Nutritional value of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) for broilers
- 1. Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=cbps20 British Poultry Science ISSN: 0007-1668 (Print) 1466-1799 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cbps20 Nutritional value of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) for broilers C. L. Nalle , V. Ravindran & G. Ravindran To cite this article: C. L. Nalle , V. Ravindran & G. Ravindran (2011) Nutritional value of narrow- leafed lupin (Lupinus�angustifolius) for broilers, British Poultry Science, 52:6, 775-781, DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2011.639343 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2011.639343 Published online: 06 Jan 2012. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 617 View related articles Citing articles: 19 View citing articles
- 2. British Poultry Science Volume 52, Number 6 (December 2011), pp. 775—781 Nutritional value of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) for broilers C. L. NALLE*, V. RAVINDRAN AND G. RAVINDRAN Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand Abstract 1. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of three cultivars (Wallan, Tanjil and Borre) of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) for broilers. 2. In Experiment 1, the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and the apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of the three cultivars were determined. The cultivar effects were not significant for AME and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility coefficients. In general, amino acids in narrow-leafed lupin were well digested, with the notable exception of methionine. Among the indispensable amino acids, arginine had the highest digestibility coefficient (092—095), while the lowest was for methionine (074—083). 3. In Experiment 2, using the energy and digestible amino acid values determined in Experiment 1, diets containing 200 g/kg of the three lupin cultivars were formulated and the effects of feeding these diets on the performance and the digestive tract development of broiler starters were investigated. 4. Weight gain, feed intake and feed per gain of broilers fed narrow-leafed lupins diets were similar to those fed on the maize-soy basal diet. The performance of birds fed on diets containing different cultivars of lupins was also similar. Birds fed on lupin diets had similar excreta scores to those fed on the basal diet. 5. Inclusion of 200 g/kg lupins in broiler diets had no effects on the relative weight and length of the intestinal tract. Broilers fed on lupin diets, however, had higher relative weights of liver. 6. These results suggest that narrow-leafed lupins are good sources of protein, but poor sources of AME and sulphur-containing amino acids. It is concluded that, when diets are properly balanced in terms of AME and digestible amino acids, lupins can be included at 200 g/kg inclusion level in broiler starter diets with no adverse effects on performance. INTRODUCTION Lupinus is a large genus that has more than 200 species, but 5 species (L. albus, L. angustifolius, L. luteus, L. mutabilis, and L. polyphilu) are suitable for cultivation as high protein crops (Gladstones, 1998). The interest of using Lupinus angustifolius (Narrow-leafed lupins) as an alterna- tive to conventional protein sources in poultry diets has been increasing in recent decades, especially in Australia. Early cultivars of lupins contained relatively high concentrations of toxic and bitter alkaloids with significantly depressed growth, poorer feed and energy utilisation and sometimes with toxic effects when fed to poultry (Olver and Jonker, 1997; Olkowski et al., 2001). However, Australian plant breeding programmes have paid consider- able attention to selecting for lupin cultivars with almost zero alkaloid content, improves nutri- tional value and safety (Cowling et al., 1998). Despite this development, the usefulness of modern lupin cultivars in poultry diets remains limited because of the uncertainty of their feeding value and the presence of anti-nutritional factors, such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) Correspondence to: Velmurugu Ravindran, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand. E-mail: [email protected] Accepted for publication 8th August 2011. *Present address: Animal Husbandry Department, Polytechnic of Agriculture, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia. ISSN 0007–1668(print)/ISSN 1466–1799 (online)/11/060775—7 ß 2011 British Poultry Science Ltd http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2011.639343
