NCP-BACTERIAL-PNEUMONIA-NURSINGDIAGNOSI.pdf

BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA
A. INTRODUCTION
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material) leading to impaired gas
exchange causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause
pneumonia. The most common one is Streptococcus (pneumococcus), but other bacteria can cause it too. If you’re young and basically healthy, these bacteria can
live in your throat without causing any trouble. But if your immune system becomes weak for some reason, the bacteria can go down into your lungs. When this
happens, the air sacs in your lungs get infected and inflamed (HopkinsMed n,d). Furthermore, according to Mosier (1997) bacteria play a critical role in the severe
pneumonia and fatalities associated with the bovine respiratory disease complex. Although numerous bacteria have the potential to cause pneumonia, only a small
number of these are responsible for the majority of cases of disease. Virulence and immunogenic characteristics of these organisms are important determinants of
the host response to infection.
Additionally, pneumonia can be contagious and range in seriousness from mild to life-threatening. It is most serious for infants and young children, people
older than age 65, and people with health problems or weakened immune systems.The prognosis is typically good for people who have normal lungs and
adequate host defenses before the onset of pneumonia. Pneumonia is a particular concern in high-risk patients; persons who are very young or very old, people
who smoke, bedridden, malnourished, hospitalized, uncompromising, or exposed to MRSA (NurseLab, 2024).
The pneumonic infection has been noted throughout human history, with mentions of the disease appearing during early Greek civilization. However,
despite our long history with the disease, pneumonia remains a serious medical concern throughout the global community today, with millions of cases of
pneumonia-related hospitalizations and deaths worldwide (Chow, n.d.).

B. DISEASE CENTERED
a. Brief Description Of The Disease
I. ORIGIN
- Bacterial pneumonia is an infection of the lungs caused by bacteria. The most common causative agent is Streptococcus pneumoniae is a
Gram-positive, spherical bacterium that typically appears in pairs diplococci or short chains. It occurred in 1881 when French microbiologist
Louis Pasteur and American microbiologist George Sternberg, each independently identified lancet-shaped bacteria in saliva (Chow, n.d.).
II. TRANSMISSION
- Bacterial pneumonia spreads mainly through respiratory droplets released when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, which others
may inhale. It can also be transmitted by touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the nose or mouth. Close contact with infected
individuals, especially in crowded or poorly ventilated areas, increases the risk. Practicing good hygiene, such as frequent handwashing and
avoiding contact with sick individuals, can help reduce transmission(Medical News Today, n.d.).
III. SUSCEPTIBILITY
- Due to weakened immune systems, newborns, young children, and individuals over 65 are more susceptible to bacterial pneumonia. People
with long-term illnesses including diabetes, heart disease, kidney disease, or COPD are also more vulnerable. Susceptibility is increased by a
compromised immune system brought on by HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy, or chronic steroid usage. Environmental exposure to pollution,
dangerous fumes, or crowded environments raises the risk of infection, while lifestyle variables such as smoking and excessive alcohol use
affect lung function and immune response (Lung.org, n.d.).

IV. LATENT VS ACTIVE
- The pathogens that are responsible for infectious diseases in a population poses significant statistical challenges. Consider the measurement
problem in the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) study, which is a case control study that has enrolled 9500 children
from seven sites around the world. Pneumonia is a clinical syndrome that develops because of an infection of the lung tissue by bacteria,
viruses, mycobacteria or fungi (Levine et al., 2012).
V. DRUG RESISTANTS AND MEDICATION
- Bacterial pneumonia can be complicated by drug resistance, particularly with pathogens like Streptococcus pneumoniae and multi-drug
resistant gram-negative bacteria such as Acinetobacter, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These bacteria have
developed resistance to common antibiotics, making treatment more challenging. Effective medications for bacterial pneumonia include
antibiotics like azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin, which are often used as first-line treatments. The choice of antibiotic depends
on factors such as the patient's age, health history, and the specific bacteria causing the infection. Addressing antibiotic resistance requires
careful use of antibiotics and ongoing research to develop new treatments (Assefa, 2022).
VI. MORBIDITY RATE
- Bacterial pneumonia remains a significant cause of morbidity worldwide, particularly affecting vulnerable populations such as children under
five and the elderly. The morbidity rate varies by region, with higher rates observed in low- and middle-income countries due to factors like
limited access to healthcare and vaccination. In the Philippines, pneumonia is the third leading cause of death across all ages and the most
common cause of death among children under five. Effective interventions, such as vaccination and improved healthcare access, have been
shown to reduce morbidity rates. Continued efforts are needed to address the burden of bacterial pneumonia globally (Santos, 2021).
VII. MORTALITY RATE
- Bacterial pneumonia remains a significant cause of mortality worldwide, particularly affecting vulnerable populations such as children under
five and the elderly. The mortality rate varies by region, with higher rates observed in low- and middle-income countries due to factors like
limited access to healthcare and vaccination. In the United States, the 30-day mortality rate for hospitalized patients with pneumonia ranges
from 5% to 10%, and can be as high as 30% for those admitted to intensive care units. Effective interventions, such as vaccination and

