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ISBN 978-4-902325-33-1
Occasional Paper 4
Linguistics, Archaeology
and
the Human Past
Edited by
Toshiki OSADA and Akinori UESUGI
Indus Project
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature
Kyoto, Japan
2008

Occasional Paper 4
Linguistics, Archaeology
and
the Human Past
Edited by
Toshiki OSADA and Akinori UESUGI
Indus Project
Kyoto, Japan
2008

Occasional Paper 4 : Linguistics, Archaeology and the Human Past
Editor: Toshiki OSADA and Akinori UESUGI
Copyright Ⓒ Indus Project, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature 2008
ISBN 978-4-902325-33-1
Indus Project, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN)
457-4 Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8047 Japan
Tel: +81-75-707-2371
Fax: +81-75-707-2508
E-mail: osada@chikyu.ac.jp
Printed by Nakanishi Printing Co. Ltd., Kyoto, Japan

CONTENTS
Preface
Research report on surface and subsurface analysis of archaeological sites around the lakes
of the Dubi Mirwah Desert in Sindh, Pakistan 1
Qasid H. Mallah
Jaidak (Pithad): a Sorath Harappan site in Jamnagar district, Gujarat and
its architectural features 83
P. Ajithprasad
Tomb of Shaikh Sadan Shaheed
- A fabulous illustration of congenital architectural and decorative traditions - 101
Farzand Masih
A history of fruits on the Southeast Asian mainland 115
Roger Blench

PREFACE
I am very happy to announce the publication of the fourth volume of our Occasional Paper
here.
Dr. Qasid Mallah of Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, in Sindh, Pakistan was a visiting
foreign scholar at our Institute in 2007. He has already contributed his paper in the third
volume of our Occasional Paper. As a specialist of archaeology in Sindh, his papers are very
useful for understanding the situation of archaeological sites in this region. The research
project based on this paper was financed by his university. I would like to express my sincere
gratitude to Dr. Nilofer Sheikh, the Vice-Chancellor of Shah Abdul Latif University, for giving
us a permission to publish his paper in this volume.
Dr. P. Ajithprasad of the M.S. University of Baroda, India was a visiting foreign scholar at
our Institute from April to July 2008. His research has been foucused on Chalcolithic and
Harappan sites in Gujarat, India. He is now conducting an excavation at a Harappan site of
Shikarpur in Kachchh which is situated 30 km away from Kanmer where our excavation has
been being conducted. His paper is very important to understand the features of Harappan
sites in Gujarat, India.
Dr. Farzand Masih of University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan is one of the core members
of our Indus Project. He has done his PhD on Temples of Salt Ranges: Detailed Analysis of
their Architecture and Decorative Designs. His paper is focused on the inter-cultural relations
between the local tradition of Buddhist and Hindu architecture and extraneous Islamic
architecture.
Dr. Roger Blench has already contributed his paper in the third volume. His research interest
covers a huge and wide range. His paper in this volume deals with the origins of various fruits
in Southeast mainland from the multidisciplinary viewpoint.
Last but not least, Dr. Uesugi took it upon himself to edit this volume. I thank his painstaking
efforts.
Toshiki OSADA
Project leader and Professor
Kyoto, Japan
osada@chikyu.ac.jp

Research report on archaeological sites around the lakes of the Dubi Mirwah Desert
- 1 -
INTRODUCTION
The Thar is the largest desert in South Asia. It
occupies 800 km long and 400 km wide located over
northwest India and southeast Pakistan. In Pakistan,
it is stretched in two provinces; southeast of Punjab,
called as Cholistan, and in Sindh province where it
occupies the eastern side of province throughout its
entire length of more than 580 km and is called as the
Thar Desert.
The Thar Desert constitutes of huge sandy area
where alluvial valleys and lakes are present. In its
northern limits, the Thar has a narrow alluvial valley
called Nara having maximum width of 4-5 km. It
starts from Salehpat town to the Jamraho head. The
desert stretches along both sides of this valley. This
western portion of the desert is limited and ends near
Jamraho head in south; the Rohri Hills in the north
and the Mirwah canal in west. The desert was watered
by both river system, i.e. the Indus and the Hakra
which is the major source of water for the entire Thar
region. The Hakra finally merges into the sea. Some of
the desert portions in its northern extension receive
the water from the Indus river system.
It is in this region since last decade and half where
archaeologists have been investigating for ancient
remains to understand ancient life patterns within
the desert environment setup. Until now, the research
done in this western edge of the Thar Desert has
progressed greatly yielding huge amounts of data.
The present project is an additional effort towards
a common pool of the research and has certainly
provided additional information.
This present project specifically focuses on lakes
around the Dubi Mirwah desert. There are several
lakes which were intentionally for this project selected
because of their strategic location in between of low-
lying hills of the Rohri Hills sequence and the alluvial
plains of the lower Indus plain. Combination of all
three geographic components (i.e. hills, sand dunes
and alluvial plains along with several other micro-
ecological niches) increases archaeological potential
to find out greater intensity of the archaeological
remains in this part of the given region. The specific
Research report on surface and subsurface analysis of archaeological sites
around the lakes of the Dubi Mirwah Desert in Sindh, Pakistan
Qasid H. Mallah
Department of Archaeology
Shah Abdul Latif University
Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan
ABSTRACT
This paper is a report for the research project conducted around the lakes of the Dubi Mirwah in Sindh, Pakistan. The thorough
surface survey in this region revealed a number of sites dating from the Upper Paleolithic to the historic times. Some of the sites
surveyed indicated multiple occupations, even though the remains scattered only on the present surface. It is highly probable that
the area around lakes provided people with preferrable environment for living through time. Furthermore, the region at the border
between the sandy desert and the alluvial plains was considered by the ancient people as strategic point connecting the two eco-
zones.

