NGRX Apps in Depth

June 15, 2017
IPT – Intellectual
Products & Technologies
NGRX Apps in
Depth – RxJS,
Reselect, Router,
IndexedDB,
@Effects
Trayan Iliev
tiliev@iproduct.org
http://iproduct.org
Copyright © 2003-2017 IPT - Intellectual
Products & Technologies

IPT - Intellectual Products & Technologies
2
Since 2003 we provide trainings and share skills in
JS/ TypeScript/ Node/ Express/ Socket.IO/ NoSQL/
Angular/ React / Java SE/ EE/ Web/ REST SOA:
 Node.js + Express/ hapi + React.js + Redux + GraphQL
 Angular + TypeScript + Redux (ngrx)
 Java EE6/7, Spring, JSF, Portals: Liferay, GateIn
 Reactive IoT with Reactor / RxJava / RxJS
 SOA & Distributed Hypermedia APIs (REST)
 Domain Driven Design & Reactive Microservices

3
NGRX Apps in Depth
 State management, event sourcing, DDD, reactive
programming, and stream based service architectures
 Flux, Redux & NGRX: Reactive Extensions for Angular
 Composing NGRX Reducers, Selectors & Middleware
 Computing derived data (memoization): Reselect, RxJS
 Observable (hot) streams of async actions – isolating
side effects using @Effect & RxJS reactive transforms
 NGRX-Router integration, Material Design, PrimeNG
 Normalization/denormalization, local data – IndexedDB
 Example app – code structure, lazy loading, etc.

Where to Find the Demo Code?
4
Angular and NGRX demos are available @GitHub:
https://github.com/iproduct/course-angular
 ipt-knowledge-manager – NGRX, Reselect, RxJS
@Effects, modules lazy loading, AOT
 angular2-change-detection-demos – modified from
https://github.com/thoughtram/angular2-change-
detection-demos
 ngrx-example-app – NGRX official demo from
https://github.com/ngrx/example-app, IndexedDB

Data / Event / Message Streams
5
“Conceptually, a stream is a (potentially never-ending)
flow of data records, and a transformation is an
operation that takes one or more streams as input,
and produces one or more output streams as a
result.”
Apache Flink: Dataflow Programming Model

Data Stream Programming
6
The idea of abstracting logic from execution is hardly
new -- it was the dream of SOA. And the recent
emergence of microservices and containers shows that
the dream still lives on.
For developers, the question is whether they want to
learn yet one more layer of abstraction to their coding.
… there's the elusive promise of a common API to
streaming engines that in theory should let you mix and
match, or swap in and swap out.
Tony Baer (Ovum) @ ZDNet - Apache Beam and Spark:
New comopetition for squashing the Lambda Architecture?

Listen to Quark:
7
“Good things come in small packages”
Quark – Star Trek DS9 character
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12544179, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, "Emissary", Fair use

Lambda Architecture - I
8
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=34963986, By Textractor - Own work, CC BY-SA 4

Lambda Architecture - II
9
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=34963987, By Textractor - Own work, CC BY-SA 4

Lambda Architecture - III
10
 Data-processing architecture designed to handle
massive quantities of data by using both batch- and
stream-processing methods
 Balances latency, throughput, fault-tolerance, big data,
real-time analytics, mitigates the latencies of map-
reduce
 Data model with an append-only, immutable data
source that serves as a system of record
 Ingesting and processing timestamped events that are
appended to existing events. State is determined from
the natural time-based ordering of the data.

Druid Distributed Data Store
11
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33899448 By Fangjin Yang - sent to me personally, GFDL
Apache
ZooKeeper
MySQL /
PostgreSQL
HDFS /
Amazon S3

Lambda Architecture: Projects - I
12

Direct Acyclic Graphs - DAG
13

14
 Performance is about 2 things:
– Throughput – units per second, and
– Latency – response time, responsiveness - especially
important from end user perspective (front-end)
 Real-time – time constraint from input to response
regardless of system load.
 Hard real-time system if this constraint is not honored then
a total system failure can occur.
 Soft real-time system – low latency response with little
deviation in response time
 100 nano-seconds to 100 milli-seconds. [Peter Lawrey]
What High Performance Means?