improved healthcare access, have been shown to reduce mortality rates. Continued efforts are needed to address the burden of bacterial
pneumonia globally (Healthline Editorial Team, n.d.).
b. Predisposing & Precipitating Factors:
Predisposing Factors:
● Having a chronic disease: If you have COPD, asthma, heart disease, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, celiac disease, or sickle cell
disease, your risk of contracting pneumonia is higher than that of the general population (Sultan, n,d.)
● Having a suppressed immune system: If you have HIV or AIDS, have had an organ or bone marrow transplant, are receiving chemotherapy
or long-term steroids, or have an autoimmune disorder, you're at higher risk for pneumonia.
● Difficulty swallowing: If you have a hard time swallowing due to a condition like Parkinson's disease or because of a stroke, you're at a
higher risk of aspirating food, drink, saliva, or vomit and, thus, developing aspiration pneumonia (Manabe et al., 2015).
● Being in the hospital:You're at greater risk of pneumonia if you're in a hospital intensive care unit, especially if you're on a machine that helps
you breathe (ventilator) (Mph, 2024).
● Lifestyle Habits: Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption damage the lungs and weaken the immune system (Causes and Risk Factors,
2022)
● Environmental Factors: Living in crowded environments such as nursing homes, prisons, or military barracks can elevate the risk (Causes
and Risk Factors, 2022).
● Age: Infants, young children, and older adults are particularly vulnerable due to their relatively weaker immune responses (Risk Factors for
Pneumonia, 2023).
● Malnutrition: Inadequate nutrition weakens the immune system, reducing the body's capacity to fight infections (Herndon, 2025).
Precipitating Factors:
● Viral Infection: Conditions like the flu or other respiratory infections weaken the immune defenses in the lungs, making it easier for bacteria to
invade (CDC, 2023).
● Aspiration: Inhalation of food, liquids, or vomit introduces bacteria into the lungs, which can lead to pneumonia (NHLBI, 2006).
● Hospitalization: Prolonged hospital stays or the use of ventilators increase exposure to bacteria, leading to hospital-acquired pneumonia
(WHO, 2024).
● Exposure to Pathogens: Close contact with individuals carrying pneumonia-causing bacteria can trigger the infection (Mayo Clinic, 2022).

c. Signs and Symptoms:
Persistent cough with yellow, green, or blood-tinged sputum
● Coughing up yellow, green, or bloody mucus in bacterial pneumonia indicates the body's immune response to infection, with yellow or
green mucus signifying the presence of white blood cells fighting the bacteria, and bloody mucus potentially indicating severe
inflammation or damage to the respiratory tract. It typically occurs within a few days of infection as the body attempts to expel the
pathogens (Wilson, 2025).
High Fever
● Fever in bacterial pneumonia is characterized by a high body temperature, often exceeding 102°F (38.88°C), and is typically
accompanied by chills, sweating, and general malaise. The onset of fever is rapid and sudden, usually occurring within a few hours to a
day after the infection sets in (Chase, 2018).
Tiredness (fatigue)
● Tiredness in bacterial pneumonia is a common symptom resulting from the body's immune response to the infection, which can cause
significant fatigue and weakness. It occurs within the first few days of infection as the body fights off the bacteria (WebMD, 2024).
Rapid breathing
● Rapid breathing, or tachypnea, in bacterial pneumonia is a symptom where the respiratory rate increases to compensate for reduced
oxygen levels in the blood due to lung inflammation and fluid buildup. The rapid breathing typically occurs within the first 24 hours of
infection as the body attempts to maintain adequate oxygenation (Curtis, 2024).
Shortness of breath
● Shortness of breath in bacterial pneumonia is characterized by a feeling of difficulty in breathing or an inability to get enough air. This
symptom arises due to the infection and inflammation in the lungs, which impair the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The onset
of shortness of breath can be sudden and severe, often occurring alongside other symptoms such as fever, cough, and chest pain
(Cleveland Clinic, 2024).
Rapid heart rate
● Rapid heart rate, or tachycardia, in bacterial pneumonia is a symptom where the heart beats faster to compensate for reduced oxygen
levels in the blood due to lung inflammation and fluid buildup. The tachycardia typically occurs within the first 24 hours of infection as
the body attempts to maintain adequate oxygenation (Po, 2020).