Qasid H. Mallah
- 2 -
focus would be on the question like when and how far
those natural resource bases were exploited.
Previously, the limited survey was done around
the Lunwari Sim and Sain Sim in 1996, and after
five years in 2001, Jamal Shah and Ganero Sim were
surveyed. A good concentration of archaeological
sites has been identified, but as they were limited by
focusing mainly on chert stone tool repertoire, only
few potsherds and other type of cultural material have
been reported.
The present survey focused on other lakes like
Jamal Shah, Khuth, Bakri Waro, Char Baro, Wadi
Sim, Tul Sim, and Lunwari Sim including the Saneso
Sim, Dingi Sim and Ganero Sim, all of which were
surveyed. During the first year of the project, a total
number of 34 archaeological sites were recorded and
during second year of project a total number of 12
more sites were added to make a total number of 46
sites documented around the lakes. After preliminary
examination, it turned out that all sites were
associated with different periods ranging from the
Upper Palaeolithic to the Early Historic period. The
documented 46 archaeological sites showed multiple
occupational periods and were located separately on
the flat top surface of sand dunes, on the slopes and
nearby lakeshores. All sites consist of a surface scatter
with greater variation in artefactual repertoire and
density. At least three types of artefact scatter were
classified such as:
a. localities with significant density of artefacts
b. spots with less quantity of objects littered on the
surface
c. isolated artefact clusters
The methodology for recording of sites was based on
three important points as:
1. data acquisition
2. analysis and processing of data
3. interpretation of data.
The site level survey focused on the presence or
absence of any distinct feature and activity area like
manufacturing debris, hearth or dense scatter of
the any type of artefact(s). The significance of this
type of systematic surface analysis is to determine
(a) overall nature of the site, (b) total area occupied,
(c) collection of exotic items, and (d) locational
context. This approach has further conceived the issue
of manufacturing technology, intensity of activity
conducted and scale of production. The systematic
surface analysis has revealed the place of given site in
the greater hierarchical system of settlement pattern
and the level of social complexity of its potential
inhabitants. The settlements were recorded with main
attention on the collection of diagnostic item(s) and
recording on all sort of physical features and activity
areas. Any single exotic object like stone bead, shell
bangle, and or steatite bead encountered was collected
after recording its position on the ground by a GPS
handset. From the sites some selected artefacts for
typological and chronological confirmation were also
collected. The observation and recording of two types
of micro-artefacts such as chert tools and beads were
complicated because (a) similar colour of objects and
soil and (b) size of objects. The colours of chert tool
and sand are almost alike and the minute size of chert
tools and micro beads make them untraceable and
very difficult to see. A researcher might be stepping
over important artefacts if he/she is not carefully
observing the surface ground of the given site. A
profound acquaintance and experience with the
region however enables the researcher to pull out and
obtain micro-artefacts and activity areas more easily.
In spite of these problems, documented settlements
have revealed a wonderful locational and behavioral
pattern, showing that the shores of lakes, flat tops
and slopes of dunes were strategically and intensively
occupied.

- 3 -
Figure 1 Map of the region surveyed (prepared based on a NASA image)
Area for survey
I
n
d
u
s
R
i
v
e
r
Thar Desert
Rohri Hills
Kachi Plains
Rann of Kachchh
Arabian Sea
Ganweriwala
Jhukar
Judeirjodaro
Kot Diji
Lakhanjodaro
Mehrgarh
Mohenjodaro
Chanhudaro
Amri
Juni Kuran Dholavira
Surkotada
GEOMORPHOLOGY AND
ENVIRONEMENT OF THE AREA
The geomorphology of the project area consists of
major features like: (a) sandy desert, (b) saline lakes
Dhands/Sim, (c) low hills of the Rohri Hill sequence,
(d) alluvial valleys and (e) the Indus Plains. These
features further hold faunal and floral diversity,
very suitable for the consumption of both animal
and human being. This diverse geography must
have provided an attractive and ideal environmental
condition for ancient people including hunter-
gatherers, nomads, pastoralists, and agriculturists of
every era living in this region.
Sandy desert
This sandy desert is a “regular sea of sands” in overall

