Ls-No-1 Web Publishing Notes.pdf 12th information technology chapter 1

1 | P a g e By Aafreen Shaikh , afreenshaikh0624 @ g m a i l . c o m
AAFREEN SHAIKH (CSJC JALGAON)
Lesson No.1 Web Publishing (Science & Commerce)
Importance of Lesson No. 1 in Exam
Practical Exam - Group A - 1 question (Weight-age: 9 marks)
Online Exam (Weight-age: 20 marks)
Write Program - 2 questions
Rearrange the following - 1 or 2 questions
MCQ1 Select one Answer - 3 or 4 questions
Fill in the blanks - 1 or 2 questions
True or False - 1 or 2 questions
MCQ2 Select two Answers - 1 question (may come)
MCQ3 Select three Answers - 1 question (may come)
Short Answers - 1 question (chances are very low but may come)
Notes for Objective Questions Study
Topic - Frames
Web Publishing – Creation of web sites/web pages and storing them on Web servers on
Internet for viewing to public.
Web server – It is a high configuration computer on Internet that stores web sites and
serves web pages to clients on request.
Web Browser – It is a software program used to browse web pages. E.g Chrome, IE, Opera,
Netscape navigator, Mozilla Firefox
Web site – It is a collection of web pages on a particular subject e.g. www.nasa.gov
Homepage – The first web page that is displayed when you visit a website.
FRAMES
It is used to divide the browser window into several parts through which we can see more
than one web page at a time. Each HTML document is called frame.
To create frames tags used are: <frameset> & <frame>
E.g.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>frame example</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<frameset rows="25%,50%,25%">
<frame src="web1.htm">
</frameset> </HTML>

About <frameset> tag
 <frameset> tag is a container tag for defining frames.
 It replaces the <body> tag in frameset documents
 It defines how to divide the window into frames.
 Each frameset defines a set of rows or columns.
 To divide screen horizontally we use rows.
 To divide screen vertically we use cols
 The rows/cols values indicate the amount of screen area, each row/column will
occupy
Attributes of frameset tag
i) Rows - It divides the screen into horizontal frames.
ii) Cols - It divides the screen into vertical frames.
Values of area can be given in % or pixels or by relative value using * (asterisk) symbol.
About <frame> tag
 It is used to create frame within frameset.
 It defines what HTML document to put into the frame.
Attributes of <frame>
Name – assigns a name to the frame.
Src – specifies the html page you want to display.
Frameborder - specifies the border around frame. By default value is 1. 0 - value for no
border.
Marginwidth – sets left right margins.
Marginheight – sets top and bottom margins.
Noresize - This attribute prevents the user from resizing the frame.
Scrolling – specifies whether to display scrollbar. It can have one of the three values - YES,
NO, AUTO.
<noframes> tag
The <noframes> tag is a fallback tag for browsers that do not support frames. It can contain
all the HTML elements that you can find inside the <body> element of a normal HTML page.
The <noframes> element can be used to link to a non-frameset version of the web site or to
display a message to users that frames are required.
The <noframes> element goes inside the <frameset> element.

Example:
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML noframes Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<frameset cols="200, *">
<frame src="/html/menu.htm" name="menu_page">
<frame src="/html/main.htm" name="main_page">
<noframes>
<body> Your browser does not support frames. </body>
</noframes>
</frameset>
</body>
</html>
<iframe> tag
An inline frame is a frame that is displayed in a box within a web page.
<iframe> tag is used to create inline frame. The inline frame can display images or web
pages within it.
Attributes :
Attribute Value Description
src URL
Specifies the address of the document to embed
in the <iframe>
align
Left / right / top
middle / bottom
Specifies the alignment of an <iframe> according
to surrounding elements
frameborder 1 / 0
Specifies whether or not to display a border
around an <iframe>
height pixels Specifies the height of an <iframe>
longdesc URL
Specifies a page that contains a long description of
the content of an <iframe>
marginheight pixels
Specifies the top and bottom margins of the
content of an <iframe>
marginwidth pixels
Specifies the left and right margins of the content
of an <iframe>
name text Specifies the name of an <iframe>
scrolling Yes /no /auto
Specifies whether or not to display scrollbars in an
<iframe>
width pixels Specifies the width of an <iframe>

