This document discusses different theories of motivation. It begins by defining motivation as the set of forces that cause certain behaviors and explains that managers aim to maximize desired behaviors. It then discusses determinants of individual performance including motivation, ability, and work environment.
The document goes on to explain content and process perspectives on motivation. Content perspectives examine what workplace factors motivate people, discussing theories like Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Herzberg's two-factor theory. Process perspectives focus on how people choose behaviors to satisfy needs and evaluate satisfaction, covering expectancy theory, equity theory, and goal-setting theory.
The document delves into Vroom's expectancy theory, explaining that motivation depends on desire and likelihood of outcomes. It outlines
The document discusses various theories of motivation including:
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs which proposes that people are motivated to fulfill basic physiological needs and progress to higher needs of belonging, esteem and self-actualization.
- Herzberg's two-factor theory which distinguishes between hygiene factors like salary that prevent dissatisfaction and motivation factors like achievement that create satisfaction.
- Expectancy theory which proposes that motivation depends on how much value an individual places on a reward and their belief that effort will lead to performance and rewards.
The document also covers intrinsic and extrinsic rewards, with intrinsic rewards from meaningful work being more important for ongoing motivation than extrinsic rewards like pay and benefits.
1. There are several theories that seek to explain what motivates employee performance and engagement. These include Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, Herzberg's two-factor theory, McClelland's learned needs theory, and Lawrence and Nohria's four drives theory.
2. Expectancy theory proposes that motivation is influenced by the expectancies of effort leading to performance and performance leading to outcomes, as well as how valuable the potential outcomes are.
3. Equity theory suggests that employees are motivated by a sense of fair treatment and equitable exchange of contributions and outcomes compared to other employees. Feelings of inequity can decrease motivation.
This document discusses motivation theories and definitions. It provides definitions of motivation referring to actions or behaviors toward goals. Popular motivation definitions focus on willingness to perform and being affected by leadership. Motivation theories are divided into content theories, which focus on internal factors like needs, and process theories, which describe external factors like rewards. Several content theories are described including Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Herzberg's two-factor theory. Process theories discussed include goal-setting theory, equity theory, and expectancy theory.
This document discusses various theories and perspectives on motivation in the workplace. It covers content perspectives like Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Herzberg's two-factor theory, as well as process perspectives including expectancy theory and equity theory. Reinforcement perspectives and popular motivational strategies like empowerment, participation, and organizational reward systems are also examined. The key is to understand what motivates employees and how to apply different approaches to maximize performance and minimize undesirable behaviors.
A summary of theories about work motivation as they relate to behaviour in meetings. Part of a module on Workshop Facilitation on MSc Agile Software Projects
1. Several theories address what motivates employees including Maslow's hierarchy-of-needs theory, Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory, and McClelland's learned-needs theory which identifies the needs for achievement, power, and affiliation.
2. Expectancy theory suggests that motivation depends on expectations of satisfactory performance leading to desirable rewards.
3. Equity theory proposes that employees value fair treatment and will act to correct inequities in how their outcomes compare to referents.
4. Attribution theory examines how salespeople make attributions or causal explanations for their behaviors and performance.
The document discusses various ways to motivate employees from the perspective of a company manager. It defines motivation and lists theories of motivation. It also discusses the importance of motivation for both individuals and businesses. Finally, it provides examples of financial and non-financial ways for managers to motivate employees, such as flexible work schedules, recognition programs, stock options, and job enrichment.
The document outlines theories of motivation including Adam's equity theory which proposes that people strive for fairness in social exchanges, Vroom's expectancy theory which suggests motivation depends on an individual's belief that effort will lead to good performance and that performance will be rewarded, and goal setting theory which indicates that specific, difficult goals lead to higher performance when employees are committed to achieving them. The chapter also discusses practical applications of these motivation theories for managers.
This document discusses various theories of motivation. It begins by introducing content theories like Maslow's hierarchy of needs, ERG theory, and Herzberg's two-factor theory. Next, it covers process theories such as Vroom's expectancy theory and Porter and Lawler's model. Contemporary theories like equity theory are also mentioned. The document emphasizes that motivation, ability, and environment all contribute to job performance. It provides examples of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and discusses the importance of effective feedback and goal setting in maximizing employee motivation.