Qasid H. Mallah
- 4 -
character and is divided into (a) the Pat and (b) the
Thar (Pithawalla 1959: 27; Panhwar 1969). Generally,
the desert typifies a rolling surface, with high and
low sand dunes separated by sandy plains and low,
barren hills, which rise abruptly from the surrounding
plains. The dunes are in continual motion and take on
varying shapes and sizes. Older dunes, however, are
in a semi-stabilized or stabilized condition, and many
rise to a height of almost 500 feet (150 m). Several
playas (saline lakes), locally known as Dhands, are
scattered throughout the region.
The sandy area lying on the right banks of the
Nara Valley is actually extended part of the upper
Thar where all feature like climate and vegetation
and the geomorphological setup of the dunes are in
a similar fashion as in the other parts of the Thar
Desert area. The sand dunes are covered with sparse
vegetation cover (Figure 3). The sand dunes become
very green after few rain showers. Among these dunes,
the brackish water lakes and flat alluvial valleys are
available.
These sand dunes are situated apparently in a
connected sequence with separate high ridges mostly
from northern side. Every sand dune contains slopes
from at least three sides and the northern side is
always steep and very difficult in accessibility. On
the contrary, the southern slopes are in a descending
position and very easy in accessibility; this is one of
the reason that archaeological sites are located on the
southern slopes. The sites are also located on the top
flat surface of dunes.
Lakes
A cluster of ten lakes locally known as Jamal Shah,
1
34
30
31 33
32
29
28 27
26
23
22
24
25
15
14
13
9
12
11
10 8
7
6
21
20
19
17
16
5
4
3
2
18
43
41
42
40
39
38
37
35 36
47
46 45
44
1 Tul
2 Wadi Sim North 2
3 Wadi Sim North 1
4 Wadi Sim South
5 Bakri Waro East
6 Tali
7 Char Baro South 2
8 Dubi 4
9 Dubi 5
10 Dubi 3
11 Dubi 2
12 Dubi 1
13 Dubi 6
14 Char Baro South 1
15 Char Baro North
16 East of Lakes 4
17 Vakar North-East
18 East of Lakes 2
19 East of Lakes 6
20 East of Lakes 5
21 East of Lakes 3
22 Bakri Waro South
23 Jamal Shah North 4
25 Char Baro South 3
26 Jamal Shah East 1
27 Vakar South-East
29 Jamal Shah East 2
30 East of Lakes 1
31 Jamal Shah South 3
35 Jamal Shah 1
36 Jamal Shah 2
37 Dingi Dhandh
38 Ganero 3
39 Ganero 8
40 Ganero 2
41 Ganero 1
42 Saneso Dhandh 1
43 Saneso Dhandh 6
44 Saneso Dhandh 3
45 Saneso Dhandh 2
46 Saneso Dhandh 5
47 Saneso Dhandh 4
Thar Desert
Indus Plains
Figure 2 Map of the sites surveyed

- 5 -
Figure 3 Sparse vegetation cover on the sand dunes
Figure 4 Plants and bushes of various types around the lakes

Qasid H. Mallah
- 6 -
Khuth, Bakri Waro, Char Baro, Wadi Sim, Tul Sim,
and Lunwari Sim, including Saneso Sim Dingi Sim
and Ganero Sim. These lakes are 3 to 5 m deep and
cover approximately 8 km2 to 2 km2 area. The shores
of lakes are covered with several floral species that are
suitable for fodder (Figure 4). The thick vegetation
provides suitable forage grounds of some wild animal
species. The migratory birds also visit the lakes in
the winter season. In other words, the lakes provide
the best ecosystem that contains basic subsistence
resources. The ecosystem consisting of many species
of plants and animals is very suitable for hunting,
foraging and foddering the domesticated animals.
Rohri Hills
The sequence of the Rohri Hills is 73 km from north
to south and 20 km from east to west. The Rohri Hills
consists of limestone and a layer of chert or flint stone
on the top surface. The chert is also embedded into
the limestone layers. The banded chert is also found
at specific locations within the main sequence of
hills. These hills are also source of the Fuller’s Earth.
These sources have been utilized by human being
since the Lower Palaeolithic age. The intensity of the
chert resource belongs to the urbanized period from
2600 to 2000 BCE when more than 1300 hundred
workshops were established to produce the chert
tools. The small hills having rich surface deposits of
chert are located approximately 2-3 km from Dubi,
which provide the chert stone raw material resource
and seasonal rain feed rivulets spring out from lakes
and valleys within this region.
Indus Plains
The desert area from its western side is bordered by
the Indus plains (Figure 5) where traces of an ancient
river channel are still visible flowing nearby the sand
dunes. The high floodwater must have touched toes
of sand dunes, filling low-lying areas and creating
many swamps in the western Thar (including present
area) which became a sanctuary for game. The diverse
geography with naturally redundant in subsistence
resources and favourable environmental conditions is
likely suitable for the survival and the ancient people
including hunter-gatherers, nomads, pastoralists, and
agriculturists of every era who must have selected to
establish their settlements. The presence of the Upper
Palaeolithic artefacts in the region attested to the
inclination towards exploitation of desert subsistence
resources which was further intensified during the
Mesolithic to the Kot Dijian periods when many
settlements were established permanently.
The exploitation of resources continues till today
and after every monsoon season many nomads set
up camps for grazing their herds. As they stay until
the smaller plants are green and leafy, grassy patches
survive and the desert does not become very hostile
during the June and July months of the summer
season. The climate experiences two definite seasonal
ends as hot summers and cold winters. Temperatures
frequently rise maximum above (50ºC) and between
May and August, and the average low temperature
of 2ºC occurs in December and January when it
sometimes reaches below the freezing point. The
annual rainfall averages about 180 mm, falling mainly
during July and August.
AVAILABILITY AND
USE OF RESOURCES
As described above that this portion of region consists
of four main geomorphological features such as (a)
sand dunes, (b) lakes, (c) alluvial plains of the lower
Indus Valley, and (d) low-lying hills of the Rohri Hill
sequence. The sand dunes and valleys which nowadays
are covered with sparse vegetation becoming very
green with various types of grasses after the monsoon
season, and seasonal rain feed rivulets that spring
out from hills filling lakes and valleys within this
region. The scattered hills are located at the distance
of 2-3 km from the majority of archaeological sites,
providing chert stone raw material resource. When