HTML - Frames Practical Practice
We will learn dividing the browser window in different ways.
Step 1: First Create these four web documents and save in a folder.
Target attribute used in <a> tag
Magic target names are target names that will open the link in different frames/window.
Target="_self" - opens the page in same window
Target="_blank" - opens the page in new blank Window.
Target="_top" - opens the page in top frame.
Target="_parent" - opens the page in parent frame.
Step 2: Now create the frame file which will contain the <frameset> and <frame>
tags and save it with the name frame.html. The frame file will not contain the <body>
tag instead <frameset> tag.

Example 2: Dividing the window into three horizontal frames with middle
frame larger.
(for creating horizontal frames, we have to use rows attribute in the frameset tag
and specify the value 50% for middle frame, 25% for top frame and * symbol for the
third frame (* stands for relative value))
Example 1: Dividing the window equally into two horizontal frames.
(for creating horizontal frames, we have to use rows attribute in the frameset tag
and specify the value 50% for each frame)

Example 3: Dividing the window into three equal vertical frames.
(for creating horizontal frames, we have to use cols attribute in the frameset tag and
specify the value * relative value)

Example 5: Dividing the window into four frames
(for again dividing the frame we have to use nested frameset tags)
First we will divide the window into two frames. And then the first frame vertically
into two sections and same way bottom frame vertically into two sections.
Example 4: Dividing the window into two horizontal frames and then the
bottom frame again into two vertical sections.
(for again dividing the frame we have to use nested frameset tags)
First we will divide the window into two frames. And then the bottom frame vertically
into two sections.

Linking Frames
In linking there is menu/links on the left side of browser and the content is displayed
on the right side while clicking on links.
Example: Linking websites using Frames.
Here we will create two files
1) frameslink.html - containing <frameset> tags, We will name the frames as “left”
and “right”.
2) link.html – containing links to websites, in <a> tag use target attribute and specify
the second frame’s name i.e. “right”
framelinks.html
link.html

Output:

IMAGE MAPPING
It is a single graphic image that consists of number of hyperlinks incorporated within an
image.
The specific areas mapped within an image are known as hotspots which are links to a
resource.
Map is a text file that contains the information of an image and the mapped areas of an
image.
These areas can be rectangles, circles or polygons defined in an image specified by
coordinates in pixels of the image.
There are two ways to do image mapping
1) Client Side mapping - They are executed on client machine from web browser itself. All
information is loaded along with the image. It executes quickly.
2) Server side mapping - In this the program that executes the links is placed on the
server. The browser activates program on the server by sending x and y
coordinates of the position where hyperlink was created.
Client Side mapping
In Client side mapping, the image map is mentioned by using USEMAP attribute in the
<img> tag. The map is specified in the <map> and <area> tags, which defines the hotspot in
an image.
For specifying the areas of the hotspot, the <area> tag is used within <map> tag.
The attributes for <area> tag are as follows:
shape :- specifies as values rect, circle and poly
rect - for defining rectangle area, upper left and right bottom (X,Y) coordinates.
circle - for defining circle area, coordinates of center point and radius is specified.
poly - for defining polygon area, 3 or more pair of coordinated to form polygon
coords :- specifies coordinates for rectangle, circle and polygon
href :- specifies path of html file or URL of website.
alt :- specifies alternate text given to hotspot