Sweating or chills
● Sweating or chills in bacterial pneumonia are symptoms that occur as the body's immune response to the infection, often accompanied
by fever and shaking. These symptoms typically occur within the first 24 to 48 hours of infection as the body attempts to fight off the
bacteria (Eldridge, 2025).
Chest pain and/or abdominal pain, especially with coughing or deep breathing
● Chest pain and/or abdominal pain in bacterial pneumonia is characterized by a sharp, stabbing, or aching sensation that worsens with
coughing or deep breathing. This pain is often due to the inflammation of the pleura, the lining of the lungs, and can also be caused by
the infection spreading to the lower respiratory tract and diaphragm. The onset of chest and abdominal pain is typically sudden
(Jennifer, 2020).
Loss of appetite
● Loss of appetite in bacterial pneumonia is a common symptom resulting from the body's immune response to the infection, which can
cause significant fatigue and weakness. The loss of appetite typically occurs within the first few days of infection as the body fights off
the bacteria (Eldridge, 2025).
Cyanosis (Bluish skin, lips or nails)
● Cyanosis in bacterial pneumonia is a condition where the skin, lips, or nail beds turn a bluish color due to low oxygen levels in the
blood. This occurs because the infection and inflammation in the lungs impair the ability to exchange oxygen effectively. The onset of
cyanosis can be sudden, especially in severe cases of bacterial pneumonia, and it indicates a critical need for medical intervention to
restore proper oxygenation and treat the underlying infection (Gamache, 2024).
Confusion or altered mental state
● Confusion or altered mental state in bacterial pneumonia is characterized by disorientation, difficulty concentrating, and changes in
alertness or behavior. This symptom is often due to the body's systemic response to the infection, which can affect brain function. The
onset of confusion can be sudden, especially in severe cases or in older adults (Thomas, 2024).

d. Physical Assessment:
Bacterial pneumonia presents with a range of respiratory and systemic symptoms, making early recognition and diagnosis essential. Clinically,
patients may exhibit tachypnea, nasal flaring, retractions, grunting, and cyanosis in severe cases, along with fever, lethargy, poor feeding (in infants),
productive cough, and pleuritic chest pain

A systematic physical examination should include inspection to observe for signs of respiratory distress, use of accessory muscles, and skin
color changes, auscultation to listen for abnormal breath sounds such as crackles, diminished breath sounds, or wheezing, palpation to assess for
increased tactile fremitus and chest expansion asymmetry and percussion for dullness over consolidated lung areas may indicate pneumonia. Early
recognition of changes in physical findings is crucial for diagnosing pneumonia and monitoring its progression (Medscape, 2024)
Bacterial pneumonia can present with a variety of symptoms and physical examination findings.
e. Diagnostics and Laboratory Procedures:
Bacterial pneumonia is diagnosed through clinical assessment, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Common symptoms include cough,
fever, tachypnea, dyspnea, and crackles on auscultation. Risk factors include young age, immunosuppression, and chronic respiratory conditions.
Diagnostic Test
● Complete Blood Count (CBC) with Differential: Elevated white blood cell (WBC) count with neutrophilia suggests bacterial infection.
● C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and Procalcitonin Levels: Elevated in bacterial infections, with procalcitonin distinguishing bacterial from viral
pneumonia.
● Chest X-ray: The primary imaging tool, revealing lobar consolidation or patchy infiltrates.
● Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: Used in complicated cases, such as lung abscess or empyema.
● Sputum Gram Stain and Culture – Identifies the bacterial pathogen and its antibiotic susceptibility; proper collection is necessary to avoid
contamination.
● Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) and Bronchoscopy – Performed in severe or hospital-acquired pneumonia to obtain lower respiratory tract
samples for culture.
● Pleural Fluid Analysis (Thoracentesis) – Conducted if pleural effusion is present to assess for empyema, including Gram stain, culture, pH,
and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Empiric antibiotic therapy should be initiated promptly and adjusted based on culture results and clinical
response (Mandell et al., 2019).