Synchronous vs. Asynchronous IO
15
DB
Synchronous
A
A
B
B
DB
Asynchronous
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D

Tracking Complexity
16
We need tools to cope with all that complexity inherent in
real world applications.
Simple solutions are needed – cope with problems through
divide and concur on different levels of abstraction:
Domain Driven Design (DDD) – back to basics:
domain objects, data and logic.
Described by Eric Evans in his book:
Domain Driven Design: Tackling Complexity in the Heart of
Software, 2004

Microservices and DDD
17
Main concepts:
 Entities, value objects and modules
 Aggregates and Aggregate Roots:
value < entity < aggregate < module < BC
 Aggregate Roots are exposed as Open Host Services
 Hexagonal architecture :
OUTSIDE <-> transformer <->
( application <-> domain )

Imperative and Reactive
18
We live in a Connected Universe
... there is hypothesis that all
the things in the Universe are
intimately connected, and you
can not change a bit without
changing all.
Action – Reaction principle is
the essence of how Universe
behaves.

Imperative and Reactive
 Reactive Programming: using static or dynamic data
flows and propagation of change
Example: a := b + c
 Functional Programming: evaluation of mathematical
functions,
➢ Avoids changing-state and mutable data, declarative
programming
➢ Side effects free => much easier to understand and
predict the program behavior.
Example: Observable.from(['Reactive', 'Extensions','JS'])
.take(2).map(s => `${s}: on ${new Date()}`)
.subscribe(s => console.log(s));

Functional Reactive (FRP)
20
According to Connal Elliot's (ground-breaking paper
@Conference on Functional Programming, 1997), FRP is:
(a) Denotative (Compositional): Observables can be
composed with higher-order combinators
(b) Temporally continuous (Lazy): Observables do
not start emitting data until an Observer has
subscribed

Reactive Manifesto
21
[http://www.reactivemanifesto.org]

22
 Message Driven – asynchronous message-passing
allows to establish a boundary between components
that ensures loose coupling, isolation, location
transparency, and provides the means to delegate
errors as messages.
[Reactive Manifesto]
Scalable, Massively Concurrent

Reactive Programming Specs
23
 Reactive Streams Specification
[http://www.reactive-streams.org/]
 ES7 Observable Spec (implemented by RxJS 5)
[https://github.com/tc39/proposal-observable]
Open source polyglot project ReactiveX (Reactive
Extensions) [http://reactivex.io]:
Rx = Observables + LINQ + Schedulers :)
Java: RxJava, JavaScript: RxJS, C#: Rx.NET, Scala: RxScala,
Clojure: RxClojure, C++: RxCpp, Ruby: Rx.rb, Python: RxPY,
Groovy: RxGroovy, JRuby: RxJRuby, Kotlin: RxKotlin ...

Reactive Streams Spec.
24
 Publisher – provider of potentially unbounded number
of sequenced elements, according to Subscriber(s)
demand.
Publisher.subscribe(Subscriber) => onSubscribe onNext*
(onError | onComplete)?
 Subscriber – calls Subscription.request(long) to
receive notifications
 Subscription – one-to-one Subscriber ↔ Publisher,
request data and cancel demand (allow cleanup).
 Processor = Subscriber + Publisher

ES7 Observable Spec (RxJS 5)
25
interface Observable {
constructor(subscriber : SubscriberFunction);
subscribe(observer : Observer) : Subscription;
subscribe(onNext : Function,
onError? : Function,
onComplete? : Function) : Subscription;
[Symbol.observable]() : Observable;
static of(...items) : Observable;
static from(iterableOrObservable) : Observable;
}
interface Subscription {
unsubscribe() : void;
get closed() : Boolean;
}

26
RxJS – JS ReactiveX (Reactive Extensions)
[http://reactivex.io, https://github.com/ReactiveX]
 ReactiveX is a polyglot library for composing asynchronous
event streams (observable sequences).
 It extends the observer pattern by declarative composition of
functional transformations on events streams (e.g. map-filter-
reduce, etc.)
 Abstracs away low-level concerns like concurrency,
synchronization, and non-blocking I/O.
 Follows the next - error - completed event flow
 Allows natural implementation of Redux design pattern
 Alternative (together with promises) for solving “callback hell”
problem

