NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES IN CHILDREN.pptx
- 1. NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES PRESENTED BY: M.ASVINI, NURSING TUTOR, CHILD HEALTH NURSING, SHRI SATHYA SAI COLLEGE OF NURSING, (SRI BALAJI VIDYAPEETH - DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY CHENNAI CAMPUS.
- 2. INTRODUCTON • The body requires many different vitamins and minerals that are crucial for both body development and preventing disease. They aren't produced naturally in the body, so you have to get them from your diet.
- 3. DEFINITION • A nutritional deficiency occurs when the body doesn't absorb or get the necessary amount of a nutrient from food. Deficiencies can lead to a variety of health problems.
- 4. INCIDENCE • The prevalence of nutritional disorders were 47.42%, anemia and vitamin A deficiency were the common among them.
- 5. TYPES OF NUTRITONAL DEFICIENCY • PRIMARY NUTRITONAL DEFICIENY: It mainly occurs because a person doesn't get enough of certain vital nutrients and of the missing nutrient suplementation. • SECONDARDY NUTRITONAL DEFICIENCY: • It occurs when the body's ability to absorb nutrients is limited by a medical condition or illness
- 6. TYPE OF NUTRITONAL DEFICIENCY • Vitamin deficiency • Mineral deficiency • Protein deficiency • Lipid deficiency
- 7. VITAMINS FAT SOLUBLE WATER SOLUBLE Vitamin A (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid) Thiamine (vitamin B1) Vitamin D (calciferol, cholecalciferol) Riboflavin (vitamin B2) Vitamin E (tocopherol) Niacin (vitamin B3) Vitamin K (phylloquinone) Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) Folacin (vitamin B9) Cobalamin (vitamin B12) Pantothenic acid (vitamin B4) Biotin Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
- 8. CAUSES OF VITAMIN DEFICIENCY • Poor diet • Mal-absorption of nutrition in the body • Prolonged illness • Burns • Kidney failure • Inability to ear • Not eating enough • Medication that can interfere with nutrient metabolism
- 9. VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY • Vitamin A is a group of nutrients crucial for eye health and functioning and reproductive health in men and women. It also plays a part in strengthening the immune system against infections.
- 10. sources
- 11. DEFICIENCY DISORDERS • NIGHT BLINDNESS: Unable to see clearly at night • XEROPTHALMIA: Dry eyes • BITOT’S SPORT: thick triangular patch in the sclera of the eyes • DRY SKIN • DRY HAIR
- 13. TREATMENT • Children aged 3 years or younger - 600 mcg (2000IU) • Children aged 4-8 years- 900 mcg (3000 IU) • Children aged 9-13 years - 1700 mcg (5665IU) • Children aged 14-18 years - 2800 mcg (9335IU) • All adults - 300 mcg (10,000 IU)
- 14. Thiamine (vitamin B-1) deficiency • Another common nutritional deficiency occurs with thiamine, also known as vitamin B-1. Thiamine is an important part of your nervous system. It also helps your body turn carbohydrates into energy as part of your metabolism.
- 15. SOURCES
- 16. DEFICIENCY DISEASES • Dry beriberi : depression • Wet beriberi : confusion and weakness • Infantile beriberi: wasting • Wernicke’s encephalopathy: heart problems, degeneration of nervous system, poor appetite. •
- 18. RIBOFLAVIN (Vitamin B2) • Riboflavin is also called as yellow respiratory enzyme. It is a cytochrome oxidase enzyme. • It rapidly absorbed from the bowel and stored in tissues
- 19. FUNCTIONS • It produced the energy • Cell respiration • Maintenance of good vision, skin, nails • It is useful for carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism.
- 20. SOURCES • Eggs • Meat • Leafy vegetables • Milk
- 21. • CLINICAL MANIFESTATION • Itching and burning eyes • Oily skin • Dermatitis • Digestive disturbances • Cracks and sores in mouth and lips. • TREATMENT • Dietary recommendation
- 22. NIACIN (VITAMIN B-3) DEFICIENCY • Niacin is another mineral that helps the body convert food into energy. It's also known as vitamin B-3. It causes the pallegra. • It plays a role in converting carbohydrate into glucose metabolizing fats and proteins and keeping the nervous system working properly.
- 23. • Causes • Alcoholism • Disorders of digestive system • Tuberculosis drugs like isonaizid. • SOURCES • Red meat, poultry, fortified breads and cereals and enriched pasta and peanuts.