C. NURSING & CLIENT CENTERED
a. Nursing Problem List
Signs &
Symptoms
Inference Nursing Diagnosis NANDA’S Definition
of the Nursing
Diagnosis
Level of
Priority (High,
Medium, Low)
Rationale of Priority
SUBJECTIVE
● Sore throat
● Frequent throat
clearing
OBJECTIVE:
● Crackles on
Auscultation
● Voice changes (such
as hoarseness or loss
of voice)
● Decreased or Absent
Breath Sounds
● A persistent cough in bacterial
pneumonia is often due to the
inflammation and infection of
the lung parenchyma, which
leads to the production of
mucus and triggers the cough
reflex as the body attempts to
clear the airways. This
symptom is typically
accompanied by other signs
such as fever, chest pain, and
difficulty breathing, which are
indicative of the body's
immune response to bacterial
pathogens (Gamache, 2024)
1. Ineffective
Airway
Clearance
related to
inflammation
and infection of
the lung
parenchyma, as
evidenced by
persistent
cough,
production of
mucus, fever,
chest pain, and
difficulty
breathing.
● Inability to clear
secretions or
obstructions
from the
respiratory tract
to maintain a
clear airway.
(NANDA,
Herdman &
Kamitsuru,
2017).
● HIGH
PRIORIT
Y
● Ineffective
airway
clearance is
prioritized as
high priority
because it
aligns with the
ABCD (airway,
breathing,
circulation, and
disability)
approach.
Because it
directly impacts
the patient's
ability to
maintain a clear
airway and
adequate
oxygenation.
The focus
begins with

ensuring an
open airway
(Airway),
assessing and
supporting
breathing
(Breathing),
maintaining
adequate
circulation
(Circulation),
and preventing
disability due to
low oxygen
(Disability).
Addressing
ineffective
airway
clearance is
critical under the
"Airway" and
"Breathing"
categories, as it
is essential for
maintaining
sufficient oxygen
levels and
avoiding
respiratory
failure. Prompt
intervention
ensures the
patient receives

the necessary
oxygen to
survive and
prevent further
complications
(Alamsah, et al.,
2022).
SUBJECTIVE:
• Abdominal Discomfort
• General Malaise
• Changes in bowel habits
OBJECTIVE:
• Reduced muscle mass
• Pale or dry lips
● Loss of appetite in bacterial
pneumonia is primarily due to
the body's systemic
inflammatory response, which
redirects energy towards
fighting the infection, leaving
less for normal physiological
functions like digestion. This is
compounded by symptoms
such as fever, fatigue, and
difficulty breathing, which
further suppress the desire to
eat (Landry, 2025).
2. Imbalanced
Nutrition: Less
Than Body
Requirements
related to the
body's systemic
inflammatory
response and
symptoms such
as fever, fatigue,
and difficulty
breathing, as
evidenced by
reduced
appetite and
insufficient
dietary intake.
● Intake of
nutrients
insufficient to
meet metabolic
needs.
(NANDA,
Herdman &
Kamitsuru,
2017)
● MEDIUM
PRIORIT
Y
● Imbalanced
Nutrition: Less
Than Body
Requirements is
considered
Medium priority
because
according to
Dorothea
Orem's
Self-Care Deficit
Theory,
inadequate
nutrition can
hinder the
patient's ability
to perform
self-care
activities,
thereby
impacting their
overall health
and recovery.
Orem's theory
highlights that