- 7 -
Figure 5 Sand dunes border with Indus Plains
Figure 6 Monsoonal grasses and plants suitable for the pasturage of herds

Other documents randomly have
different content

Pass we on, then, to the picture of the reorganised national
workshops,—of the reorganisation of which so much boast has been
made by members of the government: we come to it at last, having
only turned over, on our way, a leaf containing another sketch, which
caught our eye in passing.
The scene is devoid of all the picturesque accessories of the park of
Monceaux. It represents one of those desert, chalky, open space,
that so violently offend the eye in the environs of Paris. In the
distance are suburb houses, and scaffoldings of unfinished buildings,
and heaps of stone, and mounds of earth,—all is dry, harsh, barren,
desolate; it is glaring and painful to the sense in the bright sunlight;
it is dreary, muddy, more desolate and offensive still in the time of
rain. The sun, however, is bright and hot enough now, when the
sketch is taken, about the middle of June. The brains of the
thousand and nine workmen, who have been collected in the middle
space of the picture, are seething probably beneath that hot sun,
and fermenting to desperate schemes. What a pandemonium is
represented by this desolate little plain, occupied by the reorganised
national workmen. If they have been reorganised, it is only to worse
confusion. They are more reckless, more lazy, more noisy, more
insubordinate than ever. Those alone are quiet who lie snoring on
their bulks in the sunshine; but they will wake ere long, and to active
and bloody work, I trow. Yonder is a group employed, as if the
welfare of the nation depended upon it, in the interesting and
instructive game of bouchon, or of throwing sous at a cork; all their
energies and their activity, engaged to earn their pay, are occupied
in this work. They are merry and thoughtless, however; but wait!
their merriment is but for the moment, and bloody thoughts will be
awakened in them before long, under the pernicious influence of
those who are allowed to wander among them, and instil poison in
their ears. Look! there are jovial fellows reeling about under the
influence of strong drink,—they have already thrown away all
disguise—they cry "Vive Barbés! Vive la République Démocratique et
Sociale! A bas tout le monde!" They at least show that they are ripe
for revolt. Some brandish their spades in their hands—for here again

is the same pretence of work, and of wheeling earth from one heap
to another—and shout the Marseillaise in hideous chorus, or the
"Mourir pour la patrie;" and anon they change their song to the Ca
Ira of fearful memory; for the other republican ditties are not
advanced enough for the bold would-be heroes of the "Red
Republic." Here is one squatting under a bare hillock of earth, and
piping all alone, in melancholy tone, upon a clarionet; but his
musical efforts are as miserably out of time and tune, as are his
seeming bucolics under the circumstances. Another has got upon a
mound, and is fiddling to a set of fellows who are dancing the horrid
Carmagnole, with gestures and faces that need only the pikes, with
trunkless heads on them, of the old revolution, to make the scene
complete. But the scene will be completed soon; bayonets shall bear
heads upon their points, and the Carmagnole shall be danced behind
barricades around mutilated bodies. "Vivent les Ateliers Nationaux!"
Look at that group who are lowering darkly among themselves, and
hold on to each others' blouses in the energy of their suppressed
and whispered converse. See! there is another there upon the plain,
and there again another such a crowd. They look like conspirators,—
and in truth conspirators they are, communicating to each other the
plans for the approaching insurrection. And this passes in open day,
and we may be there to witness and even to hear; and the whole
city shakes its head, and in vague apprehension expects the crisis
that is about to come. And yet it will be said by ministers, and
ministerial agents, that the national workshops are reorganised,—
yes, reorganised to bloodshed and revolt! And no means will be
taken by the government to control or suppress—it will not even
attempt to stem—the torrent it has wilfully dammed up in these
organised clubs of sedition. None now even deign to make a show of
working, or, if the overseers come by and shake their heads, they
take up their spades, and digging up a little earth, fling it, laughing
in confident impunity, upon the back of the superintendent as he
turns away. In the hands of such men as these, the pickaxes and
spades have the air of the weapons of a murderous crew; and how
soon will they not be used to aid them to purposes of murder! And
this scene of confusion, and reckless effrontery, is sketched from the