- 25. TREATMENT • Niacin supplementation – 20 mg/day. • Multivitamin supplementation
- 26. PANTOTHENIC ACID (vitamin B 5) • It is one of the most important vitamins for human life. It is necessary for making blood cells and helps in convert the food to energy. • It is needed for healthy skin, hair and eyes. • Proper functioning of nervous system and liver. • Making RBC which carry oxygen throughout the body.
- 27. SOURCES • Broccoli • Cabbage • White and sweet potatoes • Mushrooms • Nuts, Beans • Meat and poultry
- 28. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION • Burning foot syndrome (burning sensation in feet) • Headache • Fatigue • Irritability • Impaired muscle coordination • Gastro-intestinal problems
- 29. PYRIDOXINE (Vitamin B6) • It is a water soluble vitamin mainly used for protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism and creating red blood cells. It is having the main functions on nervous system functions, immunity and maintaining proper balance of sodium and phosphorous. It is useful for reducing muscle spasm, cramps and numbness.
- 30. SOURCES • Meat • liver • Eggs • Green vegetables • Whole grains and legumes • cereals
- 31. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION • Neurological symptoms like peripheral neuritis, depression, nervousness, irritability, microcytic anaemia and dermatitis, insomnia, muscle weakness and leg cramps will occur.
- 32. BIOTIN (vitamin B7) • It is a very rare vitamin which is helpful for providing energy, helps produce body chemicals (insulin). • The main functions include act as coenzymes, formation and synthesis of fatty acids and glycogen. • SOURCES • Yeast, liver, legumes, eggs and fish.
- 33. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION • Nausea • Anorexia • Neurological symptoms like • hallucination, • Depression.
- 34. FOLATE (VITAMIN B-9) DEFICIENCY • Vitamin B-9 helps the body create red blood cells and produce DNA. It's often referred to as folate. Folate also helps brain development and nervous system functioning. • Folate is especially important for fetal development. It plays a crucial role in the formation of a developing child's brain and spinal cord. Folate deficiency can lead to severe birth defects, growth problems, or anaemia.
- 35. SOURCES OF FOLATE • Beans and lentils, citrus fruits, leafy green vegetables, asparagus, meats, such as poultry and pork, shellfish, fortified grain products, whole grains • While beans can provide a great amount of folate, the folate content in canned beans is about half of what cooked, dried beans offer.
- 36. Clinical manifestation • Fatigue, gray hair, mouth sores, tongue swelling, growth problems. Lethargy, irritability, shortness of breath, pale skin, neural tube defect, anaemia. • TREATEMENT • 40 mg of folic acid per day
- 37. Cobalamin (vitamin B-12) deficiency • Vitamin B-12 is a B vitamin that's responsible for assisting the body in making enough healthy red blood cells.
- 38. CAUSES • Deficiency in this vitamin is common among people who: • are vegans • have had gastric surgery • are over 60 years old • have diabetes and take metformin (Glucophage) • have a long history of antacid • lack intrinsic factor
- 39. Clinical manifestation • Weakness • Shortness of breath • Pale skin • Nerve problems like numbness or tingling and muscle weakness. • Mental problems like depression, memory loss or behavioural changes. • Constipation, loss of appetite
- 40. SOURCES • Animal sources like dairy products, eggs, fish, meat and poultry. • TREATMENT • Vitamin B12 Supplementation
- 41. VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY • Vitamin c cannot be made by the human body and so is an essential component of the diet, it need for health and repair of various tissue in out body including skin, bone, teeth and cartilage. Persistent lack of vitamin c in a diet can lead to a condition is called scurvey.
- 42. sources
- 43. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION • Tiredness and weakness • Muscle and joint pain • Weakness, swelling of joints, microlytic anemia. • Sports that look tiny red-blue bruises on the skin. • Swelling and discoloration of gums • Sudden and unexpected blooding from gums, swollen joints.
- 44. VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY • Vitamin D is essential for healthy bones. It helps the body maintain the right levels of calcium in order to regulate the development of teeth and bones. A lack of this nutrient can lead to stunted or poor bone growth. Osteoporosis, caused by a lack of calcium and vitamin D, can lead to porous and fragile bones that break very easily.
- 45. SOURCES • Vitamin D is only found naturally in a few foods. Foods with vitamin D include: • fish liver oils, fatty fish, mushrooms, egg yolks, liver. Many dairy products and plant milks are fortified with vitamin D.