- 3. and protease inhibitors which can lower nutrient digestibility and performance (van Barneveld, 1999; Jezierny et al., 2010). It is also known that the concentration of anti-nutritional factors in narrow-leafed lupins varies depending on the cultivar and growing season (Hughes et al., 1998; Hughes and Choct, 1999). Published data on the apparent metabolisa- ble energy (AME; Hughes and Choct, 1999) and the ileal amino acid digestibility (Ravindran et al., 2002, 2005) of narrow-leafed lupins for broilers are limited. Moreover, available data on the AME and amino acid digestibility of grain legumes have often been obtained in studies which have evaluated only one sample of the legume. Knowledge of the variability of these parameters is essential to develop matrix values for more precise feed formulations. Published data on the suitability of narrow-leafed lupins, as a replace- ment for soybean meal, in broiler diets are limited and contradictory (Johnson and Eason, 1991; Farrell et al., 1999; Rubio et al., 2003), with some studies showing lowered performance and others reporting performance similar to control diets at inclusion levels of over 200 g/kg. In studies reporting lower performance, diets were formulated on total amino acid basis and no allowance was made for the availability of energy and amino acids in lupins. The present evaluation consisted of two parts. In the first phase, the AME, nitrogen- corrected AME (AMEN) and ileal amino acid digestibility values of three low-alkaloid cultivars of narrow-leafed lupins were determined. In the second phase, using the AME and digestible amino acid values determined in the first phase, diets containing 200 g/kg of the three lupin cultivars were formulated and the effects of feeding these diets on the performance and the digestive tract development of broiler starters were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimental procedures were approved by the Massey University Animal Ethics Committee and complied with the New Zealand Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes. Ingredients Three cultivars of narrow-leafed lupin, namely, Wallan, Tanjil and Borre, were used. Lupin seeds, with hulls, were ground to pass through a 3-mm sieve in a hammer mill prior to inclusion into the diets. Other ingredients were obtained from commercial suppliers in ground form. Representative samples of lupin cultivars were obtained and analysed, in triplicate, for dry matter (DM), nitrogen, ether extract, ash, starch, amino acids, NSP and trypsin inhibitor activity. Experiment 1 — Metabolisable energy and digestibility assay A basal diet based on the maize and soybean meal was formulated (Table 1). Four assay diets were then developed by substituting the three cultivars of narrow-leafed lupin at 250 g/kg (w/w) of the basal diet. All diets contained titanium oxide (3 g/kg) as an indigestible marker to calculate the digestibility of amino acids. Day-old male broilers (Ross 308) were raised in a floor pen and fed on a commercial broiler starter diets (230 g/kg crude protein) till d 21. Feed and water were available at all times. On d 21, 64 birds of uniform body weight were selected and randomly assigned to 16 cages (4 birds per cage). The cages (60 60 cm) had a linear feeder in the front and a nipple drinker in the back. The birds were offered a commercial broiler finisher diet (180 g/kg crude protein) until the introduction of assay diets on d 28. On d 28, four replicate cages were randomly assigned to each assay diet. The AME was determined using the classical total excreta collection method. The diets, in mash form, were fed to birds from d 28. Feed intake and excreta output were measured quan- titatively per cage from d 32 for 4 consecutive d. Care was taken to avoid contamination with feathers, scales and debris. Feed spillage was avoided by not over-filling the feeder. The excreta from each cage were pooled, mixed, sub-sampled and freeze-dried. The dried excreta samples, together with samples of the diets, were subsequently ground to pass through 05-mm Table 1. Composition (g/kg air dry basis) of the basal diet, Experiment 1 Ingredient Maize 5946 Soybean meal 3518 Soybean oil 178 Dicalcium phosphate 217 Limestone 78 Salt 20 Sodium bicarbonate 23 Trace mineral-vitamin premix1 30 1 Provided per kg diet: Co, 03 mg; Cu, 5 mg; Fe, 25 mg; I, 1 mg; Mn, 125 mg; Zn, 60 mg; choline chloride, 638 mg; trans-retinol, 333 mg; cholecalciferol, 60 mg; dl--tocopheryl acetate, 60 mg; menadione, 4 mg; thiamin, 30 mg; riboflavin, 12 mg; niacin, 35 mg; calcium panthothenate, 128 mg; pyridoxine, 10 mg; cyanocobalamin, 0017 mg; folic acid 52 mg; biotin, 02 mg; antioxidant, 100 mg; molybdenum, 05 mg; selenium, 200 mg. 776 C.L. NALLE ET AL.
