Napoleón Bonaparte
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Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power during the French Revolution as a military leader. He was able to gain control of France by overthrowing the Directory government in 1799 and proclaiming himself First Consul. Over the next decade, Napoleon conquered much of Europe and established an empire through brilliant military victories. However, his invasion of Russia in 1812 proved disastrous and marked the beginning of his decline in power. After being defeated by a coalition of European powers, Napoleon was exiled to Elba in 1814, but briefly returned to power in 1815 before being defeated at Waterloo and exiled again, this time to Saint Helena, where he died in 1821.
![Napoleon as “First Consul”
After returning from Egypt,
Napoleon launched a
successful coup d’ etat on
November 9, 1799.
He proclaimed himself “First
Consul” [Julius Caesar’s title].
In 1802, he made himself sole
“Consul for Life.”
Two years later he proclaimed
himself “Emperor.”](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/napolenbonaparte-151109204704-lva1-app6892/85/Napoleon-Bonaparte-8-320.jpg)
![The
Influence
of the
Napoleonic
Code
Wherever it was implemented [in the conquered territories], the
Code Napoleon swept away feudal property relations.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/napolenbonaparte-151109204704-lva1-app6892/85/Napoleon-Bonaparte-12-320.jpg)
Napoleón Bonaparte
- 2. Napoleon’s Early Days Napoleon was born in Corsica (a French territory) in August 1769. His family belonged to the middle social group He was sent to military academy in France Napoleon graduated in 1785, at the age of 16, and joined the artillery as a second lieutenant. During the French Revolution he served the Revolutionary Army.
- 3. “I am no ordinary man.” Napoleon rose quickly in the army during the revolution because so many officers fled France. In 1793, Napoleon commanded the French troops that ousted the British from Toulon. By age 27, Napoleon was a general.
- 4. The Directory A new constitution established a new government known as the Directory. The Directory included an elected legislature and an executive branch with five directors.
- 5. The young general soon received command of a French army for an invasion of Italy. He won several brilliant victories over the Austrians who ruled there. Napoleon’s successes forced Austria to withdraw from the war in 1797.
- 6. In 1798, Napoleon invaded Egypt. Napoleon quickly defeated the Egyptian army. Horatio Nelson (1758-1805)
- 7. Leaving the army in Egypt, Napoleon returned to París. The French people welcomed him as a hero in París. In París, Napoleon found that many people were unhappy with the Directory. With the help of troops loyal to him, he overthrew the government in November, 1799.
- 8. Napoleon as “First Consul” After returning from Egypt, Napoleon launched a successful coup d’ etat on November 9, 1799. He proclaimed himself “First Consul” [Julius Caesar’s title]. In 1802, he made himself sole “Consul for Life.” Two years later he proclaimed himself “Emperor.”
- 10. Napoleon’s Domestic Policy By 1804, Napoleon had gained almost absolute power. He knew the French would never stand for a return to the Old Regime. Therefore, he continued many reforms of the revolution. But at the same time, he kept firm personal control of the government.
- 11. Social Achievements Concordat: Patch relationship with Catholic Church - 1801 Napoleonic Code: Uniform laws for all (except women and slaves) - 1804 (still basis of Louisiana’s law) Lycees: Public Schools for all National Bank and Tax Reform: To fix France’s financial Problems
- 12. The Influence of the Napoleonic Code Wherever it was implemented [in the conquered territories], the Code Napoleon swept away feudal property relations.
- 13. In 1804, Napoleon became “Emperor of the French.” As Pope Pius VIII prepared to crown the emperor, Napoleon took the crown and placed it on his head himself. By this gesture, Napoleon showed that he did not bow to any authority. He then proceeded to crown his wife, the Empress Josephine. Emperor Napoleon
- 14. “Consecration of theEmperor Napoléon & the Empress Josephine,” 1806 by David December 2, 1804
- 18. “Napoleon on His Imperial Throne” 1806 By Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
- 20. Height of Napoleon’s Power
- 21. The Empire of Napoleon In the early 1800s, France fought all the major European powers. Through shrewd diplomacy, Napoleon usually kept the European powers divided so they could not unite against him.
- 22. Europe under French rule From 1807 to 1812, Napoleon was at the height of his power. He controlled an empire that stretched from France to the borders of Russia
- 23. Napoleon’s Empire in 1810
- 24. Napoleon’s Family Rules! Jerome Bonaparte King of Westphalia. Joseph Bonaparte King of Spain Louis Bonaparte King of Holland Pauline Bonaparte Princess of Italy Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles (son) King of Rome Elisa Bonaparte Grand Duchess of Tuscany Caroline Bonaparte Queen of Naples
- 25. Napoleon’s Family & Friends/Allies
- 26. While ruling this vast empire, Napoleon helped spread the ideas of the French Revolution across Europe. He introduced religious toleration, abolished serfdom, made the Napoleonic Code into law and reduced the power of the Catholic Church. However, Napoleon lost much support when he imposed high taxes to finance his continuing conflict with Britain. Europe under French rule
- 27. The Continental System Although Napoleon defeated the major powers on the continent, he was unable to bring Britain to its knees. Admiral Nelson destroyed Napoleon’s plans by sinking most of the French fleet at Cape Trafalgar, near Spain. Napoleon then decided to blockade British ports and ordered all European nations to stop trade with Britain. This was called the Continental System.