- 46. • CAUSES • Cystic fibrosis, crohn’s disease and celiac disease, weight loss surgery, obesity, kidney and liver diseases. • SYMPTOMS • Fatigue • Bone pain • Muscle weakness • Muscle cramps • Mood changes like depression • Muscle aches
- 47. VITAMIN E • Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin with antioxidant qualities tat helps keep your immune system strong. It occurs naturally in a wide range of foods and is even added to certain food products to help you increase your intake. • Because of this, developing a vitamin E deficiency is rare unless you have an underlying health condition. High doses of vitamin E can increase a risk of bleeding
- 48. sources
- 49. SYMPTOMS • Difficulty with walking or coordination • Muscle pain or weakness • Visual disturbances • General unwellness.
- 50. TREATMENT Adults adults and children 14 years and older need 15 milligrams (mg) of vitamin E per day. Children • Ages 1 to 3:6 mg/day • Ages 4 to 8:7 mg/day • Ages 9 to 13:11 mg/day Women Women who are breastfeeding should get 19 mg per day
- 51. VITAMIN K • There are two main kinds of vitamin k. vitamin k1 (phylloquinone) cones from plants, especially leafy green vegetables like spinach and kale. Vitamin k2 (menaquinone) is naturally created in the intestinal tact and works similarly to k1. • Vitamin k plays an important role in coagulation, better known as blood clotting. Clotting is a process that helps prevent excessive bleeding both inside and outside the body.
- 52. sources
- 53. Clinical manifestation • Bruises easily • Gets small blood clots underneath their nails • Bleeds in mucous membranes that line areas inside the body • Produces stool that looks dark black (almost like tar )and contains some blood
- 54. MINERAL DEFICIENCIES • IRON DEFICIENCY • Iron is an essential mineral. • It is a large component of red blood cells, in which it binds with haemoglobin and transports oxygen to cells. Iron deficiency causes anaemia. • Iron deficiency is the most common nutrition deficiencies in the world affecting more than 25% of people worldwide.
- 55. SOURCES OF IRON • Red meat • Organ meat • Shellfish • Canned sardines • Beans • Seeds • Dark, leafy vegetables
- 56. CAUSES • Inadequate iron intake • Inflammatory bowel disease • Increased iron requirement during pregnancy • Blood loss through heavy periods or internal bleeding
- 57. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION • Unusual tiredness • Paleness • Shortness of breath • Headache and dizziness • Palpitations • Dry and damaged hair and skin • Swelling and soreness of tongue and mouth • Brittle nails
- 58. TREATMENT • Take iron rich food with vitamin c foods for good absorption of iron • Iron supplementation, Vitamin c rich diet
- 59. CALCIUM • CALCIUM DEFICIENCY • It is also called as hypocalcemia. • Calcium helps your body develop strong bones and teeth. It also helps your heart, nerves, and muscles work the way they should.
- 60. sources • The best sources of calcium are: • dairy products, such as milk, yogurt, and cheese • calcium-set tofu, small fish with bones • Vegetables such as kale and broccoli also have calcium. Many cereals and grains are calcium- fortified.
- 61. CAUSES • Not enough calcium or vitamin D in diet • Infections • Stress and anxiety • Irregular magnesium or calcium level • Diabetes in the mother, in the case of infant.
- 62. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION • Muscle stiffness • Muscle spasm • Paresthesias or feeling of pins and needles • Changes in mood • Memory issues • Seizure • Arrhythmias • Congestive heart failure • Brittle nails • Kidney stones or other calcium deposits in body • Cataracts
- 63. TREATMENT • Calcium supplementation • Vitamin D or magnesium supplementation • Calcium rich foods
- 64. PHOSPHEROUS • FUNCTIONS: • Eighty percent of phosphorous is contained in bones and teeth. • Phosphorus is involved in energy metabolism • It occurs in cell as a part of DNA and RNA. • It helps maintain acid-base balance in the body.
- 65. • SOURCES • Milk, processed meats, cheese eggs, fish, oil seeds, green leafy vegetables. • DEFICIENCY • Deficiency is rate as phosphorus is present in a wide variety of foods. It can occur when there is vitamin D deficiency. Deficiency of phosphorus causes osteomalacia and growth retardation
- 66. IODINE DEFICIENCY • Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of thyroid enlargement and goiter. • In our body iodine is not taken naturally so it can be get through the nutrient through diet. • Adult typically require 150 micrograms of iodine per day women need 200 mcg per day.
