 1971 (LAW CONTINUANCE ENFORCEMENT ORDER OF 10 APRIL 1971)
- 25. • ABDUL KHALEQUE, PRINCIPAL POLICE ACADEMY JOINED THE GOVT IN EXILE; • HE WAS APPOINTED THE FIRST IG; • IN SEPTEMBER ‘71 HE WAS APPOINTED HOME SECRETARY; • HE ORGANISED BANGLADEH POLICE • IN SEPTEMBER HIS PROPOSAL TO REDESIGN THE MONOGRAM OF POLICE WAS APPROVED BY THE CABINET
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- 28. • MAMUN MAHAMUD, DIG RAJSHAHI RANGE: 31 MARCH 1971 • SHAH ABDUL MAJID, SP RAJSHAHI : 31 MARCH 1971 • S SHAMSUL HUQ, SP CHITTAGONG • KABIR UDDIN AHMED, SP COMILLA • FAYEZUR RAHMAN, SDPO PIROJPUR • 1262 POLICE OFFICERS OF DIFFERENT RANKS WERE TO BE KILLED
- 29. • NURUL MOMEN KHAN, SP FARIDPUR • BAZLUR RAHMAN BHUYAN, SP CHT • CHOWDHURY ABDUL GAFFAR, SP PABNA • SM ABUL HASHEM, SP DINAJPUR • SHAILENDRA KISHORE CHOWDHURY, SP PA
- 30. • Quires, if Any
- 31. •Thanks