life at one of the national workshops in their reorganised state.
Bright it is not, but it might shame one of Callot's most wild and
turbulent pictures, such as he alone has shown how to etch.
Connected with such scenes as these, in as far as they tended to
produce the last stirring sketches with which the Parisian Sketch-
book was filled in the month of June, are others, which can only be
fleetingly turned over. There is the large dingily lighted club-room,
with its dark tribune, its president and secretaries and accolytes,
dressed in blue smocks, with blood-red scarfs and cravats—its fiery
orators denouncing the bourgeois to the hatred of the working
classes, and instilling division, rancour, battle to the death between
classes, with violent gesture and frowning brow; and its benches and
galleries filled with a fermenting crowd, that yells and clamours, and
applauds the sentiment of "hatred and death" to the bourgeois. It is
no uninteresting, although a heart-wearying chiaro-oscuro scene,
with its strong lights and dark shades—albeit, in its moral as well as
its material aspect, the lights are few, the shades many, and dark to
utter blackness. Connected with the same suite of subjects, also, is
the nature of the small room in the crooked streets of the Cité, or
the suburb, with a table spread with papers, around which sit
bearded full-faced men, discussing sternly, as may be seen by the
scanty lamplight that illumines those haggard physiognomies; it is
the room of the conspirators of the "Red Republic," or of the
revolutionary agents to be despatched throughout the country, and
into other lands, to propagandise the doctrine of destruction to all
that is. But this scene must surely be a fancy sketch. Connected,
also, is that black sketch of a cellar, in which are concealed arms,
guns, pistols, lead, cartridges, barrels of powder, that have evidently
fallen into the hands of subversive anarchist conspirators, by means
of the connivance, treachery, or at least culpable negligence of those
placed in power by the sovereign Assembly, and that have been
conveyed thither hidden in wood, in bales, in sacks, amidst
provisions. Connected, also, are many other gloomy vignettes. The
scribbler in the small room, writing with a sneer of bitterness upon
his lip, and the stamp of overflowing bile on his pale face, writing

with the red cap of liberty on his head, as if to inspire his brains with
visions of all the horrors of a past revolution, glancing now and then,
for a hint, at the portraits of Marat and Robespierre, which decorate
his room, and grasping, now and then, the pistols on the table by his
side, as if to instil the smell of powder and the breath of murder into
the very lines he writes;-and again, the printing press worked by the
light of the dying candle;—and again, in the hazy morning, the
figure of the newspaper vender, swaggering down the boulevard,
and skreeching out, with hoarse voice, the "True Republic," or the
"People's Friend;" and of the deluded workman, who leans, after his
morning dram, against a post, and sucks in the revolutionary poison
of those prints, more deadly and damning to his mind, and more
fatal to his future existence, than the dram is deleterious to his
health, and pernicious to his future life; and prepares his mind for
the bayonet and the gun-barrel, by which he means to destroy all
those detested, and, his paper tells him, detestable beings, who
have toiled to possess any wealth, while he possesses nothing;—and
again, by night, the meeting of the man in power and the
discontented conspirator, in the well-appointed apartment, where a
hideous deed of treachery is to be plotted; or of the wavering
workman—who fears he is about to plunge into greater misery, and
yet hopes the realisation of the false promises made him—standing,
still uncertain, to listen to the voice of the tempting instigator to
rebellion under the gas lamp at the obscure street corner, on a
drizzling night. All these are sketches connected with the past ones
of the national workshops, and with those to come; they lead on to
the last in the dark series, irresistibly, inevitably: but as most of
them must necessarily be fancy sketches, and not "taken from the
life," let them be turned over hurriedly with but a glance.
And those that follow—what a confused mass of startling subjects
they offer! See here! the bands of united men assembling by night,
and marching silently through the sleeping streets; then shouting
and tossing up their arms in open defiance; then the rising
barricades, all bristling with bayonets; then the national guards and
troops pouring through the streets; the smoke of the firing; the

