Nutritional disorders in fruit crops
- 1. Suman Meena M.Sc.(Ag.) Hort. Dr. O.P. GarhwalSeminar Incharge Dr. A.K.Soni Major Advisor
- 2. Due to deficiency of nutrient(s) Due to toxicity of nutrient(s)
- 3. Deficiency due to the absence of a particular element or low availability in the soil. Nutrient deficiency due to other factors which limit the availability or the uptake or translocation of nutrients.
- 4. Crop Disorder Deficient Nutrient Aonla Internal necrosis B Citrus Rind splitting K Leaf frenching Zn Exanthema Cu Creasing Multi-nutrient Avocado Leaf burn Chloride toxicity Grapes Blossom end rot Ca Interveinal chlorosis Mg,Zn,Fe Bunch stem necrosis Ca Millerandage B Hen and chicken Zn Bud, flower, berry drop N Litchi Fruit cracking Ca or B Pomegranate Cracking Ca or B Karonda Immature fruit drop Multi-nutrient Fig Fruit cracking Excess N
- 5. Visual deficiency symptoms Soil Analysis Plant Analysis Rapid tissue testing
- 6. Crop Parts to be sampled with stage/ age Litchi Leaves from middle of latest mature flush of growth during flowering Citrus fruits 3-5 month old leaves from new flush, 1st leaf of the shoot, in june Pomegranate 8th leaf from apex at bud differentiation, in april and august Phalsa 4th leaf from apex, one month after pruning Mango Leaf with petiole (4-7 month old) from middle of shoot Grapes 5th petiole from base at bud differentiation to yield Avocado 4-5 months old leaves from non-fruiting shoots Guava 3rd pair of recently matured leaf, at bloom (Aug or Dec) Papaya 6th petiole from apex, six months after planting Loquat Select leaves from middle of the shoots developed from the spring
- 7. Leaves Shoots Roots Fruits Seeds Whole plant
- 8. Effects throughout plant body, lower leaves dry up Effect localised, lower leaves chlorosis, no dry up Lower leaves yellow, stunted growth, Late flowering Lower dark green leaves, stalk small, abundant anthocyanin pigments Lower leaves chlorotic, large necrotic spots, severe defoliation Interveinal chlorosis, necrotic spots small or absent Leaves thicker & leathery & small (little leaf) N P ZnKMg
- 9. Terminal buds die, young leaves distorted or necrotic Terminal buds alive showing wilting or chlorosis, necrotic spots absent or small Young leaves hooked, dieback at margins & tips Leaves twisted, dieback from base Young leaves wilted, stem tips weak & no chlorosis No wilting but chlorosis presentCa B Cu Contd.
- 10. Small necrotic spots present necrotic spots absent Veins green Veins chlorotic S Mo Fe No wilting but chlorosis present
- 11. Cause: B deficiency Symptoms: Browning of mesocarpic tissue Corky & gummy spots Francis & Banarasi susceptible Chakaiya, NA-6,7 free Control : 3 sprays of borax @ 0.6% fortnightly interval from sep-oct. (Ram et al., 1976)
- 12. Cause: Due to sudden rain after long dry spell Symptoms: Splitting may be radial or transverse More severe in thin rind mandarins (Bower, 1997) Control: use K fertiliser
- 13. (Cronje et al., 2014)
- 14. Cause: Zn deficiency Also known as ‘foliocellosis’ Symptoms: Initial stage- parts adjoining mid rib & veins remain green Severity- chlorotic, small, narrow, pointed leaves Control: foliar spray of Zinc sulphate @ 0.5%
- 15. Cause: Cu deficiency Symptom: Wilting of terminal shoots followed by death of leaves Dieback starts from twigs Gum pockets develop on fruit Control: bordeaux mixture can be used
- 16. Cause: Multinutrients Symptoms: Irregular grooves & furrows in the rind More on shaded side of fruit Seen in naval oranges Control: preharvest spray of Ca
- 17. Creasing occurs due to lack of adequate pectin formation and cross-linking. Cause of creasing is probably multivariate, with molybdenum being of critical importance. S also believed to be a component of uronic acid oxidase. (Bower, 2004)
- 21. Tree Available nutrients (mg/kg) N P K Ca Mg Fe Mn Cu Zn B Mo Healthy 126.0 13.2 173.9 0.19 112.7 10.6 8.2 2.8 22.6 0.41 0.11 Diseased 110.3 10.5 151.0 0.12 108.5 7.4 5.9 2.8 16.1 0.28 0.09 Significance 10.2 2.4 10.2 0.04 NS 1.1 0.90 NS 5.2 0.04 NS NRCC, Nagpur, Maharashtra (Srivastav et al., 2004)
- 22. N P K Ca Mg Fe Mn Cu Zn B Mo Healthy 2.01 0.13 1.58 2.59 0.32 95.6 63.5 5.9 22.1 29.8 0.34 Diseased 1.83 0.09 1.73 2.21 0.30 75.4 53.7 5.5 17.7 21.2 0.30 Significance 0.11 0.03 0.24 0.38 NS 10.1 9.8 NS 4.1 2.8 NS Tree Total nutrients (mg/kg) (ppm) NRCC, Nagpur, Maharashtra (Srivastav et al., 2004)
- 23. Cause: sodium or chloride accumulation Symptoms: Chloride/ tip burn- scorch start at the tips then down the blade or margin Sodium scorch- necrotic or scorched spots near the margin or interior area of leaf (Ayers et al.,1951)
- 24. Cause: Ca deficiency Symptoms: Black sunken spot at the blossom end Spreads with water soaked regions Control: spray of 1% calcium nitrate at the time of berry development
