Object oriented programming concept- Saurabh Upadhyay

Object oriented
programing concept
Saurabh Upadhyay
OOP’s Concept

What is OOP’s Concept?
• OOPS is abbreviated as Object Oriented Programming system in
which programs are considered as a collection of objects. Each
object is nothing but an instance of a class.
• The popular object-oriented languages
are Java, C#, PHP, Python, C++, etc.
• Simula is considered the first object-oriented programming
language. The programming paradigm where everything is
represented as an object is known as a truly object-oriented
programming language.

Types of OOP’s Concept.
• Object means a real-world entity such as a pen, chair, table, computer, watch,
etc. Object-Oriented Programming is a methodology or paradigm to design a
program using classes and objects. It simplifies software development and
maintenance by providing some concepts:
• Object
• Class
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Abstraction
• Encapsulation

Core Concept of OOP’s.
• The core concepts of OOPS are as below:
• Encapsulation
• Polymorphism
• Inheritance
• Abstraction
• Composition
• Association
• Aggregation

There are some other terms which are used
in Object-Oriented design:
• Coupling
• Cohesion
• Association
• Aggregation
• Composition

What is Object ?
• Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For
example, a chair, pen, table, keyboard, bike, etc. It can be
physical or logical.
• An Object can be defined as an instance of a class. An object
contains an address and takes up some space in memory. Objects
can communicate without knowing the details of each other's data
or code. The only necessary thing is the type of message accepted
and the type of response returned by the objects.
• Example: A dog is an object because it has states like color, name,
breed, etc. as well as behaviors like wagging the tail, barking,
eating, etc.

What is Class ?
Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.
• A class can also be defined as a blueprint from which you can
create an individual object. Class doesn't consume any space.

Polymorphism
• If one task is performed in different ways, it is known as polymorphism. For
example: to convince the customer differently, to draw something, for
example, shape, triangle, rectangle, etc.
• In Java, we use method overloading and method overriding to achieve
polymorphism.
• Another example can be to speak something; for example, a cat speaks meow,
dog barks woof, etc.

Abstraction:
• Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as
abstraction. For example phone call, we don't know the internal
processing.
• In Java, we use abstract class and interface to achieve
abstraction.

Encapsulation
• Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit
are known as encapsulation. For example, a capsule, it is wrapped
with different medicines.
• A java class is the example of encapsulation. Java bean is the fully
encapsulated class because all the data members are private
here.

Coupling
• Coupling refers to the knowledge or information or dependency of
another class. It arises when classes are aware of each other. If a
class has the details information of another class, there is strong
coupling. In Java, we use private, protected, and public modifiers
to display the visibility level of a class, method, and field. You can
use interfaces for the weaker coupling because there is no
concrete implementation.

Cohesion
• Cohesion refers to the level of a component which performs a
single well-defined task. A single well-defined task is done by a
highly cohesive method. The weakly cohesive method will split the
task into separate parts. The java.io package is a highly cohesive
package because it has I/O related classes and interface.
However, the java.util package is a weakly cohesive package
because it has unrelated classes and interfaces.

Association
• Association represents the relationship between the objects. Here, one object
can be associated with one object or many objects. There can be four types of
association between the objects:
• One to One
• One to Many
• Many to One, and
• Many to Many
• Let's understand the relationship with real-time examples. For example, One
country can have one prime minister (one to one), and a prime minister can
have many ministers (one to many). Also, many MP's can have one prime
minister (many to one), and many ministers can have many departments (many
to many).
• Association can be unidirectional or bidirectional.

Aggregation
• Aggregation is a way to achieve Association. Aggregation
represents the relationship where one object contains other
objects as a part of its state. It represents the weak relationship
between objects. It is also termed as a has-a relationship in Java.
Like, inheritance represents the is-a relationship. It is another
way to reuse objects.

Composition
• The composition is also a way to achieve Association. The
composition represents the relationship where one object contains
other objects as a part of its state. There is a strong relationship
between the containing object and the dependent object. It is the
state where containing objects do not have an independent
existence. If you delete the parent object, all the child objects
will be deleted automatically.

Object oriented programming concept- Saurabh Upadhyay

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