![Dr Ashok Yadav,
Professor Horticulture [Fruit Science]
Guru Kashi University, Bathinda, India](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/currenttrendsinfruitbreedings-250608115723-8d426745/85/Modern-trends-in-Fruit-Breedings-A-new-techniques-of-fruit-Breedings-1-320.jpg)
Modern trends in Fruit Breedings , A new techniques of fruit Breedings
- 1. Dr Ashok Yadav, Professor Horticulture [Fruit Science] Guru Kashi University, Bathinda, India
- 11. General steps in fruit breeding Natural variability Created variability Introduction Domestication Germplasm collection through exploration Mutation Soma clonal variation Polyploidy Hybridization Interparietal Interspecific Intergeneric Population with total variability Selection of ideal Ideotype (elite plants) Performance evaluation Mass multiplication and distribution
- 18. Next Generation Technologies for Plant Breeding
- 24. Fast-forward breeding for a food-secure world: Trends in Genetics
- 38. Cultivars Introduced from Tommy, Ziulete, Haden, Sensation and Julie Miami, Florida (USA) Amolie Belgium Sweet Thailand Eldon Brazil Achievements through Introduction 1. Mango
- 39. Sl. No. Cultivars Country 1. Wonderful USA 2. A Males, Be Hastah, A Alah, A Agha, Mohammad Ali, Post Sephid, Sirin Iran 3. Ranninj G-1-8-23, Rannyij G-1-3-34, Chereny, Gul-E-Shah- Red (Gulesha Red), Gul-E-Shah- Rose Pink (Gulesha Rose Pink) USSR 4. Shirin Anar, Russian Seedling 2. Pomegranate
- 40. Tommy Atkins Haden Irwin Lippins Golden Nuggets, Brooks Sandersha Pusa Surya Eldon Achievements through Selection 1. Mango Cultivar Parents Phule Abhiruchi (Selection-GK-PM-5) - Subhash (Chance seedling selection) Zardalu Haden, Keitt Mulgoa
- 41. Cultivars Characteristics CO1 Plant is dwarf; fruit is round, selected from cultivar Ranchi CO2 It is pure line selection from local type, suitable for papain production in terms of high enzyme activity. Dual purpose variety for dessert fruit as well as papain CO5 It is a selection from Washington; it is also good for papain production in terms of high latex yield CO6 It is a selection from ‘Giant. Fruits are bigger weighing 2.5 to 3.0 kg. Suitable for papain and dessert purpose CO8 It is a red-fleshed dioecious variety bred through selective sibmating in the population of CO2. Suitable for dessert purpose, processing and papain production Coorg Coorg Honey Dew It is gynodioecious selection from Honey Dew at Coorg 3. Papaya
- 42. Pusa Giant A dioecious selection from cv. Ranchi, it is tolerant to strong wind. Pusa Dwarf It is a selection from cv. Ranchi, plant is dwarf and dioecious in nature, fruit shape is oval. Pusa Nanha It is developed through mutation; plant is dwarf, suitable for high density planting, fruit quality is good. Pant Selection.1 Selection made at GBPUAT, fruit shape is oblong. Pant Punjab Sweet It is a selection made at PAU Ludhiana. It is frost tolerant and dioecious in nature. Pusa Majesty It is selection from cv. Ranchi. It is gynodioecious variety suitable for high papain. Pusa Delicious A gynodioecious selection from cv. Ranchi, it has good fruit
- 43. Sl. No. Cultivar Parent Characteristics 1. Ganesh (GBG-1) Alandi open pollinated selection by GaneshKhind Research Station, Pune. High yielding, pinkish, sweet aril, soft seeded. 2. RCR-1 Alandi Seedless 3. P13, P 16, 23, P 26, SK-1 Muskat High yielding (MPKV, Rahuri) 4. GKVK-1 (Jyothi) Seedling population of Bassein Seedless and Dholka Attractive yellowish red fruit, red aril,soft seeds 5. CO-1 - Released from TNAU Pomegranate