- 67. SOURCES OF IODINE • Fish • Eggs • Nuts • Meats • Bread • Dairy products • Seaweed • Iodized table salt
- 68. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION • Swelling of thyroid gland, Fatigue • Increased sensitivity to cold, Puffy face • Muscle weakness • Elevated blood cholesterol level • Slow heart rate, Thinning of hair • COGNITIVE ISSUES • Low IQ, Trouble learning • Mental disabilities
- 69. TREATMENT • Iodine supplements contain potassium iodide and potassium iodate. It is not exceed than 150mcg per day. • Take iodised salt in the diet.
- 70. • SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND CHLORIDE • These minerals are collectively referred to as electrolytes because when dissolved in the body fluid, these minerals separate into electrically changed particles called ions.
- 71. SODIUM • FUNCTION: • Sodium helps in transmission of nerve impulses. • Sodium ions are essential for the absorption of glucose and galactose in the intestine. • It maintains heart beat and cell permeability.
- 72. • SOURCES • Canned foods, ketchups, causes, pickles, chips, salted nuts, processed cheese and monosodium glutamate. • DEFICIENCY • Deficiency of sodium occurs when there is excessive sweating, excessive vomiting, diarrhea, severe dehydration.
- 73. POTASSIUM • FUNCTIONS • It plays an important role ion transmission of nerve impulses, cardiac muscle function. • Activation of enzymes like pyruvate kinase
- 74. • SOURCES • Oranges, bananas, potatoes, meat, milk products, legumes. • DEFICIENCY • It is rare as it is present in a wide variety of foods. • Loss of potassium can cause confusion, low blood pressure, weakness and death.
- 75. CHLORIDE • Chloride is present in extracellular fluid • It regulates water balance and acid base balance along with other electrolytes. • It is an integral part of the gastric juice which contain HCl.
- 76. • SOURCES • It occurs in common salt, eggs, leafy vegetables and milk. • DEFICIENCY • It is rare; deficiency of chloride is always present with sodium deficiency.
- 77. SULPHUR • It is a component of several amino acids • It is also part of thiamine, biotin and hormone insulin. • SOURCES: • Eggs, milk, legumes, cheese and meat. • Deficiency is very rare.
- 78. ZINC • Zinc is a mineral that your body uses for fighting off infections and producing cells. Its important for healing injuries and creating DNA, the genetic blueprint inn all of your cells. • Zinc is used by the body in cell production and immune functions. It is the essential part of growth, sexual development and reproduction
- 79. SOURCES
- 80. ZINC DEFICIENCY • Zinc is a trace element. It is present in certain vegetables, meat and sea foods. However the person not taking the required amount of zinc it will cause deficiency and many other problems
- 81. • RISK FACTORS FOR ZINC DEFICIENCY • Gastrointestinal disease • Eating disorders • Purely vegetarian or taking low protein diet • SYMPTOMS OF ZINC DEFICIENCY • Unexplained weight loss • Wounds that won’t heal • Decreased sense of smell and taste • Diarrhea • Slow growth in children • Loss of appetite
- 82. TREATMENT • Dietary intake • Zinc supplementation: • For adult male: 11 milligrams/day • For adult female: 8 milligrams/day • Zinc supplement is available in multivitamins, or as zinc gulconate or zinc acetate.
- 83. magnesium • Magnesium is found within the cell • It is involved in muscle contraction and nerve transmission • It is a component of bone and teeth • It stimulates the activity of many enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins
- 84. sources
- 85. deficiency • Weakness • Irritability • Confusion • Muscle tremors
- 86. Protein deficiencies • PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION • KWARSHIORKAR • Kwashiorkor also k own as edematious malnutrition because it associated with edema (fluid retention).
- 87. SOURCES
- 90. TREATMENT • It can be corrected by taking more protein and calories
- 91. MARASMUS • This malnutrition in children is due mainly to the deficiency of energy and secondary protein. Marasmus means muscle wasting.
- 93. causes
- 95. TREATMENT • Provide the balanced diet • Initial treatment include skim milk powder is mixed with boiled water.
- 96. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MARASMUS AND KWASHIORKOR MARASMUS KWARSHIORKOR It is due to deficiency of protein and calories It develops in children whose diets are deficient of protein It is common in infant under 1 year of age It occurs in children from 6 months – 3 yrs Subcutaneous fat is not preserved Subcutaneous fat is preserved Edema is absent Edema is present No fatty liver Enlarged fatty liver Ribs became very prominent Ribs are not very prominent Alert and irritable lethargic Severe muscle wasting Muscle wasting is mild or absent Voracious feeder Poor appetite The person needs adequate amount of protein, fats and carbohydrate. The person needs adequate amount of proteins.
- 97. Thank you