Object Oriented Program Class 12 Computer Science

POP
� Procedure-oriented programming (POP) is a programming paradigm or
style that is centered around procedures or functions. In procedure-oriented
programming, a program is divided into a set of procedures or functions, and
these procedures are responsible for performing specific tasks or operations.
� The focus is on breaking down the problem into smaller sub-tasks, with
each procedure handling one specific aspect of the problem.
� POP uses a sequence of instructions to break down the program into
functions, and each task is completed in order.

OOP
� Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a computer programming model that organizes
software design around data, or objects, rather than functions and logic. An object can be
defined as a data field that has unique attributes and behavior.
� OOP focuses on the objects that developers want to manipulate rather than the logic
required to manipulate them. This approach to programming is well-suited for programs that
are large, complex and actively updated or maintained.
� For example, OOP can be used for manufacturing system simulation software.

Figure: Objects in Object Oriented Programming
Object 1 Object 2
Public Method
Private Data
Private Methods
Public Method
Private Data
Private Methods
Communication

Benefits of OOPs over POP
⚽ Through inheritance, we can eliminate code and extend the use of existing classes.
⚽ Reusability.
⚽Easy to understand.
⚽Models the real world well.
⚽The principle ofdata hiding helps the programmer to build secure programs.
⚽Software complexity can be easily managed.

Basic Concepts of Object-Oriented Programming
• Classes
• Objects
• Encapsulation
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Dynamic Binding
• Message Passing
Main Five Pillars of OOP concept
Objects
Inheritance
Class
Encaptulation
Polymorphism

CLASS
• A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects (instances).
• It defines the structure and behavior that the objects created from it will have.
• A class encapsulates data (attributes or properties) and methods (functions or procedures)
that operate on that data.
• A class specification has two parts:
1. Class Declaration
2. Class Function Definitions
Class Structure
class <class_name>
{
private:
variable declaration;
function declaration;
public:
variable declaration;
function declaration
}
Class Structure
class item
{
private:
int number;
float cost;
public:
get data (int a, float b);
putdata (void);
}

OBJECT
• Objects are the basic rin-time entities of an object oriented system.
• They may represent a person, a place or any item that the program must. handle.
• Example:
Figure: Representation of Object
An Object
A Car
• Start
• Move
• Stop
An Object A Car
• Start
• Move
• Stop
• Model
• Year of Mfg
• Colour
Data Members
Functions

ENCAPTULATION
• Encapsulation is one of the fundamental concepts in object-oriented programming (OOP).
• It refers to the bundling of data (attributes) and the methods (functions) that operate on that
data into a single unit known as a class.
• The purpose of encapsulation is to hide the internal details of how a class works and expose
a well-defined interface for interacting with the class.
• Features of Encapsulation:
1. Data Hiding
2. Access Control
3. Abstraction
4. Code Reusability Methods Variables

INHERITANCE
• The mechanism of deriving a new classfrom an old class is called inheritance or derivation.
• The old class is known as base class while new class is known as derived class or sub class.
• The inheritance is the most powerful features of OOP.
• Through Inheritance use of inheritance, you can save lot of timein your programming and also reduce
errors.
• It helps to reuse functionality.

The different types of inheritance are:
1. Single Inheritance:
• In a Single inheritance, one class is derived from another class.
• That is, there is only one base class and one derived class.
Base Class
Derived Class

Object Oriented Program Class 12 Computer Science

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