E.g. Client side image mapping
mapexample.html
<html>
<body>
<img src="images/globe.jpg" usemap="#test">
<map name="test">
<area shape="rect" coords="22,37,123,97" href="page1.html">
<area shape="circle" coords="406,38,30" href="page2.html">
<area shape="poly" coords="48,169,142,234,50,248" href="page3.html">
</map>
</body>
</html>
The coordinates for the shape are found by opening the globe.jpg picture in Paint by
placing the arrow over the points and note down the coordinates.
Server Side mapping
In Server side mapping the map details are placed on the server. The browser activates
program on the server by sending x and y coordinates of the position where the hyperlink
was created. On receiving the coordinates the program on the server looks at the map file
for close match and then loads the file that is closet to coordinates.
In Server side mapping, the image map is mentioned by using ISMAP attribute in the <img>
tag.
The map details are save in a text file with the extension .map and place this file in the
same folder in which html document containing the image is placed.
E.g. Server side image mapping - the map is written in globe.map file which is placed
on server
globe.map
Default http://exza.in/xyz.html
Rect http://exza.in/page1.html 22,37,123,97
Circle http://exza.in/page2.html 286, 90, 45
Poly http://exza.in/page3.html 48,169,142,234,50,248

mapexample.html
<html>
<body>
<a href="http://exza,in/globe.map> <img src="images/globe.jpg" ISMAP> </a>
</body>
</html>
The href attribute of <a> tag specifies the location of external map file and server side
image map program on the web server. The <img> tag is reference for the mapped file. The
ISMAP attribute in the <img> tag specifies that the image is mapped file. ISMAP indicates a
server side image map.

FORMS
Forms are used to accept or input the data from user. The form consists of objects
called form elements or form controls.
E.g. Text box, Password box, Radio button, List box, Command button, submit button, Drop
list box, Check box, etc.
To create forms, <form> tag is used. All the elements are placed within <form> </form>
tags.
<input> tag: Used to create the form fields or controls by using type attribute.
Textbox or Text input field
Used to input text in a single line.
E.g. <input type=text name="fname">
Password field
Used to type password (displays * or . )
E.g. <input type=password name="pwd">
Submit button
Creates submit button, used to send form data to server for processing.
E.g. <input type=submit value="submit">
Example - Simple LOGIN form
<html>
<head>
<title>Login Form</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1> User Login</h1>
User ID: <input type=text name="loginid" size=15>
<br><br>
Password: <input type=password name="pwd">
<br><br>
<input type=submit value="login">
</body>
</html>

Radio button
It's a toggle button and only one option can be selected from a group of radio buttons.
E.g. <input type=radio name=gender value="M">
<input type=radio name=gender value="F">
Check box
Used to select one or more options from number of choices
E.g. <input type=checkbox name=hobby value="Cri">
<input type=checkbox name=hobby value="Bas">
Button field
It is used to display a command button to which we can assign a function (task).
Clicking the button will activate a function.
E.g. <input type=button name=button1 onclick="function();">
Attributes of <input> tag:
Name - assigns a name to form field.
Size - specifies the display size of a text box
Maxlength - limits the number of character that a user can enter in a text field.
Value - It is used to assign a default value to text box.
Type - It indicates the type of form objects like text (default), radio, submit, reset,
checkbox, etc.
Checked - It is used to specify default selection for radio button and check box.
id - used to provide a id to the field (used in CSS)
Select list box or Drop down list box
The <select> tag is used to select an option from menu kind of drop-down list or scrolling
list box.
E.g.
<select name=city>
<option value=mum>Mumbai</option>
<option value=thn>Thane</option>
<option value=kyn>Kalyan</option>
</select>

Attributes of <select>:
Name - It is used to specify a name to the select box. Assigns a label to selection.
Size - Specifies the number of list items to be displayed at one time.
Multiple - Allows the user to select multiple options.
<textarea> tag
It is used to create multiline textbox or large editable area.
E.g.
<textarea rows=3 cols=40>
</textarea>
Attributes of <textarea> tag:
Name - assigns a name to the text area
Rows - specifies the height of the text area in number of lines.
Cols - specifies the width of the text area in no. of columns /characters.
Hidden field
The purpose of the hidden field is to store the value that need to be sent to server along
with form. The browser does not display these values.
E.g. <input type=hidden name=xyz value=256>
Attributes of <form> tag:
Method - It specifies the method of sending form data to the server.
There are two methods:
GET - It appends the data to the URL in name/value pairs.
POST - sends the form data hidden in HTTP headers not visible on the screen.
Action - It specifies the location/path or URL of the server where the form data is to be
submitted.
Name - assigns a name to the form.
E.g.
<form method=post name=form1 action="http://www.exza.in/getdata.php">