The document discusses various theories of motivation including Maslow's hierarchy of needs, expectancy theory, equity theory, goal setting theory, and reinforcement theory. It examines both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards and how they can be used to motivate employees. The importance of motivation in management is also addressed as motivating employees leads to better teamwork, productivity, and overall business success.
The document discusses the evolution of management thought from classical to modern theories. It covers early theorists like Taylor who focused on productivity and time studies. It also discusses the Hawthorne Studies which found social factors were important. Later, theorists like Herzberg identified motivational factors. Expectancy Theory explained how motivation depends on expectations of effort leading to performance and outcomes. Theories like Theory Z examined differences between Japanese and American management styles. Key modern contributors included Drucker, Deming, and Peters who studied excellent companies. The document also defines management by objectives and its emphasis on participative goal setting.
This document provides an overview of theories and concepts related to motivating employees. It discusses early motivation theories from Maslow, McGregor, and Herzberg. Contemporary theories covered include McClelland's three needs theory, goal-setting theory, reinforcement theory, and job characteristics model. The document also provides guidelines for job redesign based on contemporary motivation research.
This document provides an overview of organizational behavior and motivation theories. It discusses outcomes like job satisfaction and absenteeism that are influenced by managers. Motivation theories covered include Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Herzberg's two-factor theory, expectancy theory, equity theory, goal setting theory, and reinforcement theory. The key aspects and implications of each theory for motivating employees are summarized. Overall, the document presents motivation as important for performance and offers different theoretical approaches for managers to understand and influence employee effort.
The document discusses various theories of motivation and ways to motivate employees. It covers classical theories focusing on money, behavioral theories that any attention increases productivity, and contemporary theories emphasizing good human relations. Specific theories covered include Maslow's hierarchy of needs, equity theory, and goal setting theory. The document also provides examples of programs companies use to enhance job satisfaction, such as reinforcement, participative management, and modified work schedules. Finally, it lists factors that are great motivators like meaningful work and good relationships, and tips for appreciating employees.
The document summarizes key concepts about work motivation from Chapter 14. It describes four approaches to explaining employee motivation, including: goal-setting theory, which states managers can direct performance through specific goals; reinforcement theory, which focuses on behavior modification using rewards; expectancy theory, which emphasizes employees' personal goals; and equity theory, which focuses on fairness perceptions. It also discusses job design theory and how characteristics like skill variety, task identity, and feedback influence motivation. Managers can enhance motivation through goal-setting, incentives, job enrichment, and ensuring fair treatment of employees. Understanding these concepts helps managers improve performance and satisfaction.
This document discusses theories and strategies for motivating employees. It begins by defining motivation and describing early theories like Maslow's hierarchy of needs and McGregor's Theory X and Y. Contemporary theories covered include McClelland's three needs theory, goal-setting theory, reinforcement theory, equity theory, and expectancy theory. The document also discusses designing motivating jobs through job characteristics and enrichment. Current issues addressed are motivating a diverse workforce, pay-for-performance, and motivating different types of workers. The document concludes with integrating motivation theories and suggestions for applying motivation strategies in practice.
Human Factors in Project Management Session 4 motivation issue 1Ian Cammack
This document discusses various theories of motivation including:
1. Maslow's hierarchy of needs which describes human needs from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.
2. Herzberg's two-factor theory which separates motivators like achievement and recognition from hygiene factors.
3. McClelland's theory on achievement, power, and affiliation needs.
4. Expectancy, equity, goal-setting, and reinforcement theories of motivation.
The document outlines key motivation theories discussed in an organizational behavior course, including: early theories from Maslow, McGregor, Herzberg and McClelland; contemporary theories like self-determination theory, goal-setting theory, reinforcement theory, equity theory and expectancy theory; and implications of applying motivation concepts globally. It provides an overview of each theory's core concepts and criticisms to help readers understand different approaches to explaining what drives human behavior and performance.
For many organisations employee career development and career coaching is a missing component of their L&D strategy. The following SlideShare, presented in 2005, discusses the commercial driver for internal career coaching and some steps that can be taken to increase its effectiveness. In a world where the nature of work is changing daily, these lessons are more pertinent than ever.
The theory of work adjustment proposes that the closer a person's abilities match the requirements of a job, and the closer the rewards of a job match a person's values, the more likely they will be satisfied and successful. It identifies six key values that influence job satisfaction: achievement, comfort, status, altruism, safety, and autonomy. When the match between a person's abilities/values and a job's requirements/rewards decreases, adjustments may be needed, either actively by changing the person or job, or reactively by changing behaviors or expectations. The flexibility of the person and workplace determines how much mismatch can be tolerated before someone leaves a job.
