Mobile computing (Wireless) Medium Access Control (MAC)
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Motivation for a specialized MAC (Hidden and exposed terminals, Near and far terminals), SDMA, FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, Wireless LAN/(IEEE 802.11) Mobile Network Layer: IP and Mobile IP Network Layers, Packet Delivery and Handover Management, Location Management, Registration, Tunneling and Encapsulation, Route Optimization, DHCP
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Wireless medium Access Control-multiple terminals need to communicate at the ...
Wireless medium Access Control-multiple terminals need to communicate at the ...Papitha7 MC U-II
In wireless networks, multiple terminals need to communicate at the same time and a medium access control (MAC) protocol allows several terminals to transmit over the wireless channel and to share its capacity
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- Various routing protocols like DSDV have been developed for mobile ad hoc networks which have no fixed infrastructure and dynamic topologies.
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UMTS, Introduction.
UMTS, Introduction.Mateen Shahid Universal mobile telecommunication System (UMTS) is actually the third generation mobile, which uses WCDMA. The Dream was that 2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the world.
-Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
To develop a single standard that would be accepted around the world.
-One device should be able to work anywhere.
Increased data rate.
- Maximum 2048Kbps
UMTS is developed by 3GPP (3 Generation Partnership Project) a joint venture of several organization
3G UMTS is a third-generation (3G): broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps
Also referred to as wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)
Allows many more applications to be introduce to a worldwide
Also provide new services like alternative billing methods or calling plans.
The higher bandwidth also enables video conferencing or IPTV.
Once UMTS is fully available, computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet wherever they travel and, as they roam, will have the same set of capabilities.
Signals and Antennas in mobile computing
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1. Signals are the physical representation of data that is transmitted through communication systems. Signal parameters like amplitude, frequency, and phase shift encode the data.
2. Signals propagate through wireless networks differently than through wired networks due to effects like reflection, scattering, diffraction and multipath propagation. This results in delayed and attenuated signals arriving at the receiver.
3. Techniques like TDMA, CDMA and multiple access protocols are used to allow multiple users to share the same wireless medium and communicate simultaneously. Fixed and dynamic channel allocation schemes are discussed.
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1. The station model consisting of independent stations that generate frames for transmission.
2. The single channel assumption where a single channel is available for all communication.
3. The collision assumption where if two frames are transmitted simultaneously they will overlap and be garbled.
It then covers concepts such as carrier sensing, hidden and exposed terminals, and near and far terminals that create challenges for wireless networks. Finally, it introduces various multiple access methods including SDMA, FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA.
Gsm architecture
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1. GSM uses a cellular network architecture with base stations, base station controllers, mobile switching centers, and databases to manage subscriber identity and location.
2. The network allows for voice calls and data services including SMS, and provides security through subscriber authentication and encryption.
3. GSM is a global standard that enabled international roaming and continues to evolve to support higher data rates through technologies like GPRS, EDGE, and WCDMA.
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Routing algorithmBushra M The network layer is responsible for routing packets from the source to destination. The routing algorithm is the piece of software that decides where a packet goes next (e.g., which output line, or which node on a broadcast channel).For connectionless networks, the routing decision is made for each datagram. For connection-oriented networks, the decision is made once, at circuit setup time.
Routing Issues
The routing algorithm must deal with the following issues:
Correctness and simplicity: networks are never taken down; individual parts (e.g., links, routers) may fail, but the whole network should not.
Stability: if a link or router fails, how much time elapses before the remaining routers recognize the topology change? (Some never do..)
Fairness and optimality: an inherently intractable problem. Definition of optimality usually doesn't consider fairness. Do we want to maximize channel usage? Minimize average delay?
When we look at routing in detail, we'll consider both adaptive--those that take current traffic and topology into consideration--and nonadaptive algorithms.
Wlan architecture
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2) Different approaches to QoS classification and provisioning at various network layers. This includes MAC layer solutions like IEEE 802.11e and network layer solutions like QoS-aware routing protocols.
