On Resilient Computing
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The document discusses resilient computing and control systems for critical social infrastructures. It covers: - ICT systems implement centralized control of infrastructure functions but correctness is threatened by threats. - Systems aim to provide acceptable service despite faults through resilience - ability to adapt to changes while maintaining dependability. - Interdependencies between system components and data flows must be considered for adaptation. Consensus protocols allow tolerance of some faulty processes. - Achieving resilience involves balancing safety properties for correct data processing with liveness properties for adaptation. Security mechanisms like isolation, fault avoidance/tolerance, and evidence generation can improve this balance.
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Competitive Compliance with BlockchainSven Wohlgemuth This document proposes a blockchain-based system called SK4SC (Secure Kernel for Supply Chains) to address security and privacy issues in supply chain management. SK4SC uses anonymous attribute-based credentials, zero-knowledge proofs, and digital signatures to enable the verifiable and auditable sharing of information while preserving privacy. It aims to establish accountability and enforce compliance through the recording of data provenance and rights management on an open distributed ledger. This would help detect supply chain attacks and unauthorized data access in a transparent yet private manner.
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個人情報の有効活用を可能にする (Enabling effective use of personal information)
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25th Academic Forum of WASEDA University, Tokyo, Japan
About this forum:
http://www.waseda.jp/sanken/forum/academic/img/25th_academic_forum.pdf
http://www.waseda.jp/sanken
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Threats to a society and its social infrastructure are inevitable and endanger human life and welfare. Resilience is a core concept to cope with such threats in strengthening risk management in spite of incidents of any kind. This paper discusses the secondary use of personal information as a key element in such conditions and the relevant process mining. It realizes a completeness in an acceptable manner to mitigate a usability problem by secondary use of personal information. Even though, acceptable soundness is still realized in our scheme for a fundamental privacy-enhancing trust infrastructure. Our work approaches the Ground Truth for a personal predictive IT risk management by process mining with the block chain technology and privacy-enhancing mechanisms.
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On Resilient Computing
- 1. On Resilient Computing ISSI 2011, Tokyo, Japan February 16, 2012 Sven Wohlgemuth Transdisciplinary Research Integration Center National Institute of Informatics, Japan Research Organization for Information and Systems, Japan
- 2. Agenda I. Social Infrastructures and ICT II. Adaptation and Interdependencies III. Isolation Mechanisms IV. Resilient Computing 2Sven Wohlgemuth <[email protected]> On Resilient Computing
- 3. Sensor and controller ICT services I. Social Infrastructures and ICT Sensor and controller Workflows Energy supply Communication network ICT services S1 S2 S3 S4 Physical Cyber Function Event-driven S5 S6 S8 ... ... • ICT control systems implement functions of social infrastructures • Real-time processing of context data and controlling location • Centralized control • Operated by public or private organizations 3Sven Wohlgemuth <[email protected]> On Resilient Computing
- 4. Sensor and controller ICT services I. Social Infrastructures and ICT Sensor and controller Workflows Energy supply Communication network ICT services S1 S2 S3 S4 Physical Cyber Function Event-driven S5 S6 S8 ... ... • ICT control systems implement functions of social infrastructures • Real-time processing of context data and controlling location • Centralized control • Operated by public or private organizations Correctness threatened by crime, terrorism, and natural disasters 3Sven Wohlgemuth <[email protected]> On Resilient Computing
- 5. Resilience and ICT • An affected resilient ICT system delivers at least correct critical services in a hostile environment (brittle) (Hollnagel et al., 2006) • Ability of an ICT system to provide and maintain an acceptable level of service in the face of various faults and challenges to normal operation (Sterbenz et al., 2010) • Persistence of dependability when facing changes (Laprie, 2008) Own illustration following (Sheffi, 2005; Günther et al., 2007; McNanus, 2009) 4Sven Wohlgemuth <[email protected]> On Resilient Computing
