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Expectancy Theories:
– Expectancy theory focuses on a person’s
perception about the relationships among effort,
performance and rewards for doing a job
– Does how hard I try really affect my performance?
– Are personal consequences linked to my
performance?
– Do I value the consequence available to me?
• Common assumptions:
– in choosing between different actions people
are influenced about whether favourable
outcomes will accrue
– people will weigh up whether acting in the
particular way will actually deliver the
favourable outcome
– people will act in their best interests
Effort Performance Rewards
Perception that
effort will lead to
effective
performance
Perception that
attractive
rewards are
available
Perception that
effective
performance
will lead to
rewards
Role
Perception
Individual
Characteristics
Porter and Lawler model of work
motivation (based on Porter and
Lawler 1968, Managerial
attitudes and performance, Irwin
Homewood, IL)
Source: Cole (1993),
Management Theory and
Practice pp40
Motivational Force
• Perception that effort will lead to effective
performance (Expectancy)
• Perception that effective performance will
lead to rewards (Instrumentality)
• Perception that attractive rewards are
available (Valence)
• Driving Force = (E x I) x V
Consider satisfaction of
needs/expectations
• EXTRINSIC REWARDS e.g. tangible
benefits conferred from outside the
individual (pay, pension, job conditions)
• INTRINSIC REWARDS e.g. intangible
benefits such as psychological rewards that
come from within (achievement,
recognition, sense of challenge)
MOTIVATION & JOB DESIGN
• Job Rotation
– Movement of people around the tasks
• Job Enlargement
– Greater range of tasks
Not actually altering the task role
• Job Enrichment
– Concentrates on Intrinsic rewards
– More authority over planning and control of
tasks
– Also consider work groups and teams
Issues related to Job Redesign
• Not strictly a motivational theory -
Hackman and Oldham (1977) - Job
Characteristics Theory (updated 1980)
• Why do people get bored at work
• Improving motivation at work
• Could changing job characteristics improve
motivation?
Core job
characteristics
Critical
psychological
States
Personal and
Work Outcomes
Skill variety
Task identity
Task significance
Perceived
meaningfulness
of work experience
High work motivation
Autonomy
High job satisfaction
with work
Perceived
responsibility for
work outcomes
Feedback Knowledge of
actual results of
the work
High quality work
performance
Absence of problem
behaviour such as
absenteeism and
turnover
Source: Rollinson 2002
Organisational
Behaviour, pp220
Motivation Exercise
• Think of a job with which you are familiar which
is considered boring and repetitive
• What scope is there for enhancing motivation in
relation to this job?
– Job rotation, enlargement, enrichment and
empowerment
• Can you use Hackman and Oldham as a diagnostic
tool to improve motivation in the workplace?
– Think of the five job characteristics - can they be
changed easily?
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Motivation and theories of management part 2

  • 1. Expectancy Theories: – Expectancy theory focuses on a person’s perception about the relationships among effort, performance and rewards for doing a job – Does how hard I try really affect my performance? – Are personal consequences linked to my performance? – Do I value the consequence available to me?
  • 2. • Common assumptions: – in choosing between different actions people are influenced about whether favourable outcomes will accrue – people will weigh up whether acting in the particular way will actually deliver the favourable outcome – people will act in their best interests
  • 3. Effort Performance Rewards Perception that effort will lead to effective performance Perception that attractive rewards are available Perception that effective performance will lead to rewards Role Perception Individual Characteristics Porter and Lawler model of work motivation (based on Porter and Lawler 1968, Managerial attitudes and performance, Irwin Homewood, IL) Source: Cole (1993), Management Theory and Practice pp40
  • 4. Motivational Force • Perception that effort will lead to effective performance (Expectancy) • Perception that effective performance will lead to rewards (Instrumentality) • Perception that attractive rewards are available (Valence) • Driving Force = (E x I) x V
  • 5. Consider satisfaction of needs/expectations • EXTRINSIC REWARDS e.g. tangible benefits conferred from outside the individual (pay, pension, job conditions) • INTRINSIC REWARDS e.g. intangible benefits such as psychological rewards that come from within (achievement, recognition, sense of challenge)
  • 6. MOTIVATION & JOB DESIGN • Job Rotation – Movement of people around the tasks • Job Enlargement – Greater range of tasks Not actually altering the task role • Job Enrichment – Concentrates on Intrinsic rewards – More authority over planning and control of tasks – Also consider work groups and teams
  • 7. Issues related to Job Redesign • Not strictly a motivational theory - Hackman and Oldham (1977) - Job Characteristics Theory (updated 1980) • Why do people get bored at work • Improving motivation at work • Could changing job characteristics improve motivation?
  • 8. Core job characteristics Critical psychological States Personal and Work Outcomes Skill variety Task identity Task significance Perceived meaningfulness of work experience High work motivation Autonomy High job satisfaction with work Perceived responsibility for work outcomes Feedback Knowledge of actual results of the work High quality work performance Absence of problem behaviour such as absenteeism and turnover Source: Rollinson 2002 Organisational Behaviour, pp220
  • 9. Motivation Exercise • Think of a job with which you are familiar which is considered boring and repetitive • What scope is there for enhancing motivation in relation to this job? – Job rotation, enlargement, enrichment and empowerment • Can you use Hackman and Oldham as a diagnostic tool to improve motivation in the workplace? – Think of the five job characteristics - can they be changed easily?