The document discusses various theories of motivation including: Maslow's hierarchy of needs, ERG theory, McClelland's needs theory, equity theory, expectancy theory, goal-setting theory, reinforcement theory, and Herzberg's two-factor theory. It also discusses the importance of motivation for employee performance and retention. An integrated model is presented showing how individual motivation is influenced by attributes, performance, satisfaction, and extrinsic/intrinsic rewards within an organizational context. Strategies for motivating employees through job design and behavior modification are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of organizational behavior course content related to motivation. It discusses major motivation theories including need theories, cognitive theories, and reinforcement theory. It also covers topics like job performance factors, motivation importance, motivation misconceptions, and goal setting theory. The document aims to explain how motivation can be increased and sustained over time through the application of individual differences, group dynamics, reward systems, and leadership approaches.
This document discusses theories of motivation and their application to improving motivation in workplace settings. It summarizes several prominent motivation theories, including Maslow's hierarchy of needs, equity theory, expectancy theory, and Herzberg's two-factor theory. It then describes Hackman and Oldham's job characteristics model and job diagnostic survey, which drew from prior theories and was used to empirically measure motivational factors in jobs. The document advocates using the job diagnostic survey to diagnose motivation issues, implementing changes, and periodically re-measuring to verify improvements and sustain motivation over time.
The Resurgence of US Industrial Policy - 2024 Babbage ForumDavid Teece
When attempting to best understand, optimize, and implement modern supply side economics (MSS) in the context of industrial policy, it is necessary to consider aspects including the following:
* Target human and organizational capabilities.
* Need to understand that Chinese government has “shaped” key markets (e.g. electric vehicles, semiconductors) so that market solutions are not “clean” but distorted.
* Need private sector to take a longer term view.
* Need a framework for understanding ordinary, superordinary, and dynamic capabilities… their origins and evolution… to form a better national industrial strategy.
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The document discusses various ways to motivate employees from the perspective of a company manager. It defines motivation and lists theories of motivation. It also discusses the importance of motivation for both individuals and businesses. Finally, it provides examples of financial and non-financial ways for managers to motivate employees, such as flexible work schedules, recognition programs, stock options, and job enrichment.
The document outlines theories of motivation including Adam's equity theory which proposes that people strive for fairness in social exchanges, Vroom's expectancy theory which suggests motivation depends on an individual's belief that effort will lead to good performance and that performance will be rewarded, and goal setting theory which indicates that specific, difficult goals lead to higher performance when employees are committed to achieving them. The chapter also discusses practical applications of these motivation theories for managers.
This document discusses various theories of motivation. It begins by introducing content theories like Maslow's hierarchy of needs, ERG theory, and Herzberg's two-factor theory. Next, it covers process theories such as Vroom's expectancy theory and Porter and Lawler's model. Contemporary theories like equity theory are also mentioned. The document emphasizes that motivation, ability, and environment all contribute to job performance. It provides examples of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and discusses the importance of effective feedback and goal setting in maximizing employee motivation.
The document discusses various theories of motivation including Maslow's hierarchy of needs, expectancy theory, equity theory, goal setting theory, and reinforcement theory. It examines both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards and how they can be used to motivate employees. The importance of motivation in management is also addressed as motivating employees leads to better teamwork, productivity, and overall business success.
The document discusses the evolution of management thought from classical to modern theories. It covers early theorists like Taylor who focused on productivity and time studies. It also discusses the Hawthorne Studies which found social factors were important. Later, theorists like Herzberg identified motivational factors. Expectancy Theory explained how motivation depends on expectations of effort leading to performance and outcomes. Theories like Theory Z examined differences between Japanese and American management styles. Key modern contributors included Drucker, Deming, and Peters who studied excellent companies. The document also defines management by objectives and its emphasis on participative goal setting.
This document provides an overview of theories and concepts related to motivating employees. It discusses early motivation theories from Maslow, McGregor, and Herzberg. Contemporary theories covered include McClelland's three needs theory, goal-setting theory, reinforcement theory, and job characteristics model. The document also provides guidelines for job redesign based on contemporary motivation research.
