Microprocessor and microcontrollers
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This document compares microprocessors and microcontrollers. It states that a microprocessor is an integrated circuit containing transistors that serves as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. A microcontroller, on the other hand, is a highly integrated chip containing a CPU, memory, I/O ports, and timers designed to control a specific system. The key differences are that microprocessors have external memory and interfaces, larger size and power consumption, and are used in non-predefined applications, while microcontrollers have integrated memory and interfaces, smaller size, lower power consumption, and are used in predefined embedded applications.
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devices provide some input to the microcontroller, and this input is called as data.
Output devices are used to present the processed data to user or other equipment.
e.g. LED, LCD, Buzzer, Relay driver, DC Motor Driver, Stepper Motor driver, 7-Segment
Display etc. These devices convert the processed data to such a format, which is understandable
by human or other equipment.
Storage Devices are used to store the data, normally it is expected to store the data even if the
power is switched off. Some of the storage devices are SD/MMC card, EEPROM, DataFlash,
Real Time Clock, etc. These interfaces are used retain the data and this data can be used as and
when required by the microcontroller for further processing
Processing Devices are those interfaces most important as they reduce product development time
and provides out of box solution. E.g. Ethernet Controller interface, USB to TTL interface, SPI
to SD/MMC interface, Digital to analog module, etc. These interface circuits are flexible to
connect with any microcontroller which can talk in their language (sequence of commands).
A simple LED normally requires 0 or 5V to on / off. This is called as digital signal.
A buzzer beep similar to LED but can be beeped even with intermediate voltage levels between 0
to 5V. This variable voltage input is called as analog signal.
A temperature sensor LM35 generates analog voltage in proportion to the temperature. This
analog voltage needs to be connected to Analog Port pin of a microcontroller for processing
temperature data.
Ethernet controller module requires SPI data format to interface with any microcontroller. SPI is
a complex digital communication format.
Thus every interface is unique in its interfacing standards, but they are same at par with all
microcontrollers..
Introduction to embedded systems using the msp430 6.1 Enumerate the .pdf
Introduction to embedded systems using the msp430 6.1 Enumerate the .pdfaienterpresses Introduction to embedded systems using the msp430 6.1 Enumerate the elements of a basic
microcontroller interface and indicate two major criteria for the selection of each.
Solution
Microcontroller is a single chip micro computer made through VLSI fabrication. A
microcontroller also called an embedded controller because the microcontroller and its support
circuits are often built into, or embedded in, the devices they control. A microcontroller is
available in different word lengths like microprocessors (4bit,8bit,16bit,32bit,64bit and 128 bit
microcontrollers are available today).
Microcontroller Chip
You can find microcontrollers in all kinds of electronic devices these days. Any device that
measures, stores, controls, calculates, or displays information must have a microcontroller chip
inside. The largest single use for microcontrollers is in automobile industry (microcontrollers
widely used for controlling engines and power controls in automobiles). You can also find
microcontrollers inside keyboards, mouse, modems, printers, and other peripherals. In test
equipments, microcontrollers make it easy to add features such as the ability to store
measurements, to create and store user routines, and to display messages and waveforms.
Consumer products that use microcontrollers include digital camcorders, optical players,
LCD/LED display units, etc. And these are just a few examples.
1) A microcontroller basically contains one or more following components:
2) A microcontroller internally consists of all features required for a computing system and
functions as a computer without adding any external digital parts in it.
3) Most of the pins in the microcontroller chip can be made programmable by the user.
4) A microcontroller has many bit handling instructions that can be easily understood by the
programmer.
5) A microcontroller is capable of handling Boolean functions.
6) Higher speed and performance.
7) On-chip ROM structure in a microcontroller provides better firmware security.
8 ) Easy to design with low cost and small size.
Microcontroller structure
The basic structure and block diagram of a microcontroller is shown in the fig (1.1).
Microcontroller Structure
Image Taken From
CPU is the brain of a microcontroller .CPU is responsible for fetching the instruction, decodes it,
then finally executed. CPU connects every part of a microcontroller into a single system. The
primary function of CPU is fetching and decoding instructions. Instruction fetched from program
memory must be decoded by the CPU.
The function of memory in a microcontroller is same as microprocessor. It is used to store data
and program. A microcontroller usually has a certain amount of RAM and ROM (EEPROM,
EPROM, etc) or flash memories for storing program source codes.
Parallel input/output ports are mainly used to drive/interface various devices such as LCD’S,
LED’S, printers, memories, etc to a microcontroller.
Serial ports provide various serial interfaces between microcont.
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Microprocessor and microcontrollers
- 2. Micro-processor • A microprocessor is a digital electronic component with miniaturized transistors on a single semiconductor integrated circuit (IC). • One or more microprocessors typically serve as a central processing unit (CPU) in a computer system or handheld device. • Microprocessors made possible the advent of the microcomputer. • The microprocessor contains the ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU) and the control unit for a microcomputer.
- 3. ARCHITECTURE
- 5. Micro-controller • A highly integrated chip that contains all the components comprising a controller. • Typically this includes a CPU, RAM, some form of ROM, I/O ports, and timers. • A microcontroller is designed for a very specific task - to control a system.
- 6. ARCHITECTURE
- 7. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A MICRO- CONTROLLER AND MICRO-PROCESSOR Micro-processor Micro-controller Applications Not-predefined predefined RAM External integrated ROM External integrated I/O Ports External integrated Size of system Large Very small RAM Size 128MB TO 64 GB 2KB TO 256KB ROM Size 128 GB TO 4TB 32KB TO 2MB Interfaces USB 12C Bit size 32 bit or 64 bit 8 bit ,16 bit ,32 bit Power consumption High Low Cost High Low
- 8. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A MICRO- CONTROLLER AND MICRO-PROCESSOR – A microprocessor requires an external memory for program/data storage. Instruction execution requires movement of data from the external memory to the microprocessor or vice versa. Usually, microprocessors have good computing power and they have higher clock speed to facilitate faster computation. – A microcontroller has required on-chip memory with associated peripherals. A microcontroller can be thought of a microprocessor with inbuilt peripherals. – A microcontroller does not require much additional interfacing ICs for operation, and it functions as a stand-alone system. The operation of a microcontroller is multipurpose, just like a Swiss knife. – Microcontrollers are also called embedded controllers. A microcontroller clock speed is limited only to a few tens of MHz Microcontrollers are numerous and many of them are application specific.