- 29. The Continental System Unfortunately for France, the Continental System backfired. Britain did lose trade, but France suffered more. The powerful British navy was able to cut off overseas imports to France and the rest of the continent. This weakened the French economy.
- 30. …And Then Things Fall Apart! Three Costly Mistakes: 1. The Continental System 2. The Peninsular War 3. The Invasion of Russia
- 31. Napoléon’s MajorMilitaryCampaigns Trafalgar (Lord Nelson: Fr. Navy lost!) BritainFrance 1805: Sea Power
- 32. The Peninsular War - 1808 Portugal ignored Continental System Napoleon sent army through Spain to overthrow Royal Family Spanish towns rioted in response, so Napoleon deposed Spanish king and made brother king of Spain and Portugal Portugal Royals fled to Brazil, which became only colony to be the capital of its “mother country”
- 33. The Peninsular War - 1808 REALLY made Spanish mad Very loyal to king Feared that Napoleon would weaken power of Church as had happened in France Engaged in 5 years of guerrilla warfare, which cost Napoleon 300,000 troops Encouraged Nationalism in other countries like Germany and Italy, who also started guerrilla warfare
- 34. “Third of May, 1808” by Goya (1810)
- 35. Stirrings of Nationalism During the reign of Napoleon, the concept of Nationalism began to become popular. Nationalism is the belief that a people group can make one great nation together. Napoleon used the desire of people to have their own nation to help him defeat the Austrian Empire.
- 36. Nationalism turns against Napoleon Opposition to Napoleon also grew among the conquered and allied peoples of Europe, who were developing a sense of nationalism, or pride and devotion to one’s own country. They resented paying taxes to France and sending soldiers to serve in Napoleon’s armies. They wanted to restore their own governments, customs, and traditions. As nationalists feelings grew, revolts broke out all over Europe.
- 37. The Emperor’s Downfall In Spain, people fought against French troops. They were the first place where people didn’t accept his government. In 1812, Napoleon decided to invade Russia. Napoleon assembled an army of over 500,000 soldiers, and in May 1812, he led this Grand Army into Russia. Napoleon planned to defeat the Russians in a quick, decisive battle. To his surprise, the Russians refused to stand and fight. Instead, they retreated, burning their crops and homes as they went. They forced Napoleon to lead his army deeper into Russia.
- 38. Napoléon Invades Russia: 1812 614,000 French troops
- 39. The Russians finally engaged the French near Moscow, 500 miles inside Russia. The French won, but when Napoleon entered Moscow, he found the Russian capital in flames. Napoleon soon realized he could not feed and house his army in Moscow. Thus, in October 1812, he ordered a retreat.
- 40. Moscow on Fire!
- 41. During the retreat, the bitterly cold Russian winter turned the French victory into a disastrous defeat. Thousands of Napoleon’s soldiers starved or froze to death. The Russian army attacked the French. Fewer than 100,000 escaped from Russia.
- 42. Napoléon’s Retreat from Moscow(Early 1813) 100,000 French troops retreat—40,000 survive!
- 43. A powerful alliance made up of Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia attacked the weakened French army as it limped out of Russia. Napoleon rushed home to raise a new army, but his efforts failed. In March 1814, the allies captured Paris. Napoleon abdicated and went into exile on the island of Elba, off the coast of Italy.
- 44. Napoleon in Exile on Elba
- 45. After Napoleon was exiled, the monarchy was restored, but the king was quite different than his ancestors. In 1814, Louis XVIII issued a constitution that provided for equality under the law for all citizens, an elected legislature, and religious freedom. He also kept the Napoleonic Code. Louis XVIII (1755-1824)
- 46. In March 1815, Napoleon fled Elba and again proclaimed himself emperor. Discontented soldiers rallied to his side. For 100 days, he worked to rebuild the French army. But the European allies acted. In June 1815, a joint British and Prussian army led by the Duke of Wellington defeated the French at Waterloo. Duke of Wellington (1769-1852)
- 47. Napoleon’s Final Exile Napoleon was exiled to the island of St. Helena in the Atlantic, where he died in 1821.
- 48. Napoleon’s Tomb
- 49. Key Events of the Empire Loss of Haiti, Sale of Louisiana, 1803 Loss at Trafalgar, 1805 Victories in Central Europe, 1805-1807 Establishment of Continental System Spread of Napoleonic Code
- 50. Key Events of the Empire Nationalist Resistance to Napoleon Retreat from Russia, 1812-13 Defeat at Leipzig, 1813 Return, and defeat at Waterloo, 1815
- 52. Haitian Independence, 1792-1804 Toussaint L’Ouverture
- 54. Josephine’s Divorce Statement (1807) With the permission of our august and dear husband, I must declare that, having no hope of bearing children who would fulfill the needs of his policies and the interests of France, I am pleased to offer him the greatest proof of attachment and devotion ever offered on this earth.
- 55. Napoléon’s Divorce Statement (1807) Far from ever finding cause for complaint, I can to the contrary only congratulate myself on the devotion and tenderness of my beloved wife. She has adorned thirteen years of my life; the memory will always remain engraved on my heart.
- 56. Marie Louise (ofAustria) married Napoléon on March 12, 1810 in Vienna
- 57. MarieLouise (of Austria) with Napoléon’s Son (Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles: 1811-1832)