Inserting Sound and Video into Web page
Popular Sound/Audio formats:
.WAV - developed by Microsoft and IBM. It is the standard format for Windows.
.AIFF - (Audio Interchange File Format) developed by Apple for MAC platform
.Ra - (Real Audio Format) is lower quality audio format (smaller in size)
.MP3 - MP3 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer-3) is a standard technology and format for
compressing a sound sequence into a very small file (about one-twelfth the size of the
original file) while preserving the original level of sound quality when it is played. MP3
provides near CD quality audio.
.AU - (Audio) developed by Sun Microsystems for UNIX platform
.MIDI - (Musical Instrumental Digital Interface) - format used for instrumental
music, very small in size
.RMF - It is a wrapper for audio formats like .wav, .au, .aiff, .mp3 and MIDI. The purpose
of the format is to encrypt the data and to store MIDI and sounds together.
Linking to audio file
We can use <a> tag to link an audio resource on your computer or web.
E.g.
<a href="music/background.mp3">
Click here to play
</a>
Adding sound/audio to web pages
<bgsound>
To add background sound to html pages <bgsound> tag is used.
It is supported by only Internet Explorer
It has no control attribute (play, stop, pause buttons)
e.g.
<bgsound src="music/background.wav" loop=2>
Attributes:
Src - specify the name of audio file
Loop - specifies the number of times the file must be played.
E.g. loop="infinite" or loop=-1
loop=2

Cross Browser Testing
Introduction
With wide range of web browsers available, end users using different web browsers to
access your web site/applications, it has now become crucial to test web site/applications
on multiple browsers. On different browsers, client components like HTML, JavaScript, AJAX
requests, Applets, Flash, etc. may behave differently.
Testing your website on different browsers is knows as Cross Browser Testing.
Cross Browser Testing is a process to test web applications across multiple browsers.
It involves checking compatibility of your application across multiple web browsers and
ensures that your web application works correctly across different web browsers.
It involves testing both the client side and server side behavior of your Web application
when it is accessed using different Web Browsers.
It shows limitation of the web site and functional features.
Some Popular Browsers:
In every browser and platform the website will look and work differently.
Every web browser comes with variations and differences in the way a web page is
displayed and works.
Examples:
1. <bgsound> tag is only supported by Internet Explorer and not by Netscape Navigator,
Chrome, Firefox, Opera, etc..

2. Broken image - an image in a web page whose path is not found or path is wrong or file
name is given is wrong. Internet Explorer shows broken images with a red color sign along
with alternative text. In Netscape Navigator, it shows 3 color dots with alternative text.
3. <hr> tag Horizontal rule - The appearance is different in browsers. In Internet Explorer it
shows 3D effect, whereas in Netscape Navigator it show rule (line) in regular manner.
4. bordercolorlight and bordercolordark - attributes of <table> tag are supported in
Internet Explorer but not supported in Netscape Navigator.
5. bgproperties=fixed - This attribute used in <body> tag makes background image water
marked in Internet Explorer, but moves with text in Netscape Navigator.
6. Outset Border - Outset border style given to paragraph tag is shown in Internet Explorer
and not in Netscape navigator.
7. <blink> tag is not supported in Internet Explorer and other browsers which blinks the
text, but supported in Netscape Navigator.