This document provides an overview of organizational behavior and motivation theories. It discusses outcomes like job satisfaction and absenteeism that are influenced by managers. Motivation theories covered include Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Herzberg's two-factor theory, expectancy theory, equity theory, goal setting theory, and reinforcement theory. The key aspects and implications of each theory for motivating employees are summarized. Overall, the document presents motivation as important for performance and offers different theoretical approaches for managers to understand and influence employee effort.
The document discusses various theories of motivation and ways to motivate employees. It covers classical theories focusing on money, behavioral theories that any attention increases productivity, and contemporary theories emphasizing good human relations. Specific theories covered include Maslow's hierarchy of needs, equity theory, and goal setting theory. The document also provides examples of programs companies use to enhance job satisfaction, such as reinforcement, participative management, and modified work schedules. Finally, it lists factors that are great motivators like meaningful work and good relationships, and tips for appreciating employees.
The document summarizes key concepts about work motivation from Chapter 14. It describes four approaches to explaining employee motivation, including: goal-setting theory, which states managers can direct performance through specific goals; reinforcement theory, which focuses on behavior modification using rewards; expectancy theory, which emphasizes employees' personal goals; and equity theory, which focuses on fairness perceptions. It also discusses job design theory and how characteristics like skill variety, task identity, and feedback influence motivation. Managers can enhance motivation through goal-setting, incentives, job enrichment, and ensuring fair treatment of employees. Understanding these concepts helps managers improve performance and satisfaction.
This document discusses theories and strategies for motivating employees. It begins by defining motivation and describing early theories like Maslow's hierarchy of needs and McGregor's Theory X and Y. Contemporary theories covered include McClelland's three needs theory, goal-setting theory, reinforcement theory, equity theory, and expectancy theory. The document also discusses designing motivating jobs through job characteristics and enrichment. Current issues addressed are motivating a diverse workforce, pay-for-performance, and motivating different types of workers. The document concludes with integrating motivation theories and suggestions for applying motivation strategies in practice.
Human Factors in Project Management Session 4 motivation issue 1Ian Cammack
This document discusses various theories of motivation including:
1. Maslow's hierarchy of needs which describes human needs from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.
2. Herzberg's two-factor theory which separates motivators like achievement and recognition from hygiene factors.
3. McClelland's theory on achievement, power, and affiliation needs.
4. Expectancy, equity, goal-setting, and reinforcement theories of motivation.
The document outlines key motivation theories discussed in an organizational behavior course, including: early theories from Maslow, McGregor, Herzberg and McClelland; contemporary theories like self-determination theory, goal-setting theory, reinforcement theory, equity theory and expectancy theory; and implications of applying motivation concepts globally. It provides an overview of each theory's core concepts and criticisms to help readers understand different approaches to explaining what drives human behavior and performance.
For many organisations employee career development and career coaching is a missing component of their L&D strategy. The following SlideShare, presented in 2005, discusses the commercial driver for internal career coaching and some steps that can be taken to increase its effectiveness. In a world where the nature of work is changing daily, these lessons are more pertinent than ever.
The theory of work adjustment proposes that the closer a person's abilities match the requirements of a job, and the closer the rewards of a job match a person's values, the more likely they will be satisfied and successful. It identifies six key values that influence job satisfaction: achievement, comfort, status, altruism, safety, and autonomy. When the match between a person's abilities/values and a job's requirements/rewards decreases, adjustments may be needed, either actively by changing the person or job, or reactively by changing behaviors or expectations. The flexibility of the person and workplace determines how much mismatch can be tolerated before someone leaves a job.
The document discusses various theories of motivation including: Maslow's hierarchy of needs, ERG theory, McClelland's needs theory, equity theory, expectancy theory, goal-setting theory, reinforcement theory, and Herzberg's two-factor theory. It also discusses the importance of motivation for employee performance and retention. An integrated model is presented showing how individual motivation is influenced by attributes, performance, satisfaction, and extrinsic/intrinsic rewards within an organizational context. Strategies for motivating employees through job design and behavior modification are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of organizational behavior course content related to motivation. It discusses major motivation theories including need theories, cognitive theories, and reinforcement theory. It also covers topics like job performance factors, motivation importance, motivation misconceptions, and goal setting theory. The document aims to explain how motivation can be increased and sustained over time through the application of individual differences, group dynamics, reward systems, and leadership approaches.