- 44. 1 L-49 Developed at GFES, Pune, Seedling selection of Allahabad Safeda, Semidwarf tree, high yielding with white flesh. 2 Banarsi Surkha It is a selection from local red fleshed type, heavy bearer, large fruits, flesh soft and pink. 3 CISHG-1 Developed at CISH, Lucknow. Fruit skin colour is deep red, TSS 15°Brix, soft seeds. 4 Bangalore Local It is a local selection, with white flesh and soft seeds, fruit is large. 5 Arka Mridula (Sel -8) Develoed at CISH, Lucknow, it is a selection from apple colour seedling, skin and flesh colour is pink with good acid sugar blend. 6 Plant Prabhat Seedling selection from GBPUAT, Pantnagar, Prolific bearer, soft seed with good quality Guava
- 45. Cultivars Clonal Parent Characteristics Developed By Dashehari-51 Dashehari Regular bearer CISH, Lucknow Niranjan Parbhani Off season bearing Nizam of Hydrabad Menaka Golabkhas Attractive colour BAC, Sobopur Cardoz Manakurad Goa Mankurad Regular bearere Pusa Surya Eldon Exportable cultivar IARI Akshay Dashehari Regular bearer GBPUAT Subash Zardalu Attractive colour BAC, Sabour Priya-1 Neelum Attractive colour TNAU Pant Chandan Dashehari GBPUAT Pant Sindhuri Dashehari GBPUAT1 Phule Abhiruchi Late season MPKV Achievements through Clonal Selection 1. Mango
- 46. Cultivars Clonal Parent Characteristics Tas-A-Ganesh Thompson Seedless Developed by Mr.Arue of Borgoan in Sangli district of Maharashtra. Its berries are quite elongated and respond to GA3treatment Rao sahebi Cheema Sahebi (Sel-7) Isolated by Rao Saheb Kadlag of Sangamner in Nasik district of Maharashtra. Fruits have longer berries with stronger attachment to rachis which is a major problem in Cheema Sahebi. Sonaka and Manik Champa Thompson Seedless Sonaka has much elongated berries as compared to Tas-A-Ganesh. It gives better response to GA3 Dilkhus Anab-e- Shahi Selection was made at Hyderabad. It produces golden yellow elongated seeded berries in attractive bunches. The yield potential is almost same as in parent. Pusa Seedless Thompson Seedless Elongated berry Cheema Sahibi Pandhari Sahibi Late ripening 2. Grapes
- 47. Sharad Seedless Kishmish Charni Black colour Manjari Naveen Centennial Seedless Bold berry, suitable for export Degrusset Vitis champini Resist to salt and drought
- 48. Sl. No. Cultivar Parent Characteristics 1. G-137, G-107, G- 132, G-133 Ganesh Superior than Ganesh 2. Yercaud-1 Local cultivar Soft seeded, 20% more yield Pomegranate
- 49. Exploitation of natural variability existing in a variety has resulted in the isolation of some promising clones in Citrus. 1. ‘PKM 1 lime is a clonal selection from seedling progenies of kadayam Type of Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu. 2. ‘Yuvaraj Blood Red’ is a seedless and early maturing clonal selection from ‘Blood Red’ orange. 3. ‘Pramalini’ and ‘Vikaram’, the two kagzi lime varieties were developed through clonal selection at Marathwada University. 4. ‘Chakradha’ is a thornless and seedless selection from Kagzi lime. Clonal Selection of Citrus
- 50. Clonal Selection of Sapota Number of varieties like Cricket Ball, Kirthi Barthi, oval, Thagarampudi, Badami, Baramasi and Guthi exhibit natural variability. Exploration of this natural variability by clonal selection is an accepted method of breeding in sapota. CO.2: Developed at Tamil Nadu Agricultural university, Coimbatore is a clonal selection from Baramasi. It is a high yielder; seeds are less in number and small sized (2-3) PKM.1: Developed at Horticultural College & Research institute, Periykulam (TNAU) is also a clonal selection from Guthi. It is a dwarf, high yielding (3600 fruits/tree/year), almost bearing throughout year. PKM – 4: A clonal selection from open pollinated seed of PKM – 1. It has spindle shaped fruits suitable for dry flakes production. Pulp is attractive with light pinkish honey brown colour, crisp and sweet flesh (TSS 24˚brix).