CSS SYNTAX
A CSS rule-set consists of a selector and a declaration block:
What is CSS?
 CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets
 CSS describes how HTML elements are to be displayed on screen, paper, or in other
media
 CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web pages all at once
 CSS is used to define styles for your web pages, including the design, layout and
variations in display for different devices and screen sizes.
 External stylesheets are stored in CSS files
 The selector points to the HTML element you want to style.
 The declaration block contains one or more declarations separated by
semicolons.
 Each declaration includes a CSS property name and a value, separated by
a colon.
 A CSS declaration always ends with a semicolon, and declaration blocks are
surrounded by curly braces.
Example:
p {
color: red;
text-align: center;
}

Three Ways to Insert CSS
There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:
 External style sheet
 Internal style sheet
 Inline style
1. EXTERNAL STYLE SHEET
With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire website by
changing just one file!
Each page must include a reference to the external style sheet file inside the <link>
element. The <link> element goes inside the <head> section:
An external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file should not contain
any html tags. The style sheet file must be saved with a .css extension.
Example:
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css">
</head>
Here is how the "myStyle.css" looks:
body {
background-color: lightblue;
}
h1 {
color: navy;
margin-left: 20px;
}
Note: Do not add a space between the property value and the unit (such
as margin-left:20px;). The correct way is: margin-left:20px;
2. INTERNAL STYLE SHEET
An internal style sheet may be used if one single page has a unique style.
Internal styles are defined within the <style> element, inside the <head> section of
an HTML page:
Example:
<head>
<style>
body {
background-color: linen;
}

h1 {
}
color: maroon;
margin-left: 40px;
</style>
</head>
3. INLINE STYLES
An inline style may be used to apply a unique style for a single element.
To use inline styles, add the style attribute to the relevant element. The style
attribute can contain any CSS property.
The example below shows how to change the color and the left margin of a <h1>
element:
Example:
<h1 style="color:blue;margin-left:30px;">This is a heading.</h1>
Note: If some properties have been defined for the same selector (element) in
different style sheets, the value from the last read style sheet will be used.
CSS SELECTORS
CSS selectors are used to "find" (or select) HTML elements based on their element
name, id, class, attribute, and more.
THE ELEMENT SELECTOR
The element selector selects elements based on the element name.
Example:
p {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}
THE ID SELECTOR
 The id selector uses the id attribute of an HTML element to select a specific
element.
 The id of an element should be unique within a page, so the id selector is
used to select one unique element!
 To select an element with a specific id, write a hash (#) character, followed
by the id of the element.

</p>
THE CLASS SELECTOR


The class selector selects elements with a specific class attribute.
To select elements with a specific class, write a period (.) character, followed
by the name of the class.
Example:
.center {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}
GROUPING SELECTORS
If you have elements with the same style definitions, it will be better to group the
selectors, to minimize the code.
To group selectors, separate each selector with a comma.
Example:
h1, h2, p {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}
Example:
#para1 {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}
<p id="para1">
.....................................................
...................................................

Important CSS properties
Color - The color property specifies the color of text.
Example:
body {
color: red;
}
h1 {
color: #00ff00;
}
Background-image - The background-image property sets one or more background images for an
element. By default, a background-image is placed at the top-left corner of an element, and
repeated both vertically and horizontally.
Example:
body {
background-image: url("img_tree.gif"), url("paper.gif");
background-color: #cccccc;
}
Background-color - Set the background color for a page:
Example:
body {background-color: coral;}
Background - Set different background properties in one declaration for background color, image,
position, size, attachment, etc.
Example:
body {
background: lightblue url("img_tree.gif") no-repeat fixed center;
}
Border - The border property is a shorthand property for:
 border-width
 border-style (required)
 border-color
Example:
h1 {
border: 5px solid red;
}
h2 {
border: 4px dotted blue;
}

