Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are innovative bio-electrochemical systems that convert chemical energy from organic compounds into electrical energy, presenting a sustainable method for electricity generation and wastewater treatment. MFCs operate efficiently under anaerobic conditions and demonstrate the capacity to significantly remove chemical and biological oxygen demand from wastewater. Recent advancements in MFC technology focus on optimizing designs and biocatalysts, enhancing their energy recovery potential, and exploring applications for hydrogen production.