mass of uniforms mounting the barricades; the tottering falling men;
the confusion; the bodies strewn hither and thither, of wounded and
dead; the struggle, hand to hand upon the barricades, of the blouse
with the uniform of the national guard,—fury and hatred between
fellow countrymen in each face; the cavalry dashing down the
boulevards; the cannon rapidly dragged along; the tottering houses
battered down; and then the biers slowly borne upon sad men's
shoulders, supporting the dying or the dead; the carts filled with
corpses; the wounded, upon straw littered down on the pavement,
attended by the doctor in his common black attire, contrasting with
the pure white cap and pinners of the sœur de charité; the uniforms,
now smeared with blood and blackened by smoke, mingling with the
long dark dress and falling white collar of the administering priest.
See! now again, in the midst of the carnage and uproar and smoke,
the young soldier of the day, the Garde Mobile, borne on the
shoulders of his comrades, and waving in his hand the banner which
he has wrested with valour from the hands of the insurgents on the
barricade; and women, even in the midst of the terror and dismay,
fling down flowers from the windows upon the heads of these young
defenders of their country—the perfume of the flower mingling with
the scent of stifling powder-smoke and the rank taint of blood. See
again! there is a cessation of the combat for a time; the weary
national guards are returning from the place of action. What a
picture does the vista of the boulevards present! Those who have
any knowledge of others passing by, stop them to fall upon the neck
of a familiar face, and embrace it in grateful thankfulness that even
a scarcely known acquaintance is saved from the frightful carnage
that has taken place; and men ask for their friends, and heads are
shaken; some have fallen, others return not; and in all the windows
and the doors are agonised female faces; and women rush out to
scream for husbands, fathers, and brothers, and follow those who
they think can tell them of their fate in frantic entreaty along the
pavement; and others sit more calmly at doorways, and watch,
picking lint, in sad apprehension for the future, and silently
moistening, with their tears of agonising uncertainty, that work
which but too soon may be moistened with blood. How dark, and yet

how stirring, how exciting, and yet how heart-rending, are these
scenes! Then comes a sketch of a subject that may hereafter be
used for many a historical picture. See! that fine old prelate, with his
honest and firm face, and his white hair contrasting with his dark
brow: he is borne along, first in the arms of confused and mingled
men, insurgents and defenders of order mixing in one common
cause; then, upon a hastily constructed litter. He lies in his episcopal
robes: his face is mild and calm, although he suffers pain; his words
are words of Christian forgiveness and heavenly hope, although he
has been treacherously assassinated with the words of peace and
Christian charity in his venerable mouth; and tears stream from the
eyes of armed men, and trickle down their beards; and fellows with
fierce faces and gloomy brows kneel to kiss his hand, that now
grows colder and colder as he is borne, a victim and a martyr, over
the barricades of death, and sobs of remorse and grief are heard
among the infernal and battle-stained masses that line his path. Is
there then still a feeling of noble generosity among the savages who
form the great herd of the city which boasts itself to be the most
civilised in the world,—as if civilisation were indeed at so low an ebb
of retrograde tide? So there is still a sentiment of religion among the
mass of France? Or is this but the theatrical display of men who live
only in theatrical emotions, and will act a part before the eyes of
their fellow actors, even if it be to the death? It might almost be
supposed so—for now the dying prelate is carried by, and gone—the
moment for the display of emotions is past: it is gone with that form.
See! they are again with the musket on their shoulder—the knife in
the hand of women and children! The scene is again, once more,
one of smoke and carnage, and yells of execration and blood.
And now again come other scenes of men scouring along the
outskirt plains of Paris. The insurgents are vanquished: the people of
the Red Republic fly, and leave traces of the colour of their appalling
banner in trails of blood; and there are pictures of soldiers and
national guards running to the chase, and shooting down the hunted
men like rabbits in an affrighted warren.—God have mercy on them
all!

We turn over the leaves of the Sketch-book. It is over! The cannon
no longer fills the streets with the smoke of the battle-field. Ruined
houses compose a scene of hideous desolation in all the further
eastern and northern streets of Paris. Affrighted inhabitants begin to
crawl out of their houses. Windows are reopened. There is the air of
relief from terror upon many a face—and yet how sad an air of grief
and consternation pervades every scene in the vast city. The sun is
shining brightly and hotly over the capital: there is a flood of light
and heavenly love and brightness poured down upon the streets; but
it only calls up still more reekingly to heaven the vapour of the
blood, that goes up like an accusing spirit. How sadly, too, the bright
summer air, and its broad cheering lights upon the white houses and
the gilded balconies, contrast with the pale forms of the wearied and
wounded men who crawl about, and with the weeping women who
sit beneath the porchways, and with the coffins incessantly borne
along—not one, or two, or three, but twenty or thirty each hour—
and with the crape upon the arms of the men in uniform, or upon
the hats, and with the convulsed faces of the wounded and dying,
who lie upon their beds of down in the richly furnished apartment, or
on the pallets of the hospital, as they shine into the windows of the
wounded and dying. Bright as is the day of June, never was sadder
scene witnessed in any capital: civil war has never raged more
furiously within a city's walls since men conglomerated together in
cities for mutual advantage and protection. How many hearts have
ached! how many tears have been shed! how many wives are
widows! how many children fatherless! how many affianced girls,
with fondly beating hearts, will see the face of him they love in life
no more! Oh, splendid sun of June! what a mockery thou seemest to
be in these pictures of this dark Parisian scrap-book!
But the sun is shining still, and the little birds are twittering merrily
upon the house-tops, and the caged canaries chirp at windows, and
perchance there is the merry laugh of children. All these things heed
not the terror and desolation of the city. It is shining still—into huge
churches also, where thick masses of straw are littered down, and
the wounded lie in hundreds to overflowing—into courts, where