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COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES.pptxNAVAMISURESH2 The document discusses multiple access techniques for satellites, including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. FDMA assigns different frequency bands to signals to avoid interference. TDMA assigns fixed time slots to each channel. CDMA assigns a unique code to each channel and allows signals to occupy the full bandwidth simultaneously. CDMA provides the highest spectrum efficiency but also the highest costs due to complex equipment requirements.
Time division multiple access
Time division multiple accessGangadhar Meher University,Sambalpur,Odisha,India TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) is a channel access method that allows multiple users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. Each user transmits in a specific time slot, so multiple stations can share the same channel without interference. TDMA is used in most 2G cellular systems and allows efficient sharing of radio spectrum among mobile users in a cell. It allocates users to individual time slots to separate the signals and avoid collisions. However, TDMA requires close synchronization and experiences difficulties with handoffs between cells when time slots are fully occupied.
Satellite ppt
Satellite pptDivya Shukla This document discusses multiplexing and multiple access techniques used in communication networks. It describes multiplexing as transmitting multiple signals over a single medium, such as frequency division multiplexing (FDM) and time division multiplexing (TDM). Multiple access allows several stations to transmit simultaneously into the same network using techniques like frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA). FDMA divides the available bandwidth into frequency slots, TDMA divides transmission time into time slots, and CDMA assigns unique codes to signals.
TDMA, FDMA, CDMA
TDMA, FDMA, CDMAKeerthana Nambiar Definition, Operation, general specification, advantages, disadvantages and applications of TDMA,FDMA and CDMA.
Bandwidth Utilization Multiplexing and Spectrum Spreading
Bandwidth Utilization Multiplexing and Spectrum SpreadingMeenakshi Paul This document provides an overview of bandwidth utilization techniques including multiplexing and spread spectrum. It discusses multiplexing techniques like frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), and time-division multiplexing (TDM). It also covers spread spectrum techniques such as frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) and direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). The key advantages of these techniques are that they allow for more efficient use of bandwidth and increase resistance to interference and jamming.
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- 1. 1 UNIT-II (Wireless) Medium Access Control Dr R Jegadeesan Prof-CSE Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science, karimnagar
- 2. 2 Contents 1. Motivation for Specialized MAC • Hidden and Exposed Terminals • Far and Near Terminals 2. Access Methods • SDMA • FDMA • TDMA • CDMA
- 3. 1. Motivation for Specialized MAC 3
- 4. 4
- 5. 5
- 6. 6 MULTIPLEXING • A fundamental mechanism in communication system and networks • Enables multiple users to share a medium • For wireless communication, multiplexing can be carried out in four dimensions: space, time, frequency and code
- 8. 8 2. Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) • Channels are assigned on the basis of ―space‖(but operate on same frequency) • The assignment makes sure that the transmission do not interfere with each (with a guard band in between)
- 9. 9
- 10. 10 3. FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access 1. Frequency domain is subdivided into several non- overlapping frequency bands 2. Each channel is assigned its own frequency band (with guard spaces in between)
- 11. 11
- 12. 12 3. TDMA : Time Division Medium Access • A channel is given the whole bandwidth for a certain amount of time – All senders use the same frequency, but at different point of time • Synchronization can be done by using – Fixed Allocation Scheme or – Dynamic Allocation Scheme
- 13. 13
- 14. 14
- 16. Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA) / Implicit Reservation 16
- 17. 17 • In this each terminal on the network is able to monitor the status of the channel before transmitting information • Variations: – 1-persistent CSMA – non-persistent CSMA - – p-persistent CSMA – CSMA/CA – Elimination yield – non-preemptive multiple access (EY-NMPA) Carrier Sense Multiple Access Protocols (CSMA)
- 18. Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA) 18
- 19. 19
- 20. POLLING 20
- 21. Inhibit Sense Multiple Access (ISMA) 21
- 22. 22 4. CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access ◼ separation of channels achieved by assigning each channel its own code ◼ guard spaces are realized by having distance in code space (e.g. orthogonal codes) ◼ transmitter can transmit in the same frequency band at the same time, but have to use different code ◼ Provides good protection against interference and tapping ◼ but the receivers have relatively high complexity.
- 23. Spread Aloha Multiple Access(SAMA) 23
- 25. Thank you