27
RxJS Resources
RxMarbles:
http://rxmarbles.com/
RxJS Coans:
https://github.com/Reactive-Extensions/RxJSKoans
Learn RxJS:
https://www.learnrxjs.io/

Source: https://github.com/ReactiveX/rxjs/blob/master/doc/asset/marble-diagram-anatomy.svg, Apache v2
Anatomy of Rx Operator

Example: combineLatest()
29
https://projectreactor.io/core/docs/api/, Apache Software License 2.0

Example: switchMap()
30
http://reactivex.io/rxjs/class/es6/Observable.js~Observable.html, Apache Software License 2.0

Hot and Cold Event Streams
31
 PULL-based (Cold Event Streams) – Cold streams are
streams that run their sequence when and if they are
subscribed to. They present the sequence from the start
to each subscriber.
 PUSH-based (Hot Event Streams) – Hot streams emit
values independent of individual subscriptions. They
have their own timeline and events occur whether
someone is listening or not. An example of this is
mouse events. A mouse is generating events regardless
of whether there is a subscription. When subscription is
made observer receives current events as they happen.

Converting Cold to Hot Stream
32

Flux Design Pattern
Source: Flux in GitHub, https://github.com/facebook/flux, License: BSD 3-clause "New" License

Linear flow:
Source: @ngrx/store in GitHub, https://gist.github.com/btroncone/a6e4347326749f938510
Redux Design Pattern

Source: RxJava 2 API documentation, http://reactivex.io/RxJava/2.x/javadoc/
Redux == Rx Scan Opearator

Source: RxJS docs, https://github.com/ReactiveX/rxjs/blob/master/doc/tutorial/applications.md
Redux in Plain RxJS
import Immutable from 'immutable';
import someObservable from './someObservable';
import someOtherObservable from './someOtherObservable';
var initialState = { foo: 'bar' };
var state = Observable.merge(
someObservable,
someOtherObservable
).scan((state, changeFn) => changeFn(state),
Immutable.fromJS(initialState));
export default state;

Redux in Plain RxJS
state.js:
import Immutable from 'immutable';
import someObservable from './someObservable';
import someOtherObservable from './someOtherObservable';
var initialState = { foo: 'bar' };
var state = Observable.merge(
someObservable,
someOtherObservable
).scan((state, changeFn) => changeFn(state),
Immutable.fromJS(initialState));
export default state;

Redux in Plain RxJS
client.js:
import state from './state';
state.subscribe(state => {
document.querySelector('#text').innerHTML =
state.get('foo');
});

NGRX: Reactive Extensions for Angular
 core – core functionality for the ngrx platform
 store – RxJS powered state management for Angular
applications, inspired by Redux
 router-store – bindings to connect the Angular Router to
@ngrx/store
 effects – side effect model for @ngrx/store
 db – RxJS powered IndexedDB for Angular apps
 notify – Web Notifications powered by RxJS for Angular
 store-devtools, store-log-monitor - dev tools, monitoring
 example-app – example app showcasing ngrx platform

Bootstraping NGRX App
 In app.module.ts:
@NgModule({
imports: [
StoreModule.provideStore(reducer),
RouterStoreModule.connectRouter(),
StoreDevtoolsModule.instrumentOnlyWithExtension(),
EffectsModule.run(BookEffects),
EffectsModule.run(CollectionEffects),
DBModule.provideDB(schema),
...
]
...