- 51. Clonal Selection of Pomegranate G-137 is a superior clonal selection over Ganesh, other clones are also superior i.e.G-107, G-132, G- 133. Sayed et al. (1985) reported a clone Acc.No.455 which has been renamed as Yercaud-1 and released for commercial cultivation in Tamil Nadu. Clonal Selection of Pummelo 1. Selection for new cultivars of pummelo with high yield, good quality fruit, various colour, good taste as consumer desire, pest and disease resistance than commercial varieties has been done. 2. The procedure was started by clonal selection from open pollinated of Thong Di seedlings, then about 200 clones were transplanted at the selection field at Sukhothai Plant and Plant Production Materials Tecnical Service Center. During 2002 and 2006 the trees flowers and set fruit. 3. Clonal selection has done and 20 outstanding clones were obtained. The best clone was SK-0032 which had 43 fruits per tree and6.65 kg per tree. 4. The fruit had light pink flesh with 13°brix, and good smell. Other clones were SK-0108, with red flesh, sweet with a little bit sour, 11.8°brix; SK-0073, with dark red flesh, sweet with little bit sour, 12.9°brix, many fruits; and SK-0030, with honey white color, sweet with little bit sour and 12.8°brix.
- 52. Clonal Selection of Pineapple 1. Kasirawat, (1994) experiment on genetic improvement in pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) cv. Pattavia in Thailand. Consequently, fruit yield was low and fruit quality especially fruit size varied to a certain extent. 2. The experiment was, thus, set up to study the genetic variations in this cultivar and to select clones with further improved in fruit yield and quality in the Nong - To - Kien Experimental Field of Siam Food Company Ltd. (Pub.), Amphur Ban - Bueng, Chonburi province during 1990 - 1992. 3. In the first two - experiment, Pattavia cultivar was compared with Champaka F 153 of which little genetic variation were found. Additionally clonal selection was done by selecting plants with large fruit size and cylindrical in shape. The 560-selected plants were grown in comparision with non - selected clones. 4. The results revealed no yield difference between Pattavia and Champaka F153. Genetic variation were found in fruit weight, fruit size and sugar content of Pattavia. Thus, it was promising to select clone with high yield performance from Pattavia . 5. The selected clones were greater in fruit weight, fruit size, plant weight, fruit - plant ratio and cylindrical fruit shape. Additionally, other triats were more uniform in selected than non - selected clones.
- 53. Hybrids Parents Characteristics Neeleshan Neelum x Baneshan Developed at Fruit Research Station, Kodur, Andhra Pradesh Neelgoa Neelum x Yerramulgoa Developed at Fruit Research Station, Kodur, Andhra Pradesh Swarnajeha- ngir Chinnasuvarnarekha x Jehangir Developed at Fruit Research Station, Kodur, Andhra Pradesh Neeluddin Neelum x Himayuddin Developed at Fruit Research Station, Kodur, Andhra Pradesh Au-Rumani Rumani x Mulgoa Developed at FRS Anantharajupet, Andhra Pradesh. Fruits are apple shaped like ‘Rumani’, high yielder and regular bearer. Mahmud Bahar Bombai x Kalpady Released from Bihar Agriculture College, Sabour. First reported mango hybrids from India. Probha Shankar Bombai x Kalpady Released from Bihar Agriculture College, Sabour. First reported mango hybrids from India. Sunder Langra Sunder Pasand x Langra Fruit quality very similar to 'Langra' and regular bearing habits and skin is similar to that of ‘Sundar Pasand’ Alfazli Alphonso x Fazli Plant and fruit characters similar to ‘Fazli’ but fruit mature much earlier. Sabri Gulabkhas x Bombai Fruit shape is similarly to ‘Bombai’ with the attractive colour, pulp having deep orange colour and regular bearing habits. Jawahar Gulabkhas x Mahmud Bahar Attractive shape, high pulp content, fibreless and is precocious in bearing. Achievements through hybridization 1. Mango
- 54. Manjira Rumani x Neelum Developed at FRS, Sanga Reddy, Andhra Pradesh. A dwarf, regular and prolific bearer with good fruitquality. Neelphonso Neelum X Alphonso Developed at Agricultural Experiment Station, Paria, Gujarat Neelashan Gujarat Neelum X Baneshan Developed at Agricultural Experiment Station, Paria, Gujarat. Neeleshwari Neelem X Dashehari Developed at Agricultural Experiment Station, Paria, Gujarat Sonpari Alphonso X Baneshan Developed at Agricultural Experiment Station, Paria, Gujarat. PKM-1 Chinnasuvarnarekha x Neelum Developed at Horticultural Research Station, Periyakulam, Tamil Nadu PKM-2 Neelum X Mulgoa Developed at Horticultural Research Station, Periyakulam, Tamil Nadu Sai Sugandha Totapuri X kesar Developed at MPKV, Rahuri Ambika Amrapali X Janardan Pasand Regular bearer, low fibre content, attractive fruit colour. Arunika Amrapali X Vanraj Dwarf, compact canopy, attractive , fruit colour, low fibre Hybrid-1084 Amrapali X Janardan Pasand Regular bearer, attractive dark red peel colour, better shelf life Hybrid-949 Amrapali X Vanraj Regular bearer, attractive dark red peel colour, better shelf life CISH-M-2 Dashehari X Chausa Resistant to sooty mould Ratna Neelum x Alphonso Regular bearer, early maturing, large fruit size with its fruit quality similar to ‘Alphonso’ and is free of spongy tissue. Developed at FRS, Vengurla, Maharashtra. Sindhu Ratna x Alphonso Parthenocarpic variety, free of spongy tissue. Developed at FRS, Vengurla, Maharashtra.