- 4. sieve and stored in airtight plastic containers for analysis of DM, gross energy and nitrogen content. On d 35, all birds were killed by an intracar- dial injection of sodium pentobarbitone solution and the contents of the lower half of the ileum were collected. The ileum was defined as that portion of the small intestine extending from the Meckel’s diverticulum to a point approximately 40 mm proximal to the ileo-caecal junction. The ileum was divided into two halves and the digesta were collected from the lower half towards the ileo-caecal junction. Ileal digesta were processed as described by Ravindran et al. (2005). The diet and digesta samples were then analysed for DM, titanium oxide and amino acids, while lupin samples were analysed for DM and amino acids. Experiment 2 – Performance trial Four diets, including a maize-soybean meal con- trol diet and three experimental diets containing 200 g/kg of the three cultivars of narrow-leafed lupin, were formulated using the AME and digestible amino acid values determined in Experiment 1 to contain similar levels of meta- bolisable energy and digestible amino acids (Table 2). After mixing, the experimental diets were pelleted at 70 C. A total of 128 d-old male broilers (Ross 308) were individually weighed and assigned to 16 cages (8 birds per cage) in electrically heated battery brooders, so that the average initial weight per cage was similar. The cages (60 60 cm) had a linear feeder in the front and a nipple drinker in the back. The tempera- ture was maintained at 32 C during the first week and gradually decreased to approximately 23 C by the end of the third week. Ventilation was controlled by a central ceiling extraction fan and wall inlet ducts. Birds received 20 hours of fluorescent illumination per d. Each of the 4 dietary treatments was then randomly assigned to 4 cages containing 8 chicks each. The diets were offered ad libitum from d 1 to 21. Water was freely available throughout the trial. Body weights and feed intake were recorded at weekly intervals throughout the trial. Feed per gain was corrected for mortality and represent weight of feed consumed by all birds in a pen divided by body weight gain per pen, plus the body weight of the birds that died during the course of the experiment. Excreta were scored on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 ¼ normal, dry, friable litter and 5 ¼ representing wet and cakey litter). On d 21, three birds, closest to the mean cage weight, were selected per cage, weighed and sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Following divi- sion and freeing of each of these components from any adherent mesentery, the length (01 mm) of small intestine and caeca was determined with a non-rigid tape on a wet glass surface to prevent inadvertent stretching. The full and empty weights (01 g) of small intestine and caeca were determined along with those of the crop, proventriculus and gizzard. The weights of liver, spleen and pancreas were also recorded. Chemical analysis The DM, ash and ether extract contents were determined in a convection oven at 105 C (AOAC, 2005). Nitrogen content was determined using an FP-428 nitrogen analyser (LECOÕ Corporation, St Joseph, MI). Soluble, insoluble and total NSP concentrations were determined using the Megazyme total dietary fibre analysis kit (Megazyme International Ireland Ltd, Wicklow, Ireland) based on the procedures described by Englst et al. (1994). Gross energy was determined using an adiabatic oxygen calorimeter (Gallenkamp Autobomb, London, UK) standardised with benzoic acid. Amino acid concentration was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography as described by Ravindran et al. (2009). The titanium oxide content was measured using the colorimetric method described by Short Table 2. Ingredient composition and calculated analysis (g/kg as fed) of experimental diets, Experiment 2 Ingredient Maize-soy diet Narrow-leafed lupins Wallan Tanjil Borre Maize 