Machine Learning Terminologies
This slide provides an overview of some of the core concepts related to building machine learning models. Machine learning is a branch of computer science that aims to make computers learn from data without being explicitly programmed. Learning problems can be classified into three main types: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. Supervised learning involves learning a function that maps inputs to outputs, given a set of labeled examples. Unsupervised learning involves finding patterns or structure in unlabeled data. Reinforcement learning involves learning how to act or behave in an environment, given feedback or rewards from the environment. Other important concepts related to machine learning include generalization, overfitting, representation, features, models, evaluation, optimization, bias-variance tradeoff, and Occam's razor. Generalization refers to the ability of a machine learning model to perform well on new or unseen data, not just on the training data. Overfitting occurs when a model fits the training data too closely, resulting in poor generalization. Representation refers to the way of encoding or describing the input and output data for a machine learning problem. Features are the attributes or characteristics of the input data that are used for learning. Models are the mathematical or computational structures that represent or approximate the function that maps inputs to outputs. Evaluation involves measuring the performance or accuracy of a machine learning model on a given data set. Optimization involves finding the best or optimal parameters or settings for a machine learning model that minimize the error or maximize the accuracy on the training data. Bias-variance tradeoff refers to the balance between model complexity and generalization ability. Occam's razor is a principle that favors simpler explanations or models when competing hypotheses explain the data equally well. Understanding these core concepts is crucial for anyone who wants to learn and apply machine learning in practice. This slide provides a concise summary of these concepts and can serve as a useful reference for beginners and experts alike.
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Machine Learning Terminologies
- 2. Terminologies • Machine learning is a branch of computer science that aims to make computers learn from data without being explicitly programmed. • Learning problems can be classified into three main types: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. • Supervised learning is the task of learning a function that maps inputs to outputs, given a set of labeled examples (inputs and desired outputs). • Unsupervised learning is the task of finding patterns or structure in unlabeled data, such as clustering, dimensionality reduction, or density estimation. • Reinforcement learning is the task of learning how to act or behave in an environment, given feedback or rewards from the environment. • Models are the mathematical or computational structures that represent or approximate the function that maps inputs to outputs. Models can have different forms, such as linear models, decision trees, neural networks, etc.
- 3. Terminologies • Representation is the way of encoding or describing the input and output data for a machine learning problem. Choosing a good representation is crucial for the success of machine learning. • Features are the attributes or characteristics of the input data that are used for learning. Feature engineering is the process of creating or selecting features that are relevant and informative for the learning problem. • Overfitting is the problem of fitting the training data too closely, resulting in poor generalization. Overfitting can be avoided by using regularization, validation, or cross-validation techniques. • Generalization is the ability of a machine learning model to perform well on new or unseen data, not just on the training data.
- 4. Terminologies • Evaluation is the process of measuring the performance or accuracy of a machine learning model on a given data set. Evaluation can be done using different metrics, such as error rate, precision, recall, F1-score, etc. • Optimization is the process of finding the best or optimal parameters or settings for a machine learning model that minimize the error or maximize the accuracy on the training data. Optimization can be done using different methods, such as gradient descent, stochastic gradient descent, genetic algorithms, etc. • Bias-variance tradeoff is a fundamental dilemma in machine learning that relates the complexity of a model to its generalization ability. A model with high bias tends to be simple and underfit the data, resulting in high error on both training and test data. A model with high variance tends to be complex and overfit the data, resulting in low error on training data but high error on test data. A good model should balance between bias and variance and achieve low error on both training and test data.
- 5. Terminologies • No free lunch theorem is a theoretical result that states that there is no universal learning algorithm that can perform well on all possible problems. This implies that the choice of a learning algorithm depends on the problem domain and the prior knowledge available. • Occam’s razor is a principle that states that among competing hypotheses or models that explain the data equally well, the simplest one should be preferred. This principle is often used as a heuristic or a guideline for choosing a good representation or model for a machine learning problem.