Value of Ecosystem Services - Putting the ‘green’ into green economy_MKettunen
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Ecosystem services refer to the benefits that humans receive from ecosystems like provisioning of food and water, regulation of floods and disease, cultural services and supporting services like nutrient cycling. The document discusses how ecosystem services underpin human well-being and economic activity but are often not accounted for in conventional economic systems. It provides examples of how considering ecosystem services can help transition to a "green economy" by changing policies, accounting systems, and incentives to better reflect natural capital values. Integrating ecosystem services into decision-making can help reduce costs, create new markets and business opportunities, and lead to more sustainable use of natural resources.
![“A country could cut down all its forest and deplete its natural
resources and this would show only as a positive gain to GDP despite
of the loss of [natural] capital.”
-Robert Repetto (1987) in Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005 –
Ecosystem services & Green Economy
© M. Kettunen](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/mkettunenncmgeconferencemar2012-140115044133-phpapp02/85/Value-of-Ecosystem-Services-Putting-the-green-into-green-economy_MKettunen-13-320.jpg)
Value of Ecosystem Services - Putting the ‘green’ into green economy_MKettunen
- 1. Value of Ecosystem Services - Putting the ‘green’ into green economy Marianne Kettunen Senior policy analyst, Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) (London & Brussels) Guest researcher at the Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) (Helsinki) Nordic Conference on Green Economic Growth 1 March 2012 – Oslo, NO
- 2. What are ecosystem services? © M. Kettunen
- 3. Ecosystem services - as according to Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005 © M. Kettunen Underpinned by biodiversity (direct & indirect benefits, resilience)
- 4. Ecosystem services - as according to Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005 © M. Kettunen Trade-offs Interactions Interdependencies Underpinned by biodiversity (direct & indirect benefits, resilience)
- 5. Ecosystem services - as according to Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005 © M. Kettunen Not appreciated by economy ! Underpinned by biodiversity (direct & indirect benefits, resilience)
- 6. - Adopted from TEEB Policy-makers 2009 / 2011, based on a presentation by Ben ten Brink -
- 7. Economic significance of ecosystem services? © M. Kettunen
- 8. TEEB initiative (2007 - ongoing): assessing the value of biodiversity & ecosystem services • Demonstrate biodiversity, ecosystems & their services have multiple values – to economy, society, business & individuals • Highlight the benefits (vs. costs) of protecting nature & natural capital • Show how to assess the value of bd and ES – and how it can be used • Show how / help to integrate these values into everyday decision-making
- 9. Ecosystem services: direct economic values Global fisheries underperform by US$ 50 billion annually – due to overfishing (World Bank& FAO 2009). Global market for eco-labelled fish products grew by over 50% in 2008-2009 (MSC 2009). Global sales of organic food and drink are increasing by over US$ 5 billion / year (Organic monitor 2006). Ecotourism is the fastest growing area of tourism, with estimated increase of global spending 20% annually (TIES 2006). Conserving forests avoids greenhouse gas emmissions worth US$ 3.7 trillion (Eliasch 2008). - TEEB Synthesis report 2010 -
- 10. Ecosystem services: direct & indirect economic values Economic importance of pollination • Over 75 % of the world’s crop plants rely on pollination by animals • 30 % of fruits, 7 % of vegetables and 48 % of nuts produced in the EU depend on pollinators • The annual economic value of insect-pollinated crops in the EU is about EUR 15 billion Domesticated pollinator (honey bee) • UK: economic value of biotic pollination as a contribution to crop market value in 2007 at EUR 629 million, 2011) • Loss of pollinators (domesticated & wild) reduces crop yield through reduced and unreliable pollination Wild pollinator (hover fly) Building on presentation by Dr Anne Franklin (2010), various references in “EU 2010 Biodiversity Baseline” (EEA, 2010) + UK NEA, 2011, Ricketts et al, 2004)
- 11. Ecosystem services: direct & indirect economic values Source: TEEB case by L. Brander & K. Schyut (2010) The economic value of world’s wetlands (benefit transfer) www.teebweb.org © Photos EEA report
- 12. Continued work on ecosystem services … • National ecosystem assessments / TEEB initiatives: Brazil, India, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway … • Thematic initiatives / synthesis: TEEB for Cities, TEEB paper on natural capital & green economy (to be published in Rio), World Bank work on natural capital accounting (WAVES), EEA work on ecosystem accounts … • For information & cooperation: please contact Benjamin Simmons UNEP Green Economy / TEEB coordination ([email protected]) • Nordic Council of Ministers activities, e.g. • Scoping assessment on the status and value of ecosystem services in the Nordic Countries – TEEB Nordic (May 2011- May 2012) • TEEB for municipalities (autumn 2011 – spring 2012) • Valuing ecosystem services from Nordic watersheds (summer 2011 – Dec 2012) • Planned outreach activities with UNEP / TEEB in Rio (June 2012)
- 13. “A country could cut down all its forest and deplete its natural resources and this would show only as a positive gain to GDP despite of the loss of [natural] capital.” -Robert Repetto (1987) in Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005 – Ecosystem services & Green Economy © M. Kettunen
- 14. Ecosystem services & truly ‘green’ green economy Building green economy on ecosystem services: 1. Understanding the value of nature & natural capital – even where the values are not market based. 2. Integrating the value of nature & natural capital into the foundations of decision-making (strategies, plans & regulations, accounting systems, indicators, impacts assessments, tools for landuse planning …). 3. Providing the right economic signals – removing harmful subsidies and creating incentives to sustainable use of natural capital 4. → Investing green (eg. green infrastructure) & creating green jobs