NCP-BACTERIAL-PNEUMONIA-NURSINGDIAGNOSI.pdf

patients who
cannot meet
their self-care
needs, such as
adequate
nutrition, are at
risk of further
health
complications.
Therefore,
providing
nutritional
support and
education is a
high priority to
promote
self-care and
improve patient
outcomes
(Gonzalo,
2024).
SUBJECTIVE:
• Worsening pain with
movement
• Sharp, localized pain
• Difficulty breathing due to
pain
OBJECTIVE:
• Rapid, shallow breathing
• Guarding behavior
● Chest pain and or abdominal
pain, especially with coughing
or deep breathing, in bacterial
pneumonia can be attributed
to the inflammation of the
pleura (the membrane
surrounding the lungs) and the
accumulation of fluid or pus in
the lungs. This inflammation,
known as pleurisy, often leads
to sharp, localized pain that
3. Acute Pain
related to
inflammation of
the pleura and
accumulation of
fluid or pus in
the lungs, as
evidenced by
sharp, localized
pain that
worsens with
● Unpleasant
sensory and
emotional
experience
associated with
actual or
potential tissue
damage, or
described in
terms of such
damage
● HIGH
PRIORIT
Y
● According to
Katharine
Kolcaba's
Comfort Theory
, Pain
management is
essential for
achieving
patient comfort
and overall
well-being.

• Diminished Breath Sounds worsens with respiratory
movements, as the inflamed
pleura rub against each other.
(Chase, 2018).
coughing or
deep breathing.
(International
Association for
the Study of
Pain); sudden
or slow onset
of any intensity
from mild to
severe and
with a duration
of less than 3
months.
(NANDA,
Herdman &
Kamitsuru,
2017)
Kolcaba's theory
emphasizes the
importance of
relief, ease, and
transcendence
in patient care.
By effectively
managing acute
pain, nurses can
provide relief
from discomfort,
ease the
patient's
breathing, and
promote a
sense of
well-being,
which aligns
with the holistic
approach of
Kolcaba's
Comfort Theory
(Curran, 2024).
SUBJECTIVE:
● Chest tightness
● Shallow Breaths
● Distress
OBJECTIVE:
● Labored Breathing
● Shortness of breath in
bacterial pneumonia is
primarily caused by the
inflammation and fluid
accumulation in the alveoli,
which impairs oxygen
exchange in the lungs. It leads
to hypoxemia, where the blood
oxygen levels drop, making
4. Impaired Gas
Exchange
related to
inflammation
and fluid
accumulation in
the alveoli, as
evidenced by
hypoxemia and
● may be related
to the
associated
condition of
ventilation
perfusion
imbalance and
alveolar-capilla
ry membrane
● HIGH
PRIORIT
Y
● Impaired gas
exchange is
considered high
priority in patient
care because it
aligns with the
ABCD (Airway,
Breathing,
Circulation

a. Nursing Care Plan (NCP)
CUES NURSING DIAGNOSIS OBJECTIVES NURSING INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE EVALUATION
SUBJECTIVE:
● Chest
tightness
● Shallow
Breaths
● Distress
OBJECTIVE:
● Labored
Breathing
Impaired Gas Exchange
related to inflammation
and fluid accumulation in
the alveoli.
SHORT TERM:
Enhance Breathing
Efficiency: The patient
will demonstrate
effective use of deep
breathing and
coughing techniques
to clear airways and
improve breathing
within 72 hours.
(Salvador, 2024).
LONG TERM:
Enhanced Physical
Activity Tolerance: The
patient will engage in
regular physical
activity and report no
significant shortness of
breath during or after
exercises within three
months (Salvador,
2024).
INDEPENDENT:
● Positioning: Elevate
the head of the
patient's bed to a
semi-Fowler's (30-45
degrees) or high
Fowler's (60-90
degrees) position. This
helps to decrease the
pressure on the
diaphragm and allows
for better lung
expansion. Encourage
the patient to sit up or
lean forward slightly,
which can make
breathing easier.
(Wayne, 2024).
● Elevating the head
of the patient's bed
to a semi-Fowler's
or high Fowler's
position is a crucial
intervention for
managing impaired
gas exchange
related to
inflammation and
fluid accumulation
in the alveoli. This
positioning helps
decrease the
pressure on the
diaphragm,
allowing for better
lung expansion and
improved
oxygenation.
Encouraging the
patient to sit up or
lean forward
slightly can further
enhance breathing
by facilitating the
movement of air in
and out of the
● The patient will
experience
improved
respiratory
function. Elevating
the head of the bed
to a semi-Fowler's
or high Fowler's
position reduces
pressure on the
diaphragm,
allowing for better
lung expansion.
This positioning
facilitates easier
breathing by
optimizing the
mechanics of
respiration and
improving
oxygenation.
Encouraging the
patient to sit up or
lean forward
slightly further
enhances their
ability to breathe
comfortably,