NGRX: Defining State & Reducers
 in root.reducer.ts:
export interface RootState {
router: fromRouter.RouterState;
ui: fromUi.State;
users: fromUsers.State;
tests: fromTests.State;
}
export const reducers: ReducersMap = {
router: fromRouter.routerReducer,
ui: fromUi.reducer,
users: fromUsers.reducer,
tests: fromTests.reducer
};

NGRX: Composing Root Reducer
 in root.reducer.ts:
const developmentReducer: ActionReducer<S> =
compose(storeFreeze, combineReducers)(reducers);
const productionReducer: ActionReducer<S> =
combineReducers(reducers);
export function rootReducer(state: any, action: any) {
if (environment.production) {
return productionReducer(state, action)
} else {
return developmentReducer(state,action)
}
}
Store Middleware Composition
Needs to be statically importable by AOT

NGRX Selectors
 A selector function is a factory for mapping functions.
 Returned function maps from larger state tree into a feature
substate tree (destructing the larger state).
 Selectors are used with the `select` ngrx Store operator.
Following example shows selector selecting the `users`
sub-state:
class ClientComponent {
constructor(store$: Observable<State>) {
this.usersState$ = store$.select(getUsersState);
}
}

Composing User Selectors
 in users/user.selectors.ts:
// User state selectors
export const getEntities =
(state: State) => state.entities;
export const getIds = (state: State) => state.ids;
export const getAll =
createSelector(getEntities, getIds, (entities, ids)=>{
return ids.map(id => entities[id]);
});
// Root state selectors
export const getUsersState =
(state: RootState) => state.users;
export const getUsers =
createSelector(getUsersState, getAll);

Using Reselect
 in users/user.selectors.ts:
// User state selectors
export const getEntities =
(state: State) => state.entities;
export const getIds = (state: State) => state.ids;
export const getAll =
createSelector(getEntities, getIds, (entities, ids)=>{
return ids.map(id => entities[id]);
});
// Root state selectors
export const getUsersState =
(state: RootState) => state.users;
export const getUsers =
createSelector(getUsersState, getAll);

Computing Derived Data: Reselect
 Selectors can compute derived data, allowing Redux to
store the minimal possible state.
 Selectors are efficient. A selector is not recomputed
unless one of its arguments change.
 Selectors are composable. They can be used as input
to other selectors.
 Works correctly only when combined with immutability.

Computing Derived Data: Reselect
import { createSelector } from 'reselect'
const getVisibilityFilter =
(state) => state.visibilityFilter
const getTodos = (state) => state.todos
export const getVisibleTodos = createSelector(
[ getVisibilityFilter, getTodos ],
(visibilityFilter, todos) => {
switch (visibilityFilter) {
case 'SHOW_ALL':
return todos
case 'SHOW_COMPLETED':
return todos.filter(t => t.completed)
case 'SHOW_ACTIVE':
return todos.filter(t => !t.completed)
}});

Can You Spot the Problem Here?
const isFirstTodoCompleteSelector = createSelector(
state => state.todos[0], todo => todo && todo.completed)
export default function todos(state = initState, action)
{
switch (action.type) {
case COMPLETE_ALL:
const allMarked = state.every(todo => todo.completed)
return state.map(todo => {
todo.completed = !allMarked
return todo
})
default: return state
}}

Can We Memoize without Reselect?
 In users/components/user-list.component.ts:
public ngOnInit() {
this.store.dispatch(this.userActions.loadUsers());
this.subscription = this.selectedId$
.filter(id => !!id)
.distinctUntilChanged()
.subscribe(id => this.store.dispatch(
go(['users', id])));

Router Integration, MD, PrimeNG

State Normalization / Denormalization
[http://redux.js.org/docs/recipes/reducers/NormalizingStateShape.html]
 When a piece of data is duplicated in several places, it
becomes harder to make sure that it is updated
appropriately
 Nested data means that the corresponding reducer
logic has to be more nested or more complex. In
particular, trying to update a deeply nested field can
become very ugly very fast.
 Since immutable data updates require all ancestors in
the state tree to be copied and updated as well, an
update to a deeply nested data object could force
totally unrelated UI components to re-render even if the
data they're displaying hasn't actually changed.

Example: Users State Normalization
export interface State {
ids: IdentityType[];
entities: { [id: string]: User };
selectedUserId: IdentityType | null;
loading: boolean;
};
export const initialState: State = {
ids: [],
entities: {},
selectedUserId: null,
loading: false
};
export function usersReducer(state = initialState,
action: Action): State {
switch (action.type) { ...