- 55. Konkan Ruchi Neelum x Alphonso Regular bearer, large fruit size, thick skin, acidic, Pickle purpose variety. Developed at FRS, Vengurla, Maharashtra. KonkanRaja Bangalora x Himayuddin Regular bearer, early maturing. Developed at FRS, Vengurla, Maharashtra. Konkan Samrat Alphonso x Tommy Akins Cluster bearing, spongy tissue free and low fibre. Developed at FRS, Vengurla, Maharashtra. Mallika Neelum x Dushehari Regular bearer, semi-vigorous large fruit size, suitable for processing and export. Amrapalli Dushehari x Neelum Distinctly dwarf, highly regular and precocious,suitable for blending mango pulp. Ideal for high density planting (1,600 plants per ha). Pusa Arunima Amrapali x Sensation Regular bearer, semi-vigorous and suitable forcloser planting (6 m x 6 m), attractive red peel, shelf-life 10 to 12 days. Pusa pratibha Amrapali x Sensation Regularity in bearing, attractive fruit shape, bright red peel and orange pulp, plants are semi- vigorous. Pusa Shreshth Amrapali x Sensation It is unique hybrid having regularity in bearing,attractive elongated shape, red peel and orange pulp. Plants are semi- vigorous and suitable forcloser planting (6m x 6m). Pusa Peetamber Amrapali x Lal Sundari It is regular bearer, semi-vigorous and suitable for closer planting. It is moderately resistant to mango malformation and major insect pests of mango. It has appealing flavour with shelf life Pusa Lalima Dushehari x Sensation Regular bearer, semi-vigorous and are suitable for closer planting. Fruits are attractive in shape and having red peel and orange pulp.
- 56. Arka Anmol Alphonso X Janardan Pasand Semi-vigorous, regular bearer, late season variety, keeping quality good. Arka Puneet Alphonso X Banganpalli Regular bearer, mid-season, orange coloured pulp Arka Aruna Banganpalli x Alphonso Regular bearing, dwarf statured, free from fibre and spongy tissue. Arka Neelkiran Alphonso X Neelum Late bearer, semi-vigorous, free from fibre and spongy tissue. Arka Udaya Amrapali x Arka Anmol Semi-vigorous, bunch bearing, deep yellow pulp colour, better keeping quality Arka Suprabhath Amrapali X Arka Anmol Medium vigorous, regular and bunch bearing, deep orange firm pulp.