567 397 390 404 Soybean meal 317 239 247 238 Lupin — 200 200 200 Meat meal 800 800 800 800 Tallow 100 100 100 100 Soybean oil 60 530 518 471 L-lysine HCl 11 08 05 06 DL-methionine 29 31 31 31 L-threonine 01 — — — Dicalcium phosphate 103 118 117 118 Salt 16 17 18 18 Sodium bicarbonate 10 08 07 07 Trace mineral-vitamin premix1 30 30 30 30 Calculated analysis AME, MJ/kg 122 122 122 122 Crude protein 245 246 245 250 Digestible lysine 125 125 125 125 Digestible methionine 61 59 60 60 Digestible met þ cys 88 89 89 89 Digestible threonine 72 75 75 77 Calcium 96 102 102 102 Available phosphorus 48 48 48 48 Sodium 16 16 16 16 Potassium 82 80 81 80 Chloride 16 16 16 16 1 For composition, please refer to Table 1. NARROW-LEAFED LUPIN FOR BROILERS 777
- 5. et al. (1996). The procedure to determine trypsin inhibitor was that of Valdebouze et al. (1980). Calculations The AME values of the diets were calculated using the following formula with appropriate corrections made for differences in DM content. AMEdiet MJ=kg ¼ feed intake GEdiet ð Þ excreta output GEexcreta Total feed intake AMElupin MJ=kg ¼ AME of lupin diet AME basal diet 0:75 ð Þ 0:25 Correction for zero nitrogen retention was made using a factor of 3654 kJ per g nitrogen retained in the body (Hill and Anderson, 1958). The apparent ileal digestibility coefficient (AIDC) of amino acids were calculated, using titanium oxide as the indigestible marker, as shown below AIDC of diet ¼ AA=Ti ð Þd AA=Ti ð Þi AA=Ti ð Þd AIDC of lupin ¼ ðAIDC of lupin diet AA of lupin dietÞ AIDC of basal diet 0:75 AA of basal diet ! 8 : 9 = ; 0:25 AA of lupin where AA=Ti ð Þd ¼ ratio of amino acid and titanium in diet, and AA=Ti ð Þi ¼ ratio of amino acid and titanium in ileal digesta: Statistical analysis The data were analysed using the one-way ANOVA according to the GLM procedure of SAS (1997) with cage as the experimental unit. Differences were considered to be significant at P 005 and significant differences between means were separated by the Fisher’s Least Significant Difference Test (LSD). RESULTS The chemical composition of narrow-leafed lupin cultivars is presented in Table 3. Differences were observed between cultivars in terms of crude protein and ether extract contents, with values ranging from 265 to 320 g/kg and 615 to 733 g/kg, respectively. No starch was detected in lupin seeds. The total NSP contents ranged between 432 g/kg in Borre to 496 g/kg DM in Tanjil cultivar. Trypsin inhibitor activity was found to be negligible in all three cultivars (1 TIU/mg). The amino acid concentrations of the three cultivars are presented in Table 4. Arginine was the most abundant indispensable amino acid, whereas glutamic acid was found to be the abundant dispensable amino acid. All lupin cultivars were moderate sources of lysine, but deficient in methionine and cystine. No cultivar differences (P 005) were observed in the AME, AMEN, and apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids of narrow-leafed lupins (Table 5). The AME values were determined to range between 638 and 712 MJ/kg DM. In general, the average Table 4. Amino acid concentration (g/kg dry matter) of the three narrow-leafed lupin cultivars Amino acids Wallan Tanjil Borre Indispensable Arginine 318 260 324 Histidine 851 799 899 Isoleucine 110 988 117 Leucine 192 175 213 Lysine 154 149 159 Methionine 255 253 244 Phenylalanine 104 979 111 Threonine 125 120 134 Valine 115 103 120 Dispensable Alanine 111 105 115 Aspartic acid 272 253 297 Cystine 548 490 524 Glycine 118 103 127 Glutamic acid 593 470 653 Proline 988 856 111 Serine 109 993 127 Tyrosine 966 886 107 Table 3. Chemical composition (g/kg dry matter) of narrow- leafed lupin cultivars Wallan Tanjil Borre Dry matter 910 906 893 Crude protein 288 265 320 Ether extract 632 733 615 Ash 395 401 389 Starch ND1 ND ND Non starch polysaccharides Soluble 316 319 295 Insoluble 463 464 402 Total 495 496 432 Trypsin inhibitor activity (TIU/mg) 023 015 025 1 Not detected. 778 C.L. NALLE ET AL.