IndexedDB
 IndexedDB is a low-level API for client-side storage of
significant amounts of structured data (key-value pairs),
including files/blobs.
 API uses indexes to enable high-performance searches
of this data. Web Storage - useful for smaller data.
 IndexedDB is built on a transactional database model –
everything you do in IndexedDB always happens in the
context of a transaction.
 The IndexedDB API is mostly asynchronous – you have
to pass a callback function.
 IndexedDB uses DOM events to notify you when
results are available - type prop ("success" or "error").

Example: @Effect and IndexedDB
constructor(private actions$: Actions, private db:
Database) { }
@Effect({ dispatch: false })
openDB$: Observable<any> = defer(() => {
return this.db.open('books_app');
});
@Effect()
loadCollection$: Observable<Action> = this.actions$
.ofType(collection.LOAD)
.startWith(new collection.LoadAction())
.switchMap(() => this.db.query('books').toArray()
.map((books: Book[]) =>
new collection.LoadSuccessAction(books))
.catch(error => of(
new collection.LoadFailAction(error))) );

@Effect()
addBookToCollection$: Observable<Action> =
this.actions$
.ofType(collection.ADD_BOOK)
.map((action: collection.AddBookAction) =>
action.payload)
.mergeMap(book =>
this.db.insert('books', [ book ])
.map(() =>
new collection.AddBookSuccessAction(book))
.catch(() => of(
new collection.AddBookFailAction(book)))
);

@Effect()
removeBookFromCollection$: Observable<Action> =
this.actions$
.ofType(collection.REMOVE_BOOK)
.map((action: collection.RemoveBookAction) =>
action.payload)
.mergeMap(book =>
this.db.executeWrite('books', 'delete', [book.id])
.map(() =>
new collection.RemoveBookSuccessAction(book))
.catch(() => of(
new collection.RemoveBookFailAction(book)))
);

export interface RootState {
ui: fromUi.State;
router: fromRouter.RouterState;
}
export interface ReducersMap {
[key: string]: ActionReducer<any>; }
const reducers: ReducersMap = {
ui: fromUi.reducer,
router: fromRouter.routerReducer
};
const devProdReducers: ReducersMap = {
developmentReducer:
compose(storeFreeze, combineReducers)(reducers),
productionReducer: combineReducers(reducers)
}
How to Lazy Load Reducers? - I

export function addReducer<S>(name: string, reducer:
ActionReducer<S>): void {
reducers[name] = reducer;
devProdReducers['developmentReducer'] =
compose(storeFreeze, combineReducers)(reducers);
devProdReducers['productionReducer'] =
combineReducers(reducers);
}
export function rootReducer(state: any, action: any) {
if (environment.production) {
return devProdReducers.productionReducer(state, action)
} else {
return devProdReducers.developmentReducer(state,action)
}
}
How to Lazy Load Reducers? - II
This works happily with AOT!

 in lazy loaded module (users/user.module.ts):
@NgModule({ ... })
export class UserModule {
constructor() {
addReducer<UserState>('users', usersReducer);
}
}
export interface RootState extends OldRootState {
users: UserState;
}
 Then everywhere in lazy loaded module import augmented
RootState from that lazy loaded module (from
users/user.module.ts, not from root.reducer.ts).
Adding New Lazy Loaded Reducer

Where to Find the Demo Code?
60
Angular and NGRX demos are available @GitHub:
https://github.com/iproduct/course-angular
 ipt-knowledge-manager – NGRX, Reselect, RxJS
@Effects, modules lazy loading, AOT
 angular2-change-detection-demos – modified from
https://github.com/thoughtram/angular2-change-
detection-demos
 ngrx-example-app – NGRX official demo from
https://github.com/ngrx/example-app, IndexedDB

Thank’s for Your Attention!
61
Trayan Iliev
CEO of IPT – Intellectual Products
& Technologies
http://iproduct.org/
http://robolearn.org/
https://github.com/iproduct
https://twitter.com/trayaniliev
https://www.facebook.com/IPT.EACAD
https://plus.google.com/+IproductOrg

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