This document discusses theories of motivation and their application to improving motivation in workplace settings. It summarizes several prominent motivation theories, including Maslow's hierarchy of needs, equity theory, expectancy theory, and Herzberg's two-factor theory. It then describes Hackman and Oldham's job characteristics model and job diagnostic survey, which drew from prior theories and was used to empirically measure motivational factors in jobs. The document advocates using the job diagnostic survey to diagnose motivation issues, implementing changes, and periodically re-measuring to verify improvements and sustain motivation over time.
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When attempting to best understand, optimize, and implement modern supply side economics (MSS) in the context of industrial policy, it is necessary to consider aspects including the following:
* Target human and organizational capabilities.
* Need to understand that Chinese government has “shaped” key markets (e.g. electric vehicles, semiconductors) so that market solutions are not “clean” but distorted.
* Need private sector to take a longer term view.
* Need a framework for understanding ordinary, superordinary, and dynamic capabilities… their origins and evolution… to form a better national industrial strategy.
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Risk assessment is a systematic process used to identify, analyze, and evaluate potential hazards or threats that could negatively impact an organization, project, or individual. It involves assessing the likelihood and severity of risks, prioritizing them, and implementing control measures to mitigate or eliminate their impact. Effective risk assessment helps organizations make informed decisions, ensure regulatory compliance, enhance safety, and improve operational resilience. By using qualitative and quantitative methods—such as risk matrices, SWOT analysis, and probability assessments—businesses can proactively manage uncertainties and minimize potential losses. A well-structured risk assessment process is essential across industries, from workplace safety to financial planning, cybersecurity, and environmental management
1. Expectancy Theories:
– Expectancy theory focuses on a person’s
perception about the relationships among effort,
performance and rewards for doing a job
– Does how hard I try really affect my performance?
– Are personal consequences linked to my
performance?
– Do I value the consequence available to me?
2. • Common assumptions:
– in choosing between different actions people
are influenced about whether favourable
outcomes will accrue
– people will weigh up whether acting in the
particular way will actually deliver the
favourable outcome
– people will act in their best interests
3. Effort Performance Rewards
Perception that
effort will lead to
effective
performance
Perception that
attractive
rewards are
available
Perception that
effective
performance
will lead to
rewards
Role
Perception
Individual
Characteristics
Porter and Lawler model of work
motivation (based on Porter and
Lawler 1968, Managerial
attitudes and performance, Irwin
Homewood, IL)
Source: Cole (1993),
Management Theory and
Practice pp40
4. Motivational Force
• Perception that effort will lead to effective
performance (Expectancy)
• Perception that effective performance will
lead to rewards (Instrumentality)
• Perception that attractive rewards are
available (Valence)
• Driving Force = (E x I) x V
5. Consider satisfaction of
needs/expectations
• EXTRINSIC REWARDS e.g. tangible
benefits conferred from outside the
individual (pay, pension, job conditions)
• INTRINSIC REWARDS e.g. intangible
benefits such as psychological rewards that
come from within (achievement,
recognition, sense of challenge)
6. MOTIVATION & JOB DESIGN
• Job Rotation
– Movement of people around the tasks
• Job Enlargement
– Greater range of tasks
Not actually altering the task role
• Job Enrichment
– Concentrates on Intrinsic rewards
– More authority over planning and control of
tasks
– Also consider work groups and teams
7. Issues related to Job Redesign
• Not strictly a motivational theory -
Hackman and Oldham (1977) - Job
Characteristics Theory (updated 1980)
• Why do people get bored at work
• Improving motivation at work
• Could changing job characteristics improve
motivation?
8. Core job
characteristics
Critical
psychological
States
Personal and
Work Outcomes
Skill variety
Task identity
Task significance
Perceived
meaningfulness
of work experience
High work motivation
Autonomy
High job satisfaction
with work
Perceived
responsibility for
work outcomes
Feedback Knowledge of
actual results of
the work
High quality work
performance
Absence of problem
behaviour such as
absenteeism and
turnover
Source: Rollinson 2002
Organisational
Behaviour, pp220
9. Motivation Exercise
• Think of a job with which you are familiar which
is considered boring and repetitive
• What scope is there for enhancing motivation in
relation to this job?
– Job rotation, enlargement, enrichment and
empowerment
• Can you use Hackman and Oldham as a diagnostic
tool to improve motivation in the workplace?
– Think of the five job characteristics - can they be
changed easily?