● Instruct the patient to
inhale deeply through
the nose and exhale
slowly through pursed
lips (like blowing out a
candle). This technique
helps to keep the
airways open longer,
allowing for more
efficient gas exchange
and reducing the
feeling of
breathlessness.
lungs. This
intervention is
essential for
preventing
respiratory distress
and promoting
effective gas
exchange. Proper
positioning can
significantly
improve the
patient's comfort
and overall
respiratory function
(Wayne, 2024).
● Instructing the
patient to inhale
deeply through the
nose and exhale
slowly through
pursed lips is a
crucial intervention
for managing
impaired gas
exchange related
to inflammation
and fluid
accumulation in the
alveoli. This
technique helps to
particularly in
cases of respiratory
distress or
conditions like
chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
(COPD) or heart
failure.
experience
improved control
over their breathing
and a reduction in
the sensation of
breathlessness.
This technique,
known as
pursed-lip
breathing,
promotes more
effective airflow
and better gas
exchange by

(Wayne, 2024). keep the airways
open longer,
allowing for more
efficient gas
exchange and
reducing the
feeling of
breathlessness. By
slowing down the
exhalation process,
pursed-lip
breathing improves
ventilation and
helps to release
trapped air in the
lungs, enhancing
overall
oxygenation. It is
essential for
preventing
and promoting
effective gas
exchange. Proper
breathing
techniques can
significantly
improve the
patient's comfort
and overall
(Cleveland Clinic,
2024).
prolonging
exhalation and
preventing airway
collapse. It can be
particularly
beneficial for
patients with
conditions such as
chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
(COPD) or asthma,
as it helps them
maintain
oxygenation and
manage dyspnea.
Additionally, It can
empower the
patient by providing
a simple,
non-invasive
method to alleviate
respiratory
discomfort and
improve their
overall sense of
well-being.

DEPENDENT:
● Administering
prescribed medications
such as
bronchodilators to
improve airway
patency,
anti-inflammatory
agents to reduce
inflammation, and
diuretics to manage
fluid accumulation, as
prescribed by the
physician (Caruso,
2025).
● Administering
prescribed
medications such
as bronchodilators,
anti-inflammatory
agents, and
diuretics is
essential for
managing impaired
gas exchange
related to
inflammation and
fluid accumulation
in the alveoli.
Bronchodilators
help to improve
airway patency by
relaxing the
bronchial muscles,
making it easier for
the patient to
breathe.
Anti-inflammatory
agents reduce
inflammation in the
airways,
decreasing
experience relief
from symptoms
associated with
respiratory and
cardiac conditions,
leading to improved
overall comfort and
quality of life.
Administering
bronchodilators
enhances airway
patency by relaxing
bronchial muscles,
facilitating easier
airflow.
Anti-inflammatory
agents reduce
airway
inflammation,
preventing further
complications and
improving oxygen
exchange.
Diuretics assist in
managing fluid
accumulation,

swelling and
mucus production,
which enhances
gas exchange.
Diuretics help to
manage fluid
accumulation by
promoting the
excretion of excess
fluid, reducing
pulmonary
congestion and
improving
oxygenation
(Powers &
Dharmoon, 2023).
particularly in
cases of pulmonary
edema, by
promoting the
excretion of excess
fluid, thus reducing
the burden on the
respiratory and
cardiovascular
systems. This
comprehensive
approach, when
followed as
prescribed,
contributes to
stabilizing the
patient's condition
and promoting
effective symptom
management.