Text-align - The text-align property specifies the horizontal alignment of text in an element.
Values are left|right|center|justify|initial|inherit;
Example:
div {
text-align: center;
}
Text-decoration - The text-decoration property specifies the decoration added to text, and is a
shorthand property for:
 text-decoration-line (required)
 text-decoration-color
 text-decoration-style
Example:
h1 {
text-decoration: overline;
}
h2 {
text-decoration: line-through;
}
h3 {
text-decoration: underline;
}
h4 {
text-decoration: underline overline;
}
Font - The font property is a shorthand property for:
 font-style
 font-variant
 font-weight
 font-size/line-height
 font-family
The font-size and font-family values are required. If one of the other values is missing, their default
value are used.
Example:
p {
font: italic bold 12px/30px Georgia, serif;
}
Font-size - The font-size property sets the size of a font.
div {
font-size: 15px;
}

Font-family - The font-family property specifies the font for an element.
The font-family property can hold several font names as a "fallback" system. If the browser does
not support the first font, it tries the next font.
Example:
H2 {
font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, serif;
}
Font-style - The font-style property specifies the font style for a text. Values are
normal|italic|oblique|initial|inherit
Example:
p {
font-style: italic;
}
font-weight - The font-weight property sets how thick or thin characters in text should be
displayed.
The values are - normal|bold|bolder|lighter|number|initial|inherit;
Example:
p {
font-weight: bold;
}
letter-spacing - The letter-spacing property increases or decreases the space between characters
in a text. The values are normal|length|initial|inherit;
Example:
h2 {
letter-spacing: 2px;
}
Float - The float property specifies how an element should float.
Example:
img {
float: right;
}
Margin - The margin property sets the margins for an element, and is a shorthand property for the
following properties:
 margin-top
 margin-right
 margin-bottom
 margin-left

Example:
p {
margin: 35px;
}
p {
margin: 10px 5px 15px 20px;
}
Padding - An element's padding is the space between its content and its border.
The padding property is a shorthand property for:
 padding-top
 padding-right
 padding-bottom
 padding-left
 Example:
Example:
p {
padding: 35px;
}
z-index - The z-index property specifies the stack order of an element.
An element with greater stack order is always in front of an element with a lower stack order.
Example:
img {
position: absolute;
left: 0px;
top: 0px;
z-index: -1;
}
Position - The position property specifies the type of positioning method used for an element
(static, relative, absolute, fixed, or sticky).
Example:
h2 {
position: absolute;
left: 100px;
top: 150px;
}

Value Description
Static Default value. Elements render in order, as they appear
in the document flow
Absolute The element is positioned relative to its first positioned
(not static) ancestor element
Fixed The element is positioned relative to the browser window
Relative The element is positioned relative to its normal position,
so "left:20px" adds 20 pixels to the element's LEFT
position
Sticky The element is positioned based on the user's scroll
position
A sticky element toggles between relative and fixed,
depending on the scroll position. It is positioned relative
until a given offset position is met in the viewport - then
it "sticks" in place (like position:fixed).
Note: Not supported in IE/Edge 15 or earlier. Supported
in Safari from version 6.1 with a -webkit- prefix.
Initial Sets this property to its default value.
Inherit Inherits this property from its parent element.
Top - The top property affects the vertical position of a positioned element. This property has no
effect on non-positioned elements.
Example:
div {
position: absolute;
top: 50px;
border: 3px solid green;
}

A web server consists of a physical server, server operating system (OS) and software used to facilitate
HTTP communication like IIS, Apache, etc.
When you type a Web site address into your browser, Web servers are doing the work of getting you the
page you request.
Every Web server has an IP address and possibly a domain name.
Examples of Web Server Programs:
What is Web Server?
A Web server is a program running on a Computer that uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) to serve
the files that form Web pages to users, in response to their requests, which are forwarded by their
computers' HTTP clients (Web Browsers).
Web server is a computer that hosts websites and web pages i.e. where the web content is stored.
 Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS)
 Microsoft Personal Web Server (PWS)
 Apache HTTP Server
 Sun Java System Web Server
 Lighttpd
*********

Ls-No-1 Web Publishing Notes.pdf 12th information technology chapter 1

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