- 6. digestibility coefficients of indispensable and dispensable amino acids were found to be above 083. Among the indispensable amino acids, arginine had the highest digestibility coef- ficient (092—095), while the lowest was methio- nine (074—083). The effects of diets containing 200 g/kg of the three lupin cultivars on the performance, excreta score and digestive tract development of broilers are presented in Table 6. Mortality during the performance experiment was negligi- ble. Only two out of the 128 birds died and the deaths were not related to any specific treatment. The weight gain, feed intake and feed per gain of birds fed on diets containing sweet lupins did not differ (P 005) from those fed on maize-soy diet and there were no (P 005) cultivar differ- ences. The excreta scores of birds fed on lupin- based diets were found to be similar (P 005) to those fed on the maize-soy diet. Broilers fed on diets containing narrow- leafed lupins had higher (P 005) relative weights of liver (Table 6). The relative weights of intestinal segments and digesta contents were unaffected (P 005) by dietary inclusion of lupins. The caecal length of birds fed on diets containing Tanjil and Borre was similar (P 005) to those fed on maize-soy diet. Birds receiving Wallan-based diet had higher (P 005) caecal length than those receiving maize-soy and Borre- based diets, but similar (P 005) to that of Tanjil- based diet. DISCUSSION The compositional data showed that the narrow- leafed lupins are good sources of protein (265 g/kg DM) and moderate sources of fat (60 g/kg DM). The crude protein and fat con- tents determined for the three cultivars were within the range reported by earlier researchers (Petterson et al., 1997; Sujak et al., 2006). The amino acid profile of narrow-leafed lupin culti- vars is in agreement with those reported by Ravindran et al. (2002) and Sujak et al. (2006). Narrow-leafed lupins were moderately good sources of lysine, but were poor in sulphur- containing amino acids, which are characteristics of grain legumes in general (Gatel, 1994). The level of trypsin inhibitor activity found in the lupin cultivars tested was negligible, suggesting that these cultivars could be incorporated in Table 6. The effects of diets containing 200 g/kg narrow-leafed lupins on the performance (1–21 d post hatch) and digestive tract development of broilers Maize-soy diet Wallan Tanjil Borre Pooled SEM Performance1 Weight gain (g/bird) 933 940 961 948 195 Feed intake (g/bird) 1240 1308 1287 1284 332 Feed per gain 133 139 134 135 0020 Excreta score 294 294 225 250 0383 Relative organ weights (g/kg BW)2 Liver 268b 289a 296a 293a 0690 Spleen 097 082 092 091 0065 Pancreas 310 280 294 396 0125 Relative empty weights (g/kg BW)2 Crop 265 296 287 291 0173 Proventriculus 454 512 490 549 0407 Gizzard 103 113 115 122 062 Small intestine3 244 268 268 255 072 Caeca 128 142 137 141 0061 Relative digesta contents (g/kg BW)2 Crop 259 324 450 189 0675 Proventriculus 199 239 270 269 0467 Gizzard 356 756 717 576 0940 Small intestine3 453 510 557 538 199 Caeca 169 187 176 179 0223 Relative length (cm/kg BW)2 Small intestine3 157 167 162 161 323 Caeca 150b 170a 159ab 153b 053 a,b Means in a row not sharing a common superscript differ significantly (P 005). 1 Each value represents the mean of 4 replicates (8 birds/replicate). 2 Each value represents the mean of 4 replicates (3 birds/replicate). 3 Small intestine ¼ duodenum þ jejunum þ ileum. Table 5. Apparent metabolisable energy (AME), nitrogen—- corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEN), and apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids in three cultivars of narrow-leafed lupins for broilers1 Walan Tanjil Borre Pooled SEM AME, MJ/kg DM 638 673 712 0885 AMEn, MJ/kg DM 535 618 552 0745 Ileal digestibility coefficients Indispensable amino acids Arginine 095 094 092 0015 Histidine 080 077 080 0029 Isoleucine 086 084 085 0013 Leucine 091 086 085 0037 Lysine 086 087 087 0019 Methionine 074 080 083 0039 Phenylalanine 092 090 084 0046 Threonine 082 080 084 0025 Valine 084 083 082 0038 Mean 085 084 085 0028 Dispensable amino acids Alanine 085 083 081 0035 Aspartic acid 083 084 085 0033 Cystine 084 083 082 0029 Glycine 083 081 083 0030 Glutamic acid 092 091 090 0024 Proline 087 077 081 0059 Serine 086 077 083 0043 Tyrosine 086 083 082 0036 Mean 086 082 083 0032 Overall mean2 086 083 084 0030 1 Each value represents mean of 4 replicates. 2 Average digestibility of 17 amino acids. NARROW-LEAFED LUPIN FOR BROILERS 779