● Monitor arterial blood
gases (ABGs) and
pulse oximetry as
ordered to assess
oxygenation and
ventilation status,
allowing the physician
to make necessary
adjustments in
respiratory support
(González-García et
al., 2021).
● Monitoring arterial
blood gases
(ABGs) and pulse
oximetry is crucial
for assessing
oxygenation and
ventilation status in
patients with
impaired gas
exchange related
to inflammation
and fluid
accumulation in the
alveoli. ABGs
provide detailed
information about
the patient's
acid-base balance,
oxygen, and
carbon dioxide
levels, which are
essential for
evaluating
and guiding
treatment
decisions. Pulse
oximetry offers a
non-invasive
method to
continuously
monitor oxygen
saturation, allowing
experience
improved
respiratory
management and
stabilization of
oxygenation and
ventilation levels.
Monitoring arterial
blood gases
(ABGs) and pulse
oximetry provides
vital, real-time data
on the patient's
respiratory and
metabolic status.
This enables the
healthcare team to
promptly detect
abnormalities, such
as hypoxemia or
hypercapnia, and
make necessary
adjustments to
respiratory support
or medical
interventions. By
closely tracking
these parameters,
this nursing
intervention helps
in preventing
complications,

for timely detection
of hypoxemia and
the effectiveness of
interventions.
These
assessments
enable the
physician to make
necessary
adjustments in
respiratory support,
such as modifying
oxygen therapy or
ventilation settings,
to optimize patient
outcomes. Regular
monitoring ensures
that any changes in
the patient's
condition are
promptly
addressed,
preventing further
complications
(Powerset et al.,
2023).
ensuring
appropriate
treatment, and
fostering optimal
for the patient.

COLLABORATIVE:
● Collaborative with
Respiratory therapists
provide treatments like
nebulization and chest
physiotherapy to
improve airway
clearance and
oxygenation.Pharmaci
sts collaborate to
administer medications
such as
bronchodilators and
corticosteroids to
reduce inflammation
and open airways.
(Wayne, 2024).
● Respiratory
therapists provide
treatments like
nebulization and
chest
physiotherapy to
improve airway
clearance and
oxygenation, which
are essential for
maintaining
adequate gas
exchange.
Pharmacists
collaborate to
administer
medications such
as bronchodilators
and corticosteroids
to reduce
inflammation and
open airways,
enhancing the
patient's ability to
breathe effectively.
These
interventions are
crucial for
preventing
and promoting
effective gas
exchange. Regular
experience
enhanced
and relief from
symptoms such as
breathlessness and
airway obstruction.
Collaborating with
respiratory
therapists ensures
the delivery of
specialized
treatments like
nebulization and
chest
physiotherapy,
which help clear
mucus, improve
airway clearance,
and enhance
oxygenation.
Pharmacists
contribute by
preparing and
administering
medications like
bronchodilators
and corticosteroids
to relax bronchial
muscles, reduce
inflammation, and
open airways. This

● Collaborate with
dietitians to educate
patients on smoking
cessation and
nutritional support to
enhance overall
respiratory health.
Regular monitoring of
the patient's respiratory
status by the
interdisciplinary team
ensures timely
adjustments to the
monitoring and
adjustments by the
interdisciplinary
team ensure
optimal patient
outcomes (Wayne,
2024).
● Dietitians work
together to educate
patients on
smoking cessation
and nutritional
support to enhance
overall respiratory
health, which is
crucial for
improving lung
function and
reducing
inflammation.
multidisciplinary
approach combines
expertise to provide
comprehensive
care, ultimately
improving the
patient’s quality of
life and facilitating
better health
outcomes.
experience
improved
respiratory health
and an enhanced
understanding of
lifestyle changes
that support their
condition. By
collaborating with
dietitians, patients
receive valuable
education on

care plan. (Wayne,
2024).
Regular monitoring
of the patient's
respiratory status
by the
interdisciplinary
team ensures
timely adjustments
to the care plan,
optimizing patient
outcomes. This
collaborative
approach helps to
address the
underlying causes
of impaired gas
exchange and
promotes effective
interventions to
improve the
patient's
respiratory health
(Wayne, 2024).
smoking cessation,
which significantly
reduces respiratory
risks and promotes
lung function.
Nutritional support
further strengthens
the patient's overall
health, boosting
immunity and
aiding in better
respiratory
outcomes. Regular
monitoring by the
interdisciplinary
team ensures that
any changes in the
patient's respiratory
status are promptly
addressed,
allowing for timely
adjustments to the
care plan. This
comprehensive
approach fosters a
proactive,
supportive
environment for the
patient's recovery
and well-being.

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