- 25. Cause: Mg, Zn, or Fe deficiency Symptoms: Area in between the veins become yellowish Control: spraying of 0.2% sulphate salts of the nutrients
- 26. Cause: Ca deficiency Symptoms : Dead areas appear on the stems of panicles drying of clusters beyond the dead area Control: fertilisation with Ca
- 27. The conc. of Mg, Na, Cu and Cl were significantly higher in healthy vineyards compared to unhealthy ones. Mg accounted for nearly 59% of the variation in the incidence of BSN. Out of 73, in 44 necrosis affected vineyards, Mg was the most commonly deficient nutrient. (Sharma, et al., 2006)
- 28. Nutrient Unhealthy Healthy Mean Range Mean Range N (%) 1.41 0.90–2.37 1.42 0.90–2.17 P (%) 0.35 0.17–0.56 0.36 0.18–0.56 K (%) 2.19 1.13–3.88 2.27 1.46–3.58 Ca (%) 1.19 0.85–1.73 1.22 0.80–1.81 Mg (%) 0.44 0.29–0.85 0.70 0.30–1.10 Na (%) 0.47 0.30–0.70 0.55 0.23–0.90 Cl (%) 0.32 0.21–0.71 0.40 0.18–0.75 Cu (ppm) 48 13–129 72 16–160 Zn (ppm) 64.88 27–98 70.51 43–117 Fe (ppm) 35.04 11–99 34.27 16–73 Mn (ppm) 99.79 44–230 95.82 41–166 S (ppm) 0.08 0.04–0.14 0.08 0.05–0.16 (Sharma, et al., 2006)
- 29. Ploughing under horse bean (Vicia faba minor L.) in the vineyard reduced dramatically the severity of grape stem necrosis as compared to the untreated check. The incidence of the disease in the plots submitted to the manure was significantly much lower than the untreated check (9.8% as compared to 49.8%). (Frisullo et al., 2003)
- 30. Cause: N deficiency Symptoms: Also called ‘Coulure’ Accompanied by ‘shatter’ stage Flower bud drop before fruitset Panicles dry Control: proper C/N ratio should be maintained
- 31. Cause: Zn deficiency Symptoms: Many shot berries surround a bold berry Shot berries reduced in size but of normal shape Control: foliar spray with Zn before flowering
- 32. Cause: B deficiency Symptoms: Shot berries are small, spherical or oblate & seedless Major problem in Beauty seedless & Perlette Control: application of Borax before flowering
- 33. Cause: excess N Control: application of K prior to berry ripening & Ca sprays after berry softening
- 34. Cause: Ca or B deficiency Symptoms: Skin become hard & inelastic Thin skin- less prone to cracking Control: foliar spray with Ca and B containing compounds during fruit growth
- 35. This paper overviews the studies of calcium in relation to lychee fruit cracking. Evidences support the following conclusions about calcium’s role: (i) Deficiency of calcium causes severe cracking, (ii) Calcium contributes to cracking resistance through its structural role in the cell walls of the pericarp, (iii) The effect of calcium applied may vary with time of application and its combined anions, (Huang et al., 2005)
- 36. iv. Availability of calcium in the early stage of fruit ontogeny is important for cracking resistance, and v. Calcium contributes only part of cracking resistance and application of the element is not the whole answer towards the problem. (Huang et al., 2005)
- 37. Cause: B and Ca deficiency Symptoms: Longitudinal cracking where crack starts at stylar end Control: spray 0.8% borax
- 38. Ca (CaNO₃ 2% and 4%), B (boric acid 1.5 and 3%) were applied on twice (in full blossoming; then one month post full blossoming). Yield, fruit no., cracking fruit ratio, average fruit weight, length, etc. was measured. (Korkmaz et al., 2015)
- 39. Treatment Yield Fruit number Weight Length Diameter Cracking (%) Control 32.69 64 515.8 89.8 101.9 28.08 CN1 38.34 85 565.4 91.4 105.3 22.30 CN2 35.55 77 554 89.3 104.3 18.75 B1 24.47 55 535.4 90.8 102.5 18.19 B2 38.11 80 580.2 90.5 104.0 24.55 Lsd 0.05 8.30* ns ns ns ns ns CN1: Ca₂NO₃ 2% ; CN2: Ca₂NO₃ 4% ; B1: Boric acid 1.5% ; B2: Boric acid 3% Mugla Sitki Kocman Univercity, Turkey (Korkmaz et al., 2015)
- 40. Cause: nutrient deficiency Symptoms: immature fruits drop off before ripening Cause: excessive N application Symptom: cracking occurs followed by rotting
- 42. Cause: Ca deficiency Also called ‘tip pulp’, ‘insidious fruit rot’ and ‘yeasty fruit rot’ Symptoms: Breakdown of flesh towards apex before ripening Bitter in taste 1st observed in Florida in Mulgoa (Young, 1957)
- 43. Cause: K deficiency & chloride toxicity Symptoms: Scorching of old leaves at tip or margin Common in saline or brackish soils Foliage give burnt look Control: use K₂SO₄ instead of MOP.
- 44. Cause: B deficiency Symptoms: Browning of pulp Gummy substance exudate from fruit Dashehari- susceptible, Langra & Neelum- free (Ram et al., 1988) Control: foliar spray with 0.5% Borax at marble stage
- 45. Symptoms: Small etiolated area at distal end which turn black Control: 0.6% borax or 0.8% caustic soda twice march- april Caused by nutritional deficiency, especially N Black tip
- 46. Cause: Zn deficiency Symptoms: Purple to red specks on leaves Fruit show brown coloured patterns on skin Control: foliar spray with 0.5% diammonium phosphate & zinc sulphate at weekly interval for 2 months