Marine Reserves in the Philippines: Challenges, Success and Perspectives (IWC5 Presentation)
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The document discusses the establishment and management of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in the Philippines, highlighting the challenges and successes in conserving marine biodiversity amid threats such as climate change and illegal fishing. It outlines various types of MPAs, their economic benefits, and the need for improved management strategies to enhance ecosystem resilience. The authors suggest community involvement and effective legal frameworks as critical components for the success of these conservation efforts.
Marine Reserves in the Philippines: Challenges, Success and Perspectives (IWC5 Presentation)
- 1. Marine Reserves in the Philippines: Challenges, Success and Perspectives Helping Build Resilience in the Face of Climate Change E. D. Gomez and P. M. Aliño The Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City
- 2. Marine Protected Area (MPA) – general term applied, to any defined marine area established for conservation and protection, where activities are managed based on specific rules and guidelines Marine Reserve - an MPA where all uses are controlled or regulated to the extent necessary. e.g. Apo Island Marine Reserve, El Nido Marine Reserve Marine Park - an MPA where multiple uses are allowed through zoning regulations like a marine reserve and where conservation-orientated activities are emphasized, e.g., Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park, Apo Reef Natural Park Marine Sanctuary – synonymous with “No-Take Zones” (NTZs) and may be located within a marine reserve or marine park, e.g., Turtle Island Wildlife Sanctuary, Pulong Bato Fish Sanctuary Verde Island. Definitions: Campos et al. 2003, Miclat & Ingles; Map: UPMSI Database
- 3. Institutional/Legal Frameworks in the Establishment of MPAs in the Philippines • Local Government Code of 1991 (Republic Act 7160) • National Integrated Protected Areas System of 1992 (Republic Act 7586) • Fisheries Code of 1998 (Republic Act 8550) • Integrated Coastal Management (Executive Order 533 series 2006) • Dept. of Agriculture Memoranda • Municipal Ordinances
- 4. Sources: Kelleher et al. 1995; Arceo et al. 2007 In mid-1990s, only 15% of MPAs had effective management, whereas in 2007, this increased to 25%
- 5. 1 hectare of mangrove 680 kg of fish/year Source: White and Trinidad (1999) 1 km2 of healthy coral reef Enough to feed 400 people with 50 kg fish per 20,000 kg of fish/year Economic benefits from MPAs: • sustain food and livelihood resources
- 6. MPA User Fees in the Philippines - accrue to LGUs w/budget for MPA management 1. Tubbataha Reefs National Marine Park (Palawan) Entrance fees: foreigners $50; locals $25 2. Gilutungan Marine Sanctuary (Cebu) Entrance fees: PHP25/person/day Operator fees: PHP1,000/year 3. Apo Island Marine Reserve PHP20/person/day (swimming) PHP50/person/day (snorkeling) PHP150/person/day (diving w/o camera) PHP200 (diving w/ camera) PHP250 (diving w/ videocam) Annual income: PHP6 million 4. Boracay* (*Willingness to Pay survey) Entrance fees: $5 - $20 From various sources Economic benefits from MPAs:
- 7. At a fisher density of 5 fishers/km2 , the MPA size required to sustain current fishing levels is about 50% of municipal waters! Using the Fisheries Information for Sustainable Harvests – BioEconomic model (FISH-BE) Marine Protected Areas: entry-point for biodiversity conservation But single MPAs may not be enough for protection at larger scales! Source: Licuanan et al. (2007)
- 8. Local anthropogenic threats 1. Increasing population & coastal settlement 2. Habitat modification & coastal pollution 3. Illegal fishing 4. Destructive fishing Houses on stilts on Danajon Reef, Philippines Fish pens & cages in the Philippines (Photo: G.S. Jacinto) Conversion of mangrove areas (J.H. Primavera)
- 9. tons fish 56% coastal @ 43% protein from sea 44% inland @ 23% protein from sea Protein Requirement – Phil RDA 51.5 g/day (M. A. R. Quisumbing, UPLB) 30–80 % of protein from the sea (A. White) 23–43 % of protein from the sea (FAO) Map-based (GIS) Assessment of Food Demand UPMSI-L.T. David
- 10. 1 1 5 1 2 0 1 2 5 E a s t L o n g it u d e NorthLatitude 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0 6 5 7 0 7 5 8 0 8 5 9 0 A ll s p e c ie s Interpolated species diversity map of fish species in the Philippines from fish visual census data, 1990s to 2008 (Nañola et al, in prep.) Pattern of species richness based on sampling in early to mid 1900s (Carpenter and Springer 2005) Fish biodiversity declines in the Philippines the Visayan Seas Signs of the times...