- 57. Cultivars Parentage Characteristics CO3 CO2 x Sunrise Solo Developed at TNAU, Coimbatore. Plant is vigorous, fruit is medium in size with good keeping quality. CO4 CO1 x Washington Developed at TNAU, Coimbatore. Fruit is large, keeping quality is good, and flesh colour is yellow. CO7 CP.75 x Coorg Honey Dew Developed at TNAU, Coimbatore Papaya Hybrids Parentage Characteristics Surya (F1) Sun Rise Solo x Pink Flesh Sweet Developed at IIHR Bangalore. It is a gynodioecious hybrid, it has high yield with good quality fruit. IIHR-54 (F1) Waimanalo x Pink Flesh Sweet Developed at IIHR Bangalore Arka Prabhath (F1) (Surya x Tainung-1) x Local Dwarf It is gynodioecious in nature. The plants are semi-vigorous and bearing starts at a lower height (60-70
- 58. Sl. No. Hybrid Parents Characteristics 1. Mridula(F2) Ganesh X Gul-E-Shah- Red Developed at MPKV, Rahuri. Dwarf, Fruit is round and smooth and pink in color with reddish tinge. 2. Bhagwa (F2) Ganesh X Gul-E-Shah- Red Developed at MPKV, Rahuri. The most popular and ruling variety of pomegranate in Maharashtra. It has attractive smooth glossy dark saffron thick skin with blood red and blood arils 3. Phule Arakta (F2) Ganesh X Gul-E-Shah- Red Developed at MPKV, Rahuri. It is a heavy yielder with fruit maturity of 130140 days only. The growth habit of tree is spreading type with evergreen nature. Fruit is round and smooth and glossy; dark brick red in colour; arils are sweet in taste with dark red in color. 4. Ruby Ganesh X Kabul X Yercaud X Gulsha RosePink (IIHR) Developed at IIHR, Bangalore. Dark red, no sticky aril in winter and dark pink aril insummer 5. Amblidana/ Amblidane (F1) Ganesh X Nana Acidic, anardana 6. Goma Khatta (F1) Ganesh x Daru The hybrid having high acidity (7.3%) and bigger fruit size (137.3g) compared to cv. Amlidana (86.33g). It is superior to Daru. Pomegranate
- 59. Cultivar Parent Characteristics Rosica Rasado de lca Precocious, regular bearing Davis Haden Haden Larger, high yielding and early maturity Hongmang6 Zill High yield, better quality fruit Achievements through Mutation breeding 1. Mango Mutation Breeding 1. Mutations are defined as sudden heritable changes in the genetic material of an organism and in turn in its characters that are not derived from genetic segregation or recombination. 2. Fruit crops are highly heterozygous and mutation rate is more in heterozygous material than purelines. This is due to the fact that genetic balance decreases the tendency to mutate through external influences and in fruit crops. mutation is found to be more often in occurrence. 3. In fruit crops, mutagenesis has already been used to introduce many useful traits affecting plant size, blooming time, fruit ripening, fruit colour, better quality, self-compatibility, self-thinning and resistance to pathogens (Maluszynski et al., 1995).
- 76. Achievements through Polyploidy breeding 1. Banana 1. Majority of cultivated varieties are triploid and sterile except Gross Michel which produces unreduced gametes. 2. Unfortunately, Gross Michel is susceptible to Fusarium and its tetraploid hybrid retains this character. 3. So, colchicine induced autotetraploid (disease resistant) can be crossed with superior diploids to yield desirable triploid cultivar. (Hamill et al., 1992). 4. CARBAP (Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Plant Breeding) and CIRAD (French agricultural research and development organization) utilize colchicine to induce chromosome doubling, a technique commonly used in plant breeding to create polyploid plants.
- 77. Citrus 1. Excessive number of seeds in citrus makes it unappealing to the consumers. Seed lessness has been successfully achieved through ploidy manipulations as triploidy is associated with sterility. 2. 3x: spontaneous, 2x crosses, endosperm culture, somatic hybridization (2x+1x), 4x × 2x crosses. 3. The interploidal hybridization (4x × 2x), most effective and is commonly used to produce seedless triploids. However, tetraploids in nature are limited. 4. Induction of Polyploidy by colchicine has been performed in Citrus reticulata (Elyazid et al., 2014), pummelo (Kainth and Grosser, 2010). 5. Protoplast fusion used to produce novel allotetraploid hybrids for use as parents. i.e. allotetraploid hybrids of Encore mandarin and Valencia sweet orange produced by protoplast fusion for seedless triploid citrus breeding.
- 78. Grapes 1. Big berry size is a desirable character so tetra ploidy is induced. 2. ‘Wanheibao’: A new polyploid (4x) late season table grape with muscat flavor was released in china. It is the result of hybridization between ‘Guibao’ and ‘Qiuhong’ and harvested seeds were treated with colchicine. ‘Shenfeng’, a new tetraploid hybrid of table grape (Sahoo and Kaluram, 2019). Ber In 2009 ‘Chenguang’, a new tetraploid Chinese jujube cultivar induced by colchicine on the stem apex of the diploid ‘Linyilizao’ was released in China. Bigger fruits and better fruit quality. Guava Auto polyploidy: Seedless varieties found it to be autotriploid Aneuploidy: Seedless triploid crossed with seeded diploid variety Allahabad Safeda (IARI).