- 15. Understanding & assessing ES stocks, flow & value Ecosystem service stock Ecosystem service flow • Forest & water ... but also: • Carbon stock • Stock of pollinators • Genetic resources • Stock of natural heritage • Etc. • Benefits ‘flow’ between scales (local / national / global) in time (sustainability) and from managers to beneficiaries • Also, several benefits are processes and cannot be expressed as ‘stock’ only (status & trends) Trade-offs (status & trends) Trade-offs Trade-offs Biodiversity(status & trends) Indication of resilience ! Ecosystem service value (current & potential) • Qualitative • Quantitative • Monetary
- 16. Integrating ES into accounting systems & indicators ES Stock – Flow – Value Biodiversity Ecosystem accounts (EA) & System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA) Etc. bundle of greener A macroeconomic & societal indicators
- 17. Greener economy & sustainable societies GDP of the Poor - Adopted from TEEB Policy-makers 2009 / 2011 -
- 18. Providing right economic signals: subsidy reform Subsidies: Over $1trillion/year: a mix of ‘the good, the bad & the ugly’ (TEEB 2011 Chapter 6: Lehman & ten Brink et al 2011)
- 19. Providing right economic signals: incentives Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) Instrument growing in applications 300 PES programmes globally, range of ecosystem services (Blackman & Woodward, 2010) Global value ~ USD 8.2 billion (Ecosystem Marketplace, 2008; see also OECD 2010) Increasing by 10-20% per year (Karousakis, 2010) Target a range of objectives: water, deforestation, carbon storage, IAS, poverty… Big & small - public & private eg. 496 ha being protected in an upper watershed in northern Ecuador eg. 4.9 million ha sloped land being reforested by paying landowners China Public (municipal, regional, national) & private (Vittel (Fr), Rochefort (B), Bionade (D) for quality water) Local (eg. New York, Quito), Regional (eg. Niedersachsen), national (eg. Costa Rica, Mexico and Ecuador and international (e.g. REDD+, ABS) Slide by P. ten Brink, see also Chapter 5 TEEB for Policy Makers
- 20. Conclusions: ecosystem services & green economy • Getting the foundations right! A ‘truly green’ green economy rests on sustainably managing natural capital → one key element is to green our accounting systems. • Getting the market signals right! Removing harmful subsidies and providing the right kind of incentives → ecosystem services provide several opportunities for / support to green economy (eg. via PES schemes). • Encouraging to invest green! Investment in natural capital can lead to significant cost savings, creates business opportunities and - if appropriately planned and implemented – can provide win-wins for both natural resources management and biodiversity conservation. ©http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampal a
- 21. © M. Kettunen
- 22. Thank you Marianne Kettunen Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) [email protected] This presentation builds on the work carried out in the context of TEEB for National and International Policy-makers (2011) IEEP is an independent, not-for-profit institute dedicated to the analysis, understanding and promotion of policies for a sustainable environment in Europe. See IEEP Manual of European Environmental Policy: http://www.europeanenvironmentalpolicy.eu/
- 23. Contribution to Governance solutions Understanding the value of nature TEEB books: http://www.routledge.com/sustainability/ TEEB reports & general info: http://www.teebweb.org/ TEEB coordination / UNEP: [email protected]
- 24. Examples: ecosystem service -based Green Economy Business opportunities: payments for ecosystem services (PES) • Situation: Vittel natural mineral water (FR) depends on high quality water from Vosges Mountains (no pre-treatment allowed by law). • Assessment: Costs of managing upstream ecosystems in a manner that guarantees continued supply of clean water are lower than the costs of moving the sourcing of water elsewhere. • Outcome: Farmers upstream are paid to adopt best low-impact farming practises. • See CBD Technical Series Report 56 for further examples: http://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts56-en.pdf ©http://www.globalpackagegallery.com/main.p ©http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampal hp/v/bev/bottled+water/?g2_page=2 a - See TEEB for national & international policy makers 2010 for references -
- 25. Examples: ecosystem service -based Green Economy Cost savings: flood management (regional) • Situation: The Napa River Basin (California) suffers from frequent flooding. • Assessment: Levees & channel modification to prevent flooding were deemed unsustainable by the citizens (eg with several negative impacts to water quality) • Outcome: A comprehensive flood control plan to restore river’s original capacity to handle flood waters was adopted. Significant mitigation of damages and over US$ 1.6 billion savings in flood protection. © Andre Kunzelmann / UFZ - See TEEB for local & regional policy makers 2010 for references -
- 26. Benefits from protected areas: food security → 2008 xxxx Protected areas are a ‘live’ gene bank for our cops, fruits and vegetables - TEEB Synthesis report 2010 - Multiple Benefits for Conservation and Use”, edited by Sue Stolton and Nigel Dudley. Pics: www.buyorganic.com.au, © Map: Arguments for Protected Areas: www.preparednesspro.wordpress.com/2009/04/, http://upload.wikimedia.org
- 27. Benefits from protected areas: food security → 2008 xxxx Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) can support the recovery of fish stocks. A review of 112 studies in 80 MPAs: fish populations, size & biomass all dramatically increased inside reserves, allowing spill-over to nearby fishing grounds. (Halpern 2003) Note: Need to address shortterm costs of restricted access before long-term benefits arise - TEEB Policy-makers book 2011 -
Editor's Notes
- #11: www.inra.fr (abeille)