again is scattered straw, and again groan wounded and dying—upon
street-side pavements, where again are strewn these sad beds of
the victims of civil contention, excited by the most frantic of
delusions—and through narrow windows, into prison vaults and
palace cellars, where are crowded together masses of prisoners,
who, for the most part, regret not the part they have played in the
scenes of blood, and sit gloomily upon the damp stone, brooding
over schemes of vengeance upon the detested bourgeois, should
they escape, and the Red Republic ever be triumphant! It is shining
still; and every where it shines, it smiles upon misery: it seems to
mock the doomed unhappy city.
But there are still stirring, striking, unaccustomed scenes limned in
the Parisian Sketch-book. Paris has been declared in a state of siege
by the military autocrat, into whose hands the salvation of the
capital and the country from utter anarchy has been given. The
scenes of marching men and torrents of bayonets coming down the
broad boulevards, and sentinels at street corners, and patrols, and
military manœuvres, and galloping dragoons, and of drums beaten
from daybreak until late into the night, are nothing new to Paris:
such scenes have been traced upon its Sketch-book again and again,
for the last four disastrous months. But Paris has gone further now.
See! in these sketches it represents one vast camp. All along the
broad vast vista of the boulevards are whole regiments bivouacking:
the horses of the cavalry are stabled upon straw along the
pavements, or around the triumphal arches; arms are piled together
at street corners: some sleep upon the straw, while others watch as
if in battle array. The shops are still shut, although pale faces look
from windows; and the grateful inhabitants shower blessings upon
those who have saved the terrified people from the horrors of the
Red Republic, the pillage, and the guillotine; and ladies bring out
food and wine from the houses; and none think that they can find
words enough to express their gratitude, and praise the heroism of
their defenders. Alas! those who fought in that evil desperate cause
showed equal heroism, equal courage, still more reckless rage! What
a strange scene it is, this scene sketched in the streets! The closing

scene of a battle-field of unexampled carnage amidst a peaceful
population—the soldier and the tenderly nurtured lady placed side
by side amidst the wounded and the weary! the mourning of the
bereaved family upon the same spot with the first emotion of
victory! Since the agitated and disturbed city of Paris has existed, it
has witnessed many wild and strange scenes in its bloody and
tormented history, but none perhaps so glaring in their strange
contrasts as these which have been last painted in its Sketch-book.
All over Paris similar pictures may be limned. In the Place de la
Concorde is again a camp, again piled arms and cannon, and littered
beds of straw, and cooking fires, and groups of men in uniform, in
all the various attitudes of the camp and battle-field; and in the
glittering Champs Elysées are tents and temporary stabling, and
horses, and assembled troops; and beneath the fine trees of the
garden of the Tuileries are grouped, in similar fashion, battalions of
the national guards of the departments, who have hurried up to the
defence of Paris, and who bivouac, night as well as day, beneath the
summer sky, in the once royal gardens. All these scenes are strange
and most picturesque, and would be even pleasant ones, could the
heart forget its terror and its grief—could the sight of the uniforms,
the muskets, and the bayonets be severed from the sorrow and the
despair, the bloodshed and the crime. In all these scenes Paris has
lost its usual aspect, to become a fortress and a camp. The civil
dress is rarely visible—the uniform is on almost every back. The
carriage and the public vehicle are rare in these sketches; the
dashing officer on horseback, the mounted ordnance, the galloping
squadrons, take their place. That thin man, with his slim military
waist, his long thin bronzed face, his thick mustaches and tufted
beard, and his dark, somewhat heavy, eyes gleaming forth from
beneath a calm but stern brow, who is riding at the head of a
brilliant staff, is General Cavaignac, the military commander of the
hour, the autocrat into whose hands the National Assembly of France
has confided its destinies. Although, when he removes his plumed
hat to salute those who receive him now with enthusiastic
acclamations, he exhibits a head partially bald, yet his general air is
that of a man in the full vigour of his best years, in the full active

use of his lithy form. See! at the head of another mounted group is a
still younger man of military command. His face is fuller and
handsomer; and his thick mustaches give him a rough bold look,
which does not, however, detract from his prepossessing
appearance. This is the young General de Lamoricière, also of
African fame. He is now minister at war. There are others, also, of
the heroes of Algeria, who have not fallen in the street combat, in
which so many, who had earned a reputation upon the open battle-
field, received death by the hands of their fellow-countrymen. In
every sketch are to be seen, as prominent figures, these military
rulers of the destinies of France, which a few days have again
changed so rapidly. We cannot look upon their striking portraits in
these sketches, without asking ourselves how long Cæsar and
Anthony may be content to rule the country hand-in-hand, or how
soon the jealousy of the young generals may not be turned against
each other, and they may not leave the country once more a prey to
the dangers of a bloody faction; or which, if not more than one, may
not fall a victim to the treachery of a vanquished party's vengeance
by assassination? The leaves of the book are blank as regards the
future. No one can venture to trace even the slightest outline upon
them, with the assurance that it may hereafter be filled up as it has
been drawn: and yet that those blank leaves must and will be filled
with startling pictures once again, no one can doubt. How far will
these young generals supply the most prominent figures in them?
together, or sundered in opposition? The hand of fate is ready to
trace those sketches; but never was that hand more hidden in the
dark cloud of unfathomable mystery. The blank leaves of the album,
in which the observing and self-regulating man keeps a daily journal
of his doings and his thoughts, are always awful to contemplate: no
thinking man can look upon them without asking himself what
words, for good or for ill, may be recorded on them. But how far
more awful still is the book of fate, upon the leaves of which are to
be sketched the stirring scenes of a revolutionary city's history, so
intimately connected with a country's destiny! and no one can tell
what they may be.