- 79. Apple 1. Development of Triploid Cultivars is desirable as triploid forms and cultivars are characterized by more regular fruit-bearing, more marketable fruit of larger size, higher autogamy and scab resistance. (Sedov., 2013) 2. At the All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding the apple breeding on a polyploidy level has been carried out since 1970. 3. 4x x 2x and 2x x 4x: Most promising types of crossings for breeding triploid seedling. 4. Salt stress tolerance: observed in autotetraploid plants of ‘Hanfu’ and ‘Gala’ induced by colchicine treatment. 5. Drought stress tolerance: observed in autotetraploids.
- 80. Pear 1. Natural triploid: Beurré Diel, Beurré d’ Amanlis’, Catillac’ and Pitmaston Duchess. 2. ‘Merton Pride’ were deliberately produced by 2x x 4x cross. 3. Polyploid pear cultivars have larger organs and good quality especially triploid pear. 4. Pears (Pyrus species, including European pear, Pyrus communis) exhibit a gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) system, which prevents self-fertilization by recognizing and rejecting self-pollen. 5. Kadota and Niimi (2002) developed tetraploid plants from a diploid cultivar Hosui, to obtain self- compatible plants for use as mother plants or pollen parents to produce triploid plants by crossing. 6. Cao et al., (2001) studied efficiency of hybridized combination of ploidy for pear polyploid breeding and found 4X×4X is the best combination type for tetraploid breeding and 4X×2X is the ideal combination type for triploid breeding.
- 81. Pineapple Manipulation of ploidy in pineapple was first explored in the PRI program, Hawaii in the 1940. 4x: vigorous but produced poor quality fruit. 3x: good quality, large size fruit. 4x of elite cultivars crossed 2x, would produce triploid progeny very similar to the tetraploid parent with only a few traits inherited from the diploid. The ‘Gigante de Tarauacá’ is a native pineapple of Northern Brazil, that produces large fruits (as much as 15 kg) and is a natural triploid. Kiwi Traditional cross breeding is difficult due to differences in the ploidy level of species. A. eriantha is diploid, A. chinensis cultivars are either diploid or tetraploid, A. arguta cultivars are tetraploid. A. deliciosa cultivars are hexaploidy. It was reported that autotetraploids 50– 60% larger than fruit of their diploid progenitors ‘Hort 16A’.
- 90. References 1. Cao, Y., Huang, L., Li, S., Yang, Y. (2001). Genetics of ploidy and hybridized combination types for polyploid breeding in pear. In: International Symposium on Asian Pears, Commemorating the 100th Anniversary of Nijisseiki Pear. 587:207-210. 2. Elyazid, D.M.A. and El-Shereif, A.R. (2014). In vitro induction of polyploidy in Citrus reticulata Blanco. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 5(11):1679. 3. Hamill, S.D., Smith, M.K., Dodd, W.A. (1992). In vitro induction of banana auto-tetraploids by colchicine treatment of micro propagated diploids. Australian Journal of Botany. 40(6):887-896. https://ecourses.icar.gov.in/ 4. Kadota, M., Niimi, Y. (2002). In vitro induction of tetraploid plants from a diploid Japanese pear cultivar (Pyrus pyrifolia N. cv. Hosui). Plant Cell Reports. 21(3):282-286. 5. Kainth, D., Grosser, J.W. (2010) Induction of autotetraploids in pummelo (Citrus grandis L. Osbeck) through colchicine treatment of meristematically active seeds in vitro. In Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society. 123:44- 48. 6. Sahoo., T. and Kaluram (2019). Polyploidy breeding in fruit crops. The Pharma Innovation Journal; 8(7): 625-629 Sedov, E.N. (2013) Results and prospects in apple breeding. Universal Journal of Plant Science. 1(3):55-65. 7. Shivran, M., Shivran, U. and Singh, N. (2022). Breeding approaches in fruit crops improvement. The Pharma Innovation Journal; 11(4): 2034-2038