Microwave remote sensing
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The document discusses the history and applications of microwave remote sensing. It began with US military research after World War II and studies by NASA in the 1960s to use microwave technology for earth observation. Key developments included airborne and spaceborne sensors to measure surface scattering properties and models to explain microwave interactions with natural targets. Current applications of microwave remote sensing include weather monitoring, navigation, imaging, and mapping for both civilian and military uses.
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TU2.L10 - THE AQUARIUS/SAC-D MISSION OVERVIEWgrssieee The document summarizes the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to measure global sea surface salinity from space using an L-band radiometer and scatterometer. The mission aims to improve understanding of interactions between ocean circulation, the water cycle, and climate. It will provide global salinity measurements every 7 days at 150km resolution to study links between salinity, rainfall, evaporation and ocean density. The observatory carries instruments from Argentina and the US to also measure soil moisture, atmospheric water vapor, sea ice and other variables.
Surveying ii ajith sir class6
Surveying ii ajith sir class6SHAMJITH KM This document discusses different types of sensors used in remote sensing. Passive sensors detect electromagnetic radiation emitted or reflected from the object of interest, while active sensors emit their own radiation and measure the return signal. Examples of passive sensors mentioned are AVHRR for sea surface temperature and SeaWiFS for ocean color. Microwave and infrared radiometers are also passive sensors. Active sensors include altimeters, scatterometers, and synthetic aperture radars. The document provides examples of applications of remote sensing such as agriculture, cartography, engineering, geology, and oceanography.
Remote sensing 
Remote sensing John Lanser Remote sensing is the collection of information about Earth's surface without direct contact. It uses sensors on satellites and aircraft to detect and measure electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from objects. There are two types of remote sensing - active uses sensors that emit energy like radar, while passive detects natural energy like sunlight. Applications include monitoring agriculture, forestry, geology, oceans, and the environment. NASA operates many satellites that use different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum to analyze features and changes on Earth.
AAS National Conference 2008: Graham Gibbs
AAS National Conference 2008: Graham GibbsAmerican Astronautical Society Session 7: Earth Science – the Next Decade
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http://www.astronautical.org/conference/conference-2008
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915 pankine[1]Clifford Stone The document describes a proposed DARE (Directed Aerial Robot Explorers) system using long-duration guided balloons for planetary exploration. Key elements include balloons, guidance systems, payloads, and orbital relays. DARE could provide global coverage of planets like Mars for over a year, deploy probes, and assist sample return. It enables measurements like methane isotope mapping to search for biological sources. Technologies required are balloons, guidance, navigation, and miniature payloads. DARE has the potential to revolutionize planetary science by greatly expanding exploration range and duration.
WE3.L10.4: KIYO TOMIYASU, CO-SEISMIC SLIP AND THE KRAFLA VOLCANO: REFLECTIONS...
WE3.L10.4: KIYO TOMIYASU, CO-SEISMIC SLIP AND THE KRAFLA VOLCANO: REFLECTIONS...grssieee This document discusses the use of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) for measuring surface deformation over time. It summarizes Kiyo Tomiyasu's pioneering work on using InSAR from a geosynchronous orbit. It also presents a new method called MInTS that uses wavelet decomposition and physical parameterization to generate continuous deformation time series from large numbers of InSAR images. MInTS is demonstrated on data from Iceland's Northern Volcanic Zone, showing instantaneous velocities and asymmetries in deformation patterns. Finally, the document proposes a concept for a geosynchronous InSAR constellation that could provide near-continuous coverage of the Earth's surface.
Mars Geophysical Lander Proposal Authorization Review
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Envisat
EnvisatSumant Diwakar Envisat was a large Earth observation satellite launched by the European Space Agency in 2002. It carried 10 instruments to observe the land, oceans, ice, and atmosphere. Envisat had a sun-synchronous polar orbit at an altitude of 790 km, with an orbital period of 101 minutes and a repeat cycle of 35 days. It was designed for a 5 year mission but operated for over 10 years, until contact was lost in 2012. Envisat's observations were used to study topics like atmospheric chemistry, ocean temperatures, winds, hydrology, agriculture, natural hazards, and more.