- 6. II. Adaptation and Interdependencies Function Specification Service Sensor and controller ICT services d1 d2 c1 S1 S2 S3 S4 d1 d1, d1* d1. d2, ... c2 S4 Sn d1. d2, ... c2 d1 OS Sj Sk Si Data flows describe interdependenciesAdaptation of an ICT system 5Sven Wohlgemuth <[email protected]> On Resilient Computing
- 7. Shared service C Shared service C Sensor Service A Actuator d r d Case (a) - Passive attack Sensor Service A Actuator d r* d* Case (b) - Active attack Sensor Actuator Case (c) - Non-availability Malicious interferences Non-malicious interference d, d* : Input data for a data processing : Shared used service r, r* : Result of a data processing d Attacking service B Attacking service B Shared service C Service A Service B Covert Channels Automatic detection of all cover channels is impossible (Wang and Ju, 2006) Covert channels may be unknown and lead to a failure Fault isolation 6Sven Wohlgemuth <[email protected]> On Resilient Computing
- 8. III. Isolation Mechanisms Mechanisms & Methods Policies • Bell-LaPadula, Chinese Wall • BiBa, Clark-Wilson • Role-based access control • Optimistic Security • APPLE • Obligation Specification Language (OSL) • Extended Privacy Definition Tools (ExPDT) • Testing • Simulation • Model checking • Security engineering • Non-linkable Delegation of Rights • Monitors • Virtualization • Privacy-enhancing technologies • Verifiable homomorphic encryption • Secure data aggregation • Certified security patterns • Vulnerability analysis • Model checking • Penetration testing • Process Rewriting • Software patches Fault acceptanceFault avoidance 7Sven Wohlgemuth <[email protected]> On Resilient Computing Fault tolerance Fault forecasting Fault prevention Fault removal • Forensics • Process mining • Data provenance • Redundancy • Consensus protocols • Recovery-oriented computing
- 9. Consensus and Adaptation Objective: Majority on correct data (sensor data, computation result) S4 S5 S6 Sj Sl Monitor d1 d2 d3 d1, d2, d3 d1, d2, d3 Sk Consensus protocols and malicious faults: • Synchronous communication: • Asynchronous communication: Consensus not possible if one process fails • But: Bears risk of failure due to non-availability of data • Tolerates t < n/3 faulty processes, with authenticated messages: t < n dcorrect = (d1=d2=d3), (d1=d2), (d1=d3) OR (d2=d3) ? Cachin et al. 2011 8Sven Wohlgemuth <[email protected]> On Resilient Computing
- 10. Challenge: Correct data processing in spite of covert channels Fulfilled safety (correct) properties Fulfilled liveness (adaptation) properties Expected risk of failure Error rate0% 100% The Error rate represents the probability of faulty services of a system according to its specification Safety Liveness 5On Resilient ComputingSven Wohlgemuth <[email protected]> IV. Resilient Computing
- 11. Challenge: Correct data processing in spite of covert channels Error rate0% 100% CriticalBrittleBrittleCritical Fulfilled safety (correct) properties Fulfilled liveness (adaptation) properties Expected risk of failure Safety Liveness 5On Resilient Computing Failure due to safety High capability of correct data processing Few on demand data processing Sven Wohlgemuth <[email protected]> IV. Resilient Computing
- 12. Failure due to liveness Low capability on correct data processing High on demand data processing Challenge: Correct data processing in spite of covert channels Error rate0% 100% CriticalBrittleBrittleCritical Fulfilled safety (correct) properties Fulfilled liveness (adaptation) properties Expected risk of failure Safety Liveness 5On Resilient ComputingSven Wohlgemuth <[email protected]> IV. Resilient Computing
- 13. Acceptable states Acceptable correctness of data processing Acceptable on demand data processing Challenge: Correct data processing in spite of covert channels Error rate0% 100% CriticalBrittleBrittleCritical Fulfilled safety (correct) properties Fulfilled liveness (adaptation) properties Expected risk of failure Safety Liveness 5On Resilient ComputingSven Wohlgemuth <[email protected]> IV. Resilient Computing
- 14. Generate Evidences S4 S5 S6 Sj Sk Sl Risk Assessment with Uncertainty Usage Control Policy Select Services S4 S5 S6 Sj Sk Sl De-Select Services S4 S5 S6 Sj Sk Sl Security Architecture for Resilient Computing 10Sven Wohlgemuth <[email protected]> On Resilient Computing
- 15. Generate Evidences S4 S5 S6 Sj Sk Sl Risk Assessment with Uncertainty Usage Control Policy Select Services S4 S5 S6 Sj Sk Sl De-Select Services S4 S5 S6 Sj Sk Sl Preliminary work: DREISAM (Delegation of Rights) & DETECTIVE (Data Provenance) Security Architecture for Resilient Computing 10Sven Wohlgemuth <[email protected]> On Resilient Computing