- 11. Global threat Climate change 1. ELEVATED TEMPERATURE & LIGHT INTENSITY more coral bleaching….
- 13. Anecdotal accounts: as much as 40 m erosion in one storm event. 3. SEA LEVEL RISE UPMSI-F.P. Siringan
- 14. (A) Tropical storm Ketsana (‘Ondoy); (B) Tropical storms Parma (‘Pepeng’) and Melor (‘Quedan’) (Source: DOST PAGASA) 4. INCREASE INTENSITY OF TROPICAL STORMS A B
- 15. Increase intensity of storms or higher sea level = bigger waves (sample model for Bagacay, Philippines) Reef system continues to protect most of Bagacay But the coast in front of channel receives more wave energy Coastal Hazard – physical oceanography Source: UPMSI-Villanoy
- 16. What should we do? Address immediate anthropogenic threats to the ecosystems Improve the health of the ecosystems for better chances of recovering from the adverse effects of global change (ecosystem resilience)
- 17. How do we improve ecosystem resilience? • Reduce fishing effort • Eliminate destructive fishing • Reduce coastal pollution • Establish marine protected areas (MPAs) and MPA networks
- 18. • habitats • connectivity features (based on numerical modeling of water circulation & dispersion) • entrainment • climate exposure • threats • vulnerability HYCOM + DISPERSAL Source: UPMSI-C.L. Villanoy Bases for MPA establishment
- 19. From Simulations to Action Babuyan Corridor Bohol Sea Corridor - Surigao Strait BalabacStraitCorridor Philippine Sea Corridor Mindoro - Calavite Tablas Triangle Tapia ntana C orridor PanayGulf-Guim aras StraitCorridor Ticao Pass - San Bernardino Strait - Samar Sea Corridor SibutuPassage-Sulu ArchipelagoCorridor N EW S Marine Corridor MP20 MP01 MP03 MP04 MP05 MP06 MP07 MP09 MP02 MP08 MP27 MP36 MP35 MP34 MP24 MP25 MP29 MP28 MP12 MP14 MP15 MP23 MP16 MP19 MP18 MP10 MP17 MP22 MP30 MP31 MP13 MP11 MP26 MP21 MP32 MP33 N EW S Marine Integrated Priority marine biodiversity conservation areas Extremely high Very high High Level of priority
- 20. Sectoral networks of municipalities, e.g., ABBA in Lingayen Gulf BOLINAO BANI ANDA ALAMINOS PANGASINAN LA UNION Bolinao - 7 MPAs (mean=16 has) Anda - 5 MPAs (mean=21 has) Bani - 2 MPAs (mean=28 has) Alaminos - 2 MPAs (mean=328 has including HINP) Source: Sagip LG Project
- 22. Source: CTI publ. 2009
- 23. End
- 24. How do we improve ecosystems resilience? • Reduce fishing effort • Eliminate destructive fishing • Reduce coastal pollution • Establish marine protected areas (MPAs) • Initiate restoration/rehabilitation of reefs
- 25. Collaborator deploying juveniles for grow out in Samal,Davao. Giant clam re-stocking CORAL TRANSPLANTATION AND GIANT CLAM RESTOCKING AT THE HUNDRED ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK, PHILIPPINES - PTA Project 2000-2002 Source: UPMSI Giant Clam Laboratory
- 26. • Supplemental source of livelihood for fishers • Heightens local environ- mental awareness • Fosters community participation/ cooperation • Develops local resources management capabilities Community-based sea urchin grow-out culture Viable resource management tool together with reseeding of protected areas Source: UPMSI Marine Invertebrates Laboratory
- 27. Community-based coral transplantation Goals • involve the local community • give lectures on coral biology and ecology • provide coral transplantation training • conduct actual transplantation
- 28. April 3, 2008 March 19, 2009 September 25, 2009 A B T=0 T=11 m T=17 m Community-based coral transplantation