Envi sat satellite
Envi sat satelliteEhsanYousaf1 Envisat was an Earth observation satellite launched by the European Space Agency in 2002. It carried 9 instruments to monitor the atmosphere, oceans, land, and ice. Envisat collected data over a 10-year period to help study the environment and climate change. Its instruments included MERIS, AATSR, RA-2, MWR, DORIS, SCIAMACHY, GOMOS, MIPAS, and ASAR, which observed phenomena like sea surface temperature, ocean topography, trace gases, and surface changes with precision.
Meteorological satellites and their types
Meteorological satellites and their typesAlexander Researcher PPT Obstructs: Outline about Meteorological satellites and their types. principle of Satellite remote sensing - Electro Magnetic Spectrum, Data from weather satellites.
Geo Stationary Earth Orbit imaging satellite
Geo Stationary Earth Orbit imaging satelliteDivya Lal A GEO satellite’s distance from earth gives it a large coverage area, almost a fourth of the earth’s surface and also have 24 hour view of a particular area.This will be very helpful to army,navy etc.,These factors make it ideal for satellite broadcast and other multipoint applications.Continuous monitoring is done and also cost effective in long term, risk-less.
Geo imaging satellite
Geo imaging satelliteSachin Emmanuel This document discusses remote sensing satellites and geo-imaging. It begins by describing different types of satellite orbits - LEO, MEO, and GEO. It then discusses remote sensing satellites and their applications in areas like agriculture, forestry, urban planning and more. Challenges in geo-imaging are also covered, such as the need for more powerful cameras to achieve high resolution from GEO orbits. Current and future Indian remote sensing satellite missions are outlined, including Cartosat-2 series, GISAT-1, a proposed first geo-imaging satellite, and future advanced geo-imaging satellites. Suggestions are made to develop advanced optical systems, detectors and sensors to meet increasing demands.
Remote Sensing_2020-21 (1).pdf
Remote Sensing_2020-21 (1).pdfBAGARAGAZAROMUALD2 This document provides an overview of remote sensing. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about an object without physical contact. The history of remote sensing is outlined from early uses of photography from balloons and planes to modern satellite systems. The key principles of remote sensing are described, including the electromagnetic spectrum, energy sources, atmospheric interactions, and how radiation is absorbed, transmitted or reflected when interacting with targets. Remote sensing applications and different sensor types are also mentioned.
Rs
RsSamarthi Praveen Remote sensing is a method of obtaining information about an object without physical contact. It involves capturing electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from the Earth's surface using sensors on satellites or aircraft. Satellites provide global coverage and allow monitoring of large areas over time. Data from remote sensing is used for applications like monitoring weather, climate change, agriculture, forestry, geology and more. It provides valuable data efficiently but requires expert analysis and may lack detail.
igarss_2011_cfosat.ppt
igarss_2011_cfosat.pptgrssieee The CFOSAT mission is a joint China-France satellite mission launching in 2015 to measure oceanic wind and wave spectra globally using new scatterometer instruments. The mission aims to improve wind and wave forecasts through simultaneous wind and wave measurements from its SWIM wave scatterometer and SCAT wind scatterometer. CFOSAT will provide directional wave spectra and wind vectors over the global oceans to advance understanding of ocean-atmosphere processes.
Describe and explain satellite remote sensing mission for monitoring.pdf
Describe and explain satellite remote sensing mission for monitoring.pdfalshaikhkhanzariarts Describe and explain satellite remote sensing mission for monitoring water, carbon and global
climate change.
Solution
In recent years, the subjects of water, carbon, and global climate change
have attracted worldwide attention by scientists and the media. Climate
change, whether associated with human- induced or natural
variations, has and will continue to be important to policy makers and the
public. It is clear from reports such as that by the Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change
(IPCC) [1] that
Earth observations play a critical role in providing information for assessment
and modeling. Improving these observations, better quality and newvariables, is a goal of most
national
and intergovernmental space agencies. Major initiatives are under waythat will result in benefits
to a broad
range of our global society. In the United States, a decadal study [2] was recently completed by
the
Committee on Earth Science and Applications of the US National Research
Council. The committee called for a commitment from the U.S. administration
to Earth observations to secure benefits for mankind. The report gives both
direction and a large boost to U.S. satellite programs as it recommended NOAA
to restore key observational capabilities of satellite missions and also that NASA
and NOAA launch 17 new satellite missions in the next 10 years. The study also
adds an additional focus to these missions: societal benefits.
Other countries have also been expanding their Earth observation programs
with numerous advanced concept satellite missions. Of particular relevance to
this issue are articles describing the
Earth observing programs of the
European Space Agency (ESA),
the Japanese Aerospace Exploration
Agency (JAXA), the China National
Space Administration (CNSA), the
Canadian Space Agency (CSA), and
the National Space Program Office
(NSPO) of Taiwan.
The ESA has a long history of
Earth observation from space that
began with meteorological missions
and has included a series of increasingly
sophisticated radars that have
provided valuable data about climate
and the changing environment. The
ESA’s current and future Earth observing
is under its Living Planet
Programme and includes the Earth
Explorer, meteorological, and Sentinel
missions.
JAXA has supported a wide range
of satellite-based instruments and
platforms that have and will provide
global Earth observations for water,
carbon, and climate. Of particular
note for the future is the commitment
to the Global Change Observation
Mission (GCOM) that will launch a
series of two types of satellites (water
and climate) to provide consistent and
continuous observations of key variables
over a 15-year period.
In addition to the United States,
ESA, and JAXA programs, there are
strong satellite-based Earth observing
programs in Canada, China, Argentina,
Taiwan, and Brazil.
In this Special Issue some of the
most significant recent and future Earth
observing satellites planned to monitor
water, carbon and global clima.
Fukao Plenary.ppt
Fukao Plenary.pptgrssieee 1) Advances in radar techniques have allowed for continuous observation of the Earth's atmosphere from the lower to upper atmosphere. 2) The latest techniques include active phased array radars like the MU radar in Japan which can rapidly scan beams to accurately measure wind velocity. 3) Atmospheric radars provide high resolution continuous data on winds and have revealed processes like gravity wave propagation, saturation and their influence on mean flows.
Sem 44.pptx
Sem 44.pptxGokulGokul731432 Remote sensing involves obtaining information about an object through sensors without direct contact. It is used in meteorology to detect weather systems like clouds and storms. There are passive sensors that detect emitted or reflected radiation and active sensors that emit radiation and detect what is reflected. Remote sensing is used from both ground-based and spaceborne platforms like satellites to monitor weather patterns and conditions. Weather satellites in particular provide remotely sensed data that can be converted into meteorological measurements and used to analyze and predict weather.
Egm 2008
Egm 2008Nadia Aziz 1) The document examines the performance of the EGM2008 global geoid model against GPS and leveling data from Scandinavia, adjacent Baltic areas, and Greenland.
2) Testing in Scandinavia and Baltic areas found that EGM2008 performs at the same level as the best regional geoid model NKG2004, with a standard deviation from leveling-derived geoid heights of 0.24 meters.
3) In Greenland, EGM2008 could not be directly evaluated due to a lack of leveling data, but comparisons to GPS-altimetry data showed performance on par with the regional model GOCINA04.
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Traffic safety
Traffic safetyThen Murugeshwari Fermilab observes Illinois traffic safety rules and has identified five factors contributing to most on-site vehicle accidents: improper backing, hazardous weather, distracted driving, speeding, and improper road sharing. Fermilab employs corrective actions for violations which are detailed in its ES&H Manual. The document provides tips for safe driving practices including proper backing techniques, winter driving preparedness, avoiding distractions, maintaining safe speeds, and sharing the road courteously with bicycles and motorcycles.
P h indicators
P h indicatorsThen Murugeshwari The document discusses pH indicators and their uses in titration. It provides information on the pH ranges and color changes of common acid-base indicators like methyl orange, methyl red and bromthymol blue. It also lists the ideal properties of pH sensors and describes how different indicators are used to titrate strong acids and bases or weak acids and bases. Common natural pH indicators from foods like red cabbage, beet and blueberries are also mentioned.
Avogadro's law
Avogadro's lawThen Murugeshwari Avogadro's law states that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules. It provided a rational explanation for Gay-Lussac's law of combining volumes and indicated that elemental gases like hydrogen and chlorine exist as diatomic molecules. Avogadro's law also established a method for determining molecular weights of gases and helped develop the kinetic molecular theory. According to the law, if the amount of gas is increased or decreased, the volume will change proportionally.
Resonance
ResonanceThen Murugeshwari Resonance refers to the tendency of a system to oscillate at specific resonant frequencies, where even small periodic driving forces can produce large oscillations. These resonant frequencies depend on properties like the size and material of the system. Standing waves can be produced in a closed tube when pressure pulses are emitted at the tube's resonant frequencies, reinforcing the vibration and allowing it to continue resonating. The longer the tube, the lower the resonant frequencies will be.
Newton's law
Newton's lawThen Murugeshwari - Aristotle believed that objects have a natural place and will return to that place after being moved by force. Isaac Newton later proposed that objects tend to stay in their current state of motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force.
- Newton published his three laws of motion in 1687, including the first law that an object at rest or in motion stays at rest or in motion unless acted on by an outside force.
- Forces can be contact forces that require touching an object or long-range forces like gravity that act over a distance. Forces have agents that are the direct cause of the force.
Surface tension
Surface tensionThen Murugeshwari Surface tension is caused by the attraction between water molecules at the surface of a water droplet or body of water. This attraction creates tension at the surface. The tension acts like a elastic sheet or skin that tries to minimize the surface area to reduce the energy of the system. For small objects or insects, surface tension can allow them to float or walk on water by supporting their weight through tension along their contact perimeter. Contact angle is the angle formed between a liquid surface and the solid surface it contacts and depends on a balance of forces from surface tensions and adhesive/repulsive forces between the liquid and solid.
Hook's law
Hook's lawThen Murugeshwari Hooke's Law describes the relationship between the force applied to an unstretched spring and the amount it is stretched. It states that the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force. An experiment is described where different masses are hung from a spring to determine its extension at increasing forces. A graph of force versus extension results in a straight line, showing springs obey Hooke's Law up to their elastic limit. Beyond this point, springs undergo plastic deformation and do not return to their original length when force is removed.
Hook's law
Hook's lawThen Murugeshwari Hooke's Law describes the relationship between the force applied to an unstretched spring and the amount it is stretched. An experiment is conducted to determine how the extension of a spring varies with the stretching force. Weights are added to a spring in stages and the extension is measured. The results show that the extension is directly proportional to the applied force, as predicted by Hooke's Law, but only up to a certain point known as the elastic limit. Beyond this point, the spring undergoes plastic deformation and does not return to its original length when the force is removed.
ERP components
ERP componentsThen Murugeshwari ERP software consists of several key components that represent major functional areas of an organization. These components include financial management, manufacturing, human resources, materials management, production planning, plant maintenance, purchasing, marketing, and sales and distribution. Each component handles important tasks like managing finances, production processes, employee information, inventory, purchasing, and sales.
Database fundamentals
Database fundamentalsThen Murugeshwari This document discusses the basics of database management systems (DBMS). It begins by explaining the data storage hierarchy from the bit level up to the database level. It then covers different database models including hierarchical, network, relational, and object-oriented. Key components of a DBMS like DDL, DML, query language, and report generators are defined. Commercial DBMS examples are provided. The document concludes with an overview of creating and using a database, including defining the structure, entering data, and searching for information.
Mosfet
MosfetThen Murugeshwari A MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) is a semiconductor device that is commonly used in power electronics. It works by modulating charge concentration between a gate electrode, which is insulated from other device regions by an oxide layer, and a body region. Depending on whether it is an n-channel or p-channel MOSFET, the source and drain regions have either n+ or p+ doping while the body has the opposite doping. Applying a voltage to the gate can turn the channel between source and drain on or off to allow or prevent current flow. MOSFETs can be made with silicon on insulator or other semiconductor materials.
Operators
OperatorsThen Murugeshwari The document discusses different types of operators in VB.NET including arithmetic, comparison, logical, and concatenation operators. It provides examples of each operator type and describes their functionality. Specifically, it outlines the different arithmetic operators and their use, comparison operators and how they are used to compare values, logical operators like AND, OR, and NOT and how they perform logical operations on expressions, and concatenation operators for joining string values. Tables of results are provided for the logical operators.
Hiperlan
HiperlanThen Murugeshwari HiperLAN was developed as a wireless local area network standard by ETSI to provide higher data rates than early 802.11 standards. HiperLAN Type 1 achieved data rates up to 2 Mbps for ad hoc networking. HiperLAN Type 2 was later developed to provide connection-oriented service up to 54 Mbps, with quality of service guarantees, security, and flexibility. It uses OFDM in the 5 GHz spectrum for robust transmission. While early products only achieved 25 Mbps, the standard provides a framework for higher speeds as technologies advance. HiperLAN is intended to complement wired networks by providing wireless connectivity in hotspot areas like offices, homes, and public places.
Bluetooth profile
Bluetooth profileThen Murugeshwari Bluetooth profiles specify standards for Bluetooth communication between devices. A profile defines dependencies, user interfaces, and which parts of the Bluetooth protocol stack it uses. There are many profiles for different use cases like audio streaming, printing, networking, and more.
Router
RouterThen Murugeshwari A router forwards data packets between computer networks based on IP addresses. It examines header information in each packet and determines the best path to send it towards its destination, choosing the route with the lowest cost. Routers work at the IP protocol level and maintain routing tables with information about neighboring routers and the costs of routes to efficiently transmit data packets between networks.
Operators in java
Operators in javaThen Murugeshwari Operators in Java provide symbols that operate on arguments to produce results. The document discusses the different types of operators in Java including assignment, arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, and ternary operators. Examples are provided to demonstrate the usage of various operators like increment/decrement, arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, ternary, and instanceof operators in Java code.
Thread priorities
Thread prioritiesThen Murugeshwari Thread priorities determine the order threads are executed, with higher priority threads running first. Priorities range from 1 to 10, with 5 as the default. The scheduler allocates CPU time to the highest priority ready thread. Preemptive scheduling allows a new, higher priority thread to interrupt a currently running lower priority thread. For threads of equal priority, round-robin scheduling evenly allocates CPU time slices. The example demonstrates setting thread priorities and the effect on execution order.
Threads
ThreadsThen Murugeshwari The document discusses Java threads and thread synchronization. It defines that a thread is a flow of control and sequence of executed statements. It explains that a Thread is an object that can be created by extending the Thread class or implementing the Runnable interface. The start() method creates and runs the thread, while run() defines the code for the thread to execute. Threads have a lifecycle and can be in different states like ready, running, blocked/waiting. Synchronization is used to coordinate access to shared resources using locks, and wait/notify allows threads to signal and wait for each other.
Identifiers 
Identifiers Then Murugeshwari An identifier is a name given to variables, objects, and methods in Java. Identifiers must start with a letter, underscore (_), or dollar sign ($) and can include numbers but cannot be a Java keyword. Common conventions are to use lowercase names for variables and methods with uppercase names for constants. The document provides examples of valid and invalid Java identifiers.
Virtual ground
Virtual groundThen Murugeshwari A virtual ground is a point in a circuit that has a voltage of 0 volts, but is not directly connected to ground. The document describes two virtual ground circuits using voltage dividers with opposing voltage sources. In the first circuit, the 10V and -10V sources create a 20V difference with a virtual ground at the midpoint. In the second circuit, the 1V and -10V sources create an 11V difference, with the virtual ground again occurring at the midpoint.
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Microwave remote sensing
- 2. History US has a long history in Microwave Remote Sensing. Clutter Measurement program after the WW-II. Ohio State University collected a large data base of clutter on variety of targets. Earnest studies for the remote sensing of the earth can be considered to have began 1960s. In 1960s NASA initiated studies to investigate the use of microwave technology to earth observation.
- 3. History The research NASA and other agencies initiated resulted in: Development of ground-based and airborne sensors. Measurement of emission and scattering characteristics of many natural targets. Development of models to explain and understand measured data. Space missions with microwave sensors. NIMBUS Radiometers. SKYLAB Radar and Radiometers
- 4. Applications Applications Civilian Navigation and tracking Search and surveillance Imaging & Mapping Weather Sounding Probing Remote sensing Military Navigation and tracking Search and surveillance Imaging & Mapping Weather Proximity fuses Counter measures
- 5. Microwave scattering Surface scattering A surface is classified as smooth or rough by comparing its surface height deviation with wavelength. Smooth h < λ /32 cos( θ ) For example at 1.5 GHz and = 60 deg., h < 1.25 cm Smooth surface Moderately rough surface Very rough surface θ i θ r
- 6. Microwave scattering Rough surface scattering
- 7. Microwave Scattering Volume scattering Material is inhomogeneous such as Snow Firn Vegetation Multiyear ice
- 8. Microwave Scattering Surface scattering models Geometric optics model Surface height standard deviation is large compared to the wavelength. Small perturbation model Surface height standard deviation is small compared to the wavelength. Two-scale model Developed to compute scattering from the ocean Small ripples riding on large waves.
- 9. Microwave Remote Sensing Radar cross section characterizes the size of the object as seen by the radar. Where E s = scattering field E i = incident field r
- 10. Radar Equation For a distributed power received falls off as 1/R 2 For a point target power received falls off as 1/R 4
- 11. Microwave Remote Sensing— Atmosphere and Precipitation Global precipitation mission Will consist of a primary spacecraft and a constellation. Primary Spacecraft Dual-frequency radar. 14 and 35 GHz. Passive Microwave Radiometer Constellation Spacecraft Passive Microwave Radiometer
- 12. Microwave Remote Sensing Research and application of microwave technology to remote sensing of Oceans and ice Solid earth and Natural hazards.. Atmosphere and precipitation. Vegetation and Soil moisture
- 13. Microwave Remote Sensing— Ocean and Ice Winds Scatterometer. Quickscat, Seawinds Polarimetric radiometer Ocean topography Radar altimeters Ocean salinity AQUARIUS Radiometer and radar combination. Radar to measure winds for correcting for the effect of surface roughness.
- 14. Ocean Vector Winds— Scatterometers QuikScat Replacement mission for NSCAT, following loss of ADEOS Launch date: June 19, 1999 SeaWinds EOS instrument flying on the Japanese ADEOS II Mission Launch date: December 14, 2002 ???? Instrument Characteristics of QuikScat and SeaWinds Instrument with 120 W peak (30% duty) transmitter at 13.4 GHz, 1 m near-circular antenna with two beams at 46 o and 54 o incidence angles Scatterometers send microwave pulses to the Earth's surface, and measure the power scattered back. Backscattered power over the oceans depends on the surface roughness, which in turn depends on wind speed and direction. QuikScat SeaWinds Advanced sensors– larger aperture antennas.Passive polarimetric sensors.
- 15. Ocean Topography Missions TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 Joint NASA-CNES Program TOPEX/Poseidon launched on August 10, 1992 Jason-1 launched on December 7, 2001 Instrument Characteristics Ku-band, C-band dual frequency altimeter Microwave radiometer to measure water vapor GPS, DORIS, and laser reflector for precise orbit determination Sea-level measurement accuracy is 4.2 cm TOPEX/Poseidon & Jason-1 tandem mission for high resolution ocean topography measurements The most effective measurement of ocean currents from space is ocean topography, the height of the sea surface above a surface of uniform gravity, the geoid. The priority is to continue the measurement with TOPEX/Poseidon accuracy on a long-term basis for climate studies.
- 16. Microwave Remote Sensing— Soil Moisture. HRDROS Back-up ESSP mission for global soil moisture. L-band radiometer. L-band radar. Courtesy: Tom Jackson, USDA SGP’97 Radar Pol: VV, HH & HV Res – 3 and 10 km Radiometer Pol: H, V Res =40 km, dT= 0.64º K
- 17. Salient Features NASA ESSP mission First 94 GHz radar space borne system Co-manifested with CALIPSO on Delta launch vehicle Flies Formation with the EOS Constellation Current launch date: April 2004 Operational life: 2 years Partnership with DoD (on-orbit ops), DoE (validation) and CSA (radar development) Science Measure the vertical structure of clouds and quantify their ice and water content Improve weather prediction and clarify climatic processes. Improve cloud information from other satellite systems, in particular those of Aqua Investigate the way aerosols affect clouds and precipitation Investigate the utility of 94 GHz radar to observe and quantify precipitation, in the context of cloud properties, from space Microwave Remote Sensing— Atmosphere and Precipitation
- 18. The End …… Thank You ……