During the Muslim Era (6th-16th century), remarkable scientific developments took place that shaped the world. Key figures made breakthroughs in fields like optics, astronomy, medicine, mathematics, and more. Ibn al-Haitham discovered the laws of refraction and studied the eye. Al-Battani accurately calculated the solar year. Ibn Sina wrote an influential medical encyclopedia. Al-Zahravi pioneered techniques like surgery and invented instruments. Their work was translated and influenced developments in Europe over subsequent centuries.