- 7. raw form in poultry diets without the need for thermal processing. Virtually no starch was found in lupins, in contrast to other grain legumes such as field peas and faba beans (Petterson et al., 1997). The carbohydrate reserves in narrow-leafed lupins consisted essentially of NSP. Lupins contained 432 to 496 g/kg total NSP, which is in agreement with those reported by Torres et al. (2005). The high contents of soluble NSP (29 to 32 g/kg DM) may limit the use of lupins in poultry nutrition because of potential negative effects on digesta viscosity and nutrient utilisation (Smits and Annison, 1996). Intestinal viscosity was not mea- sured in the present study and it is not possible to know whether digesta viscosity was indeed a problem in birds fed on lupin diets. However, at inclusion levels of 200 g/kg, lupins would probably not cause viscosity problems. The AME of narrow-leafed lupin cultivars ranged from 638 and 712 MJ/kg DM, which were comparable to the value of 724 MJ/kg DM determined by Olkowski et al. (2001), but lower than the range of 80 to 123 MJ/kg DM reported by Hughes and Choct (1999). Seeds with hulls were used in the current study and the dilution effect of hulls may partly explain the low AME values determined. The proportion of hulls in the lupin seeds can be as high as 032 and Nalle et al. (2010) reported that dehulling of narrow-leafed lupin seeds resulted in marked reductions in NSP contents and improved AME values. In general, amino acids in narrow-leafed lupins were well digested, with most amino acids having digestibility coefficients over 080. Methionine was the least digested indispensable amino acid. The poor digestibility of methionine further exacerbates the deficiency of sulphur- containing amino acids in lupins and underlines the need for additional crystalline methionine in poultry diets containing lupins. No cultivar effects were observed in the apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids within all three lupin cultivars. The average apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of narrow-leafed lupins determined in the present study was comparable to those published by Ravindran et al. (2002), but slightly higher than that of Ravindran et al. (2005). The finding that good weight gain and feed efficiency can be maintained at lupin inclusion levels of 200 g/kg is in agreement with reports by Olver and Jonker (1997). In contrast, other studies (Farrell et al., 1999; Steenfeldt et al., 2003) have shown that the use of 200 g/kg sweet lupins reduced the growth and feed efficiency of broiler starters. The observed discrepancy between studies may reflect differences in cultivars or feed formulation strategies, especially failure to balance for AME and digestible amino acids. In the present study, the experimental diets were formulated to contain similar levels of energy and digestible amino acids, while in the study by Farrell et al. (1999), the diets were formulated on the basis of total amino acids. In the study of Steenfeldt et al. (2003), the experimental diets were not balanced in energy or amino acids. Feeding high NSP diets has been shown to increase visceral organ mass and intestinal length relative to empty body weight compared with those birds fed on low NSP diets (Jørgensen et al., 1996). The mechanisms for the changes in the digestive tract are unclear, but it has been suggested the detrimental effects of NSP may be attributed to their viscous nature and interac- tion with gut microflora (Smits and Annison, 1996; Gabriel et al., 2006). Inclusion of 200 g/kg lupins in broiler diets had no effects on the relative weight and length of intestinal tract. However, broilers fed on diets containing narrow-leafed lupins had higher (P 005) relative weights of liver. Similar increase in liver weights of lupin-fed birds has been reported by Rubio et al. (2003). The significance of this finding is unclear. In summary, the data suggest that narrow- leafed lupins are good sources of most amino acids, but poor sources of metabolisable energy and sulphur-containing amino acids. It is con- cluded that, when diets are properly balanced in terms of AME and digestible amino acids, lupins can be included at a level of 200 g/kg in broiler starter diets with no detrimental effect on performance. 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