The last sketch in the Parisian Sketch-book, as it is now filled up—
now in the middle of the month of July (for others may be painting
even as these lines are traced)—is the dark monster hearse
containing the bodies of those who have fallen in the cause of order
—the black-behung altar in that Place, which has lost its name of
Concord and Peace, to take the more suitable one of "Revolution"—
the catafalk—the burning candelabras—the black-caparisoned horses
that drag the funeral-car—the black draperied columns of the
Madeleine—the authorities in mourning attire—the long procession—
the sprinkled clouds of burning incense from the waved censers—
and the widow's tears.
Such a picture of mocking pomp in desolate sorrow closes well the
long suite of sketches with which the Parisian Sketch-book has been
filled during the first phase of the French revolution. The curtain has
fallen at the end of the first act, upon a tableau befitting the dark
scenes which have been so fearfully enacted in it. The curtain will
rise again—again will bloody scenes, probably, be enacted upon that
troubled stage of history,—again will harrowing sketches, probably,
be drawn in the Parisian Sketch-book. Those which we have now
recorded have been selected from among thousands, because they
form a suite, as natural in their course, as fatally inevitable, as any
suite of pictures in which the satirising artist painted the natural
course of a whole life. From the fallacious promises, and the foolish
or culpable designs, that occasioned the establishment of those
nurseries of discontent, disorder, and conspiracy, the ateliers
nationaux,—the steps through the club-room, the rendezvous of the
conspirators, the furious journalist's office, to the sedition, the
insurrection, the carnage, the civil war, the murder, the terror, and
the mourning catafalk, have followed as they could not but follow. It
is only the first series, however, that is closed here. There can be
little doubt but that similar consequences will again follow, as similar
causes still exist; and that the red banner of the so-called "social and
democratic republic" will again wave,—and perhaps before long,—a
prominent object in the scenes of the Parisian Sketch-book.

Printed by William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh.

[1] A substance obtained from a gland in the scrotum of the
beaver, and used to attract that animal to the trap.
[2] The Hudson's Bay Company is so called by the American
trappers.
[3] A small lake near the head waters of the Yellow Stone, near
which are some curious thermal springs of ink-black water.
[4] The Aztecs are supposed to have built this city during their
migration to the south; there is little doubt, however, but that the
region extending from the Gila to the Great Salt Lake, and
embracing the province of New Mexico, was the locality from
which they emigrated.
[5] Creoles of St Louis, and French Canadians.
[6] "On the prairie," is the Indian term for a free gift.
[7] Ancient and Modern Art, historical and critical. By George
Cleghorn, Esq. 2 vols. Blackwoods. 1848.
[8] Five Years in Kaffirland, with Sketches of the Late War in that
Country. Written on the Spot. By Harriet Ward. Two vols. London,
1848.
The Cape and its Colonists, with Hints to Settlers, in 1848. By
George Nicholson, Jun., Esq., a late Resident. London, 1848.
Three Years' Cruise in the Mozambique Channel, for the
Suppression of the Slave Trade. By Lieut. Barnard, R.N. London,
1848.
[9] Five Years in Kaffirland, vol. ii. p. 167-8.
[10] Five Years in Kaffirland, vol. i. pp. 35-6.
[11] Fingos, Kaffirs, and Hottentots, make use of a band or
handkerchief, drawn tightly round the body, to deaden the pain of
hunger; as the gnawing agony of famine increases, the ligature is
tightened accordingly.—Five Years in Kaffirland, vol. i., p. 102.
[12] Five Years in Kaffirland, vol. i. p. 304.
[13] Ib., vol. ii. p. 191-2.
[14] The Cape and its Colonists, p. 114.

[15] Eastern Life, Past and Present. By Harriet Martineau.
[16] The following singular story of circumstantial evidence is
compressed from a collection of criminal trials, published at
Amsterdam under the title "Oorkonden uit de Gedenkschriften van
het Strafregt, en uit die der menschlyke Mishappen; te
Amsterdam. By J. C. Van Kersleren, 1820." Notwithstanding the
somewhat romantic complexion of the incidents, it has been
included as genuine in the recent German collection, Der Neue
Pitaval. 7 Band.
[17] A mineral spring in the parish of Vinding, dedicated to St
Matthew by the monks of a neighbouring convent, which existed
there previously to the Reformation.

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