Miscellenious Drug.pptx
- 2. Immunosuppressant(anti-rejection drugs) These drugs are a class of drugs that suppress or reduce the strength of the body's immune system. One of the primary uses of these drugs is to lower the body's ability to reject a transplanted organ, such as a liver, heart or kidney who receives an organ transplantation has almost to take this drugs. The body recognizes a transplanted organ as a foreign mass and this drugs decrease the body's reaction to the foreign organ. The drugs allow the transplanted organ to remain healthy and free from damage. This drugs also are used to treat autoimmune diseases such as lupus. In general there are two types of immunosuppressants: Induction drugs: Powerful antirejection medicine used at
- 3. Classification of Immunosuppresant 1. Selective inhibitors of cytokine production and function: Cyclosporine, tacrolimus , and sirolimus. 2. Immunosuppressive antimetabolites: Azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil mycophenolate sodium 3. Antibodies: Muromonab-CD3, Alemtuzumab, basiliximab, daclizumabel 4. Adrenocorticoids: Methylprednisolone, prednisone
- 4. Cyclosporine Also called cyclosporin, is a calcineurin inhibitor, used as an immunosuppressant medication. It is a natural product Mechanism of Action Inhibition of production and release of interleukin II and inhibits interleukin II-induced activation of resting T- lymphocytes. Indication: prevent rejection of organ transplantation alternative to methotrexate for the treatment of severe, active rheumatoid arthritis Psoriasis Crohn’s disease Ulcerative colitis
- 5. Side-effect: excess hair growth in certain areas - acne high blood pressure - fatigue tremors or shaking; - decreased kidney function stomach pain - muscle, bone, or joint pain increased gum size Contraindication: uncontrolled hypertension, uncontrolled infections Renal dysfunction Dose: Organ transplant: 5-7 mg/kg/dose BDS starting 12 hours before transplant and continued for 1-2 weeks
- 6. Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) is an antimetabolite immunosuppressant. prodrug of mycophenolic acid (MPA), an inhibitor of inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase. Mechanism It is an inhibitor of inosine -5’- monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) which inhibits de novo pathway of guanosine nucleotide synthesis. T and B lymphocytes are dependent on this pathway for proliferation. Indication It is used for the prevention of renal, liver and cardiac transplantation rejection auto-immune disease (lupus nephritis).
- 7. Adverse effects: Vomiting Diarrhoea Anaemia Haematurea BP change Acne Alopecia Rashes Insomnia Dizziness, Headache Contraindications Hypersensitivity Dose: 600 mg/m/dose 2 times daily First dose within 72 hours after transplant Max 2 gm/day
- 8. Muromonab-CD3 It is an immunosuppressant drug It is a monoclonal antibody targeted the CD3 receptor, a membrane protein on the surface of T cells. It was the first monoclonal antibody to be approved for clinical use in humans. Mechanism of action: Muromonab binds to the T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 epsilon chain. It appears to kill CD-3 positive cells by inducing Fc mediated apoptosis, antibody mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Indication: used as immunosuppressive therapy in kidney, heart, and liver transplant patients.
- 9. Side-effect: dizziness or faintness fever and chills headache muscle or joint pain nausea and vomiting, Diarrhea general feeling of discomfort or illness Contraindication: Sever bone marrow supression Hypersensativity Dose: 100mg/m2 per cycle, once every 4 weeks IV
- 10. Application of Gene Therapy It is concept of the introduction of normal genes into cells in place of missing or defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders. It the genetic modification of cells to produce a therapeutic effect or the treatment of disease by repairing or reconstructing defective genetic material. 1. CAR-Engineered Stem Cells that Treat HIV 2. Engineered Natural Killer Cells against Hodgkin’s Lymphoma A. Somatic Gene Therapy This type usually occurs in the somatic cells of human body. In this method, therapeutic genes are transferred into the somatic cells or the stem cells of the human body. B. Germline Gene Therapy It occurs in the germline cells of the human body.
- 11. Application It is used in the replacement of genes that cause medical ill-health The method generally destroys the problem causing genes It helps the body to fight against diseases by adding genes to the human body